Compounds > gadolinium dtpa
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gadolinium dtpa and Bleeding

gadolinium dtpa has been researched along with Bleeding in 34 studies

Research

Studies (34)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's13 (38.24)18.2507
2000's7 (20.59)29.6817
2010's13 (38.24)24.3611
2020's1 (2.94)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Gao, F; He, B; Wang, L; Xia, R; Zhang, Y; Zheng, J; Zhu, T1
Barry, J; Ghugre, NR; Newbigging, S; Pop, M; Qi, X; Strauss, BH; Thomas, R; Wright, GA1
Cho, SE; Cho, SG; Choi, SY; Kim, BS; Kim, CH; Kim, JH; Kim, YJ; Koh, SH; Lee, KH; Song, JH1
Elsayes, KM; Fowler, KJ; Hecht, EM; Mitchell, DG; Santillan, C; Szklaruk, J; Yacoub, JH1
Greenwood, JP; Kidambi, A; Mather, AN; Motwani, M; Plein, S; Swoboda, P; Uddin, A1
Al Musa, T; Biglands, JD; Broadbent, DA; Erhayiem, B; Greenwood, JP; Higgins, DM; Kidambi, A; McDiarmid, AK; Plein, S; Ripley, DP; Swoboda, PP; Zaman, A1
Cook, SA; Durighel, G; Gordon, F; Karsa, A; O'Regan, DP; Tokarczuk, PF1
Ishihara, S; Iwano, S; Naganawa, S; Nakashima, T; Sone, M1
Cai, J; Cai, Y; Ju, H; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Xu, X1
Astor, BC; Etesami, M; Kolodgie, FD; Malhotra, S; Qiao, Y; Trout, HH; Virmani, R; Wasserman, BA1
Barry, J; Connelly, KA; Dick, AJ; Ghugre, NR; Pop, M; Qiang, B; Ramanan, V; Wright, GA; Yang, Y1
Ai, H; Deng, DY; Gong, QY; He, ZJ; Jun, S; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Wei, Y; Wu, QZ; Xu, B; Yue, Q; Zhong, Q; Zhou, G; Zhu, H1
de Waha, S; Desch, S; Eitel, I; Friedrich, MG; Gutberlet, M; Kubusch, K; Mikami, Y; Schuler, G; Strohm, O; Thiele, H1
Chang, SA; Choe, YH; Choi, JH; Choi, SH; Gwon, HC; Hahn, JY; Lee, SC; Lee, SH; Oh, JK; Song, YB; Xu, J1
Chen, M; Chu, B; Dong, L; Ferguson, MS; Hatsukami, TS; Hippe, DS; Song, Y; Sun, J; Xu, D; Yamada, K; Yuan, C; Zhou, C1
Hayakawa, K; Iwasaku, K; Nishino, M; Noguchi, M; Sago, T; Togashi, K; Ueda, H1
Akun, E; Balci, NC; Balci, Y; Erturk, M; Inan, N; Saglam, S1
Blanc, D; Chen, Q; Haider, MA; Hetzel, FW; Huang, Z; Kraft, S; Wilson, BC1
Kirchin, MA; Parker, JR; Pirovano, G; Shellock, FG; Shen, N; Spinazzi, A; Venetianer, C1
Abudureheman, A; Basso, C; Cacciavillani, L; Corbetti, F; Iliceto, S; Lacognata, C; Marra, MP; Ramondo, A; Silva, C; Tarantini, G; Thiene, G1
Byun, HS; Choe, YH; Jeon, P; Kim, DI; Kim, KH; Kim, ST; Ko, Y; Yim, YJ1
Higano, S; Ikeda, H; Ishii, K; Matsumoto, K; Sakamoto, K; Takahashi, S1
Bruch, HP; Gehl, HB; Markert, U; Struck, J; Weiss, HD1
Fujii, H; Sakou, T; Yone, K1
Faust, JM; Hsieh, ML; Quint, LE; Turner, JE1
Arita, K; Kurisu, K; Nakahara, T; Satoh, H; Yoshioka, H1
Chen, EL; Judd, RM; Kim, RJ; Lima, JA1
Kivisaari, L; Kivisaari, R; Laippala, P; Laurila, P; Piironen, A; Pitkäranta, P; Poutanen, VP1
Burman, P; Edén Engström, B; Karlsson, FA; Lundin, P1
Dulce, K; Dulce, MC; Lubasch, A; Mellerowicz, H; Wagner, S; Wolf, KJ1
Claussen, CD; Hayasaka, K; Huppert, P; Soeda, S; Tanaka, Y1
Ascher, SM; Balci, NC; Noone, TC; Semelka, RC1
Kivisaari, L; Kivisaari, R; Tervahartiala, P; Virtanen, I1
Hendriksen, FG; Szeverenyi, NM; Tillapaugh-Fay, GM; van Nesselrooij, JH1

Reviews

1 review(s) available for gadolinium dtpa and Bleeding

ArticleYear
Pitfalls in liver MRI: Technical approach to avoiding misdiagnosis and improving image quality.
    Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 2019, Volume: 49, Issue:1

    Topics: Algorithms; Artifacts; Contrast Media; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; False Positive Reactions; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Image Enhancement; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Iron Overload; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motion; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Reproducibility of Results; Respiration

2019

Trials

1 trial(s) available for gadolinium dtpa and Bleeding

ArticleYear
High signal intensity halo around the carotid artery on maximum intensity projection images of time-of-flight MR angiography: a new sign for intraplaque hemorrhage.
    Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 2008, Volume: 27, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Artery Diseases; Carotid Stenosis; Contrast Media; Endarterectomy, Carotid; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Image Enhancement; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Male; Middle Aged; Observer Variation; Predictive Value of Tests; Sensitivity and Specificity

2008

Other Studies

32 other study(ies) available for gadolinium dtpa and Bleeding

ArticleYear
Microcirculation of intramyocardial hemorrhage caused by reperfused myocardial infarctions with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.
    Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987), 2022, Volume: 63, Issue:11

    Topics: Animals; Contrast Media; Dextrans; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; Magnetite Nanoparticles; Microcirculation; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardium; Rats

2022
Hemorrhage promotes inflammation and myocardial damage following acute myocardial infarction: insights from a novel preclinical model and cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
    Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2017, Jul-04, Volume: 19, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Contrast Media; Coronary Circulation; Disease Models, Animal; Edema, Cardiac; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; Microcirculation; Myocardial Infarction; Myocarditis; Myocardium; Predictive Value of Tests; Sus scrofa; Time Factors

2017
Rhabdomyolysis revisited: Detailed analysis of magnetic resonance imaging findings and their correlation with peripheral neuropathy.
    Medicine, 2018, Volume: 97, Issue:33

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Compartment Syndromes; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Muscular Diseases; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Retrospective Studies; Rhabdomyolysis; Young Adult

2018
The effect of microvascular obstruction and intramyocardial hemorrhage on contractile recovery in reperfused myocardial infarction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
    Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2013, Jun-27, Volume: 15

    Topics: Aged; Biomechanical Phenomena; Contrast Media; Coronary Circulation; England; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Heart Ventricles; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; Male; Microcirculation; Middle Aged; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion; No-Reflow Phenomenon; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Recovery of Function; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Ventricular Function, Left; Ventricular Remodeling

2013
Susceptibility-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance in comparison to T2 and T2 star imaging for detection of intramyocardial hemorrhage following acute myocardial infarction at 3 Tesla.
    Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2014, Oct-28, Volume: 16

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Myocardium; Observer Variation; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome

2014
Acute myocardial infarction: susceptibility-weighted cardiac MRI for the detection of reperfusion haemorrhage at 1.5 T.
    Clinical radiology, 2016, Volume: 71, Issue:3

    Topics: Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques; Contrast Media; Ferrosoferric Oxide; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Phantoms, Imaging; Prospective Studies

2016
Detection of presumed hemorrhage in the ampullar endolymph of the semicircular canal: a case report.
    Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2009, Volume: 8, Issue:4

    Topics: Aspirin; Chronic Disease; Contrast Media; Endolymph; Female; Functional Laterality; Gadolinium DTPA; Hearing Loss; Heart Failure; Hemorrhage; Humans; Labyrinth Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Semicircular Canals; Vertigo

2009
High-resolution MR study of the relationship between superficial calcification and the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque.
    The international journal of cardiovascular imaging, 2010, Volume: 26 Suppl 1

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Calcinosis; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Stenosis; Chi-Square Distribution; Contrast Media; Disease Progression; Female; Fibrosis; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Rupture, Spontaneous

2010
Identification of intraplaque hemorrhage on MR angiography images: a comparison of contrast-enhanced mask and time-of-flight techniques.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 2011, Volume: 32, Issue:3

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carotid Stenosis; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Male; Middle Aged; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity

2011
Quantitative tracking of edema, hemorrhage, and microvascular obstruction in subacute myocardial infarction in a porcine model by MRI.
    Magnetic resonance in medicine, 2011, Volume: 66, Issue:4

    Topics: Algorithms; Animals; Contrast Media; Coronary Vessels; Disease Models, Animal; Edema, Cardiac; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Microvessels; Myocardial Infarction; Swine

2011
Evaluation of cell tracking effects for transplanted mesenchymal stem cells with jetPEI/Gd-DTPA complexes in animal models of hemorrhagic spinal cord injury.
    Brain research, 2011, May-19, Volume: 1391

    Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cell Movement; Cell Tracking; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Hemorrhage; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Polymers; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spectrophotometry; Spinal Cord Injuries; Transfection

2011
Prognostic value and determinants of a hypointense infarct core in T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance in acute reperfused ST-elevation-myocardial infarction.
    Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging, 2011, Volume: 4, Issue:4

    Topics: Aged; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; Chi-Square Distribution; Contrast Media; Coronary Angiography; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Logistic Models; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion; Organometallic Compounds; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Statistics, Nonparametric

2011
Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings in non-ST-segment elevation versus ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing early invasive intervention.
    The international journal of cardiovascular imaging, 2012, Volume: 28, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Chi-Square Distribution; Contrast Media; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Circulation; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Logistic Models; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; Male; Microcirculation; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Myocardium; No-Reflow Phenomenon; Odds Ratio; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Tissue Survival; Treatment Outcome

2012
Quantitative evaluation of high intensity signal on MIP images of carotid atherosclerotic plaques from routine TOF-MRA reveals elevated volumes of intraplaque hemorrhage and lipid rich necrotic core.
    Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2012, Nov-29, Volume: 14

    Topics: Carotid Arteries; Carotid Stenosis; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Linear Models; Lipids; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Necrosis; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Predictive Value of Tests; Rupture, Spontaneous; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index

2012
MR imaging of ovarian hemorrhage.
    European journal of radiology, 2004, Volume: 51, Issue:1

    Topics: Adnexal Diseases; Adult; Ascites; Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Ovarian Diseases; Retrospective Studies

2004
Renal-related perinephric fluid collections: MRI findings.
    Magnetic resonance imaging, 2005, Volume: 23, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Hydronephrosis; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies

2005
Magnetic resonance imaging correlated with the histopathological effect of Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (Tookad) photodynamic therapy on the normal canine prostate gland.
    Lasers in surgery and medicine, 2006, Volume: 38, Issue:7

    Topics: Animals; Bacteriochlorophylls; Connective Tissue; Contrast Media; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Dogs; Edema; Epithelium; Fibrosis; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Image Enhancement; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Necrosis; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Pilot Projects; Prostate; Time Factors

2006
Safety characteristics of gadobenate dimeglumine: clinical experience from intra- and interindividual comparison studies with gadopentetate dimeglumine.
    Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 2006, Volume: 24, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Clinical Trials as Topic; Contrast Media; Fever; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; United States; Vomiting

2006
Morphologic validation of reperfused hemorrhagic myocardial infarction by cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
    The American journal of cardiology, 2007, Oct-15, Volume: 100, Issue:8

    Topics: Aged; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion

2007
Germinoma originating in the basal ganglia and thalamus: MR and CT evaluation.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 1994, Volume: 15, Issue:8

    Topics: Adolescent; Atrophy; Basal Ganglia Diseases; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Brain Stem; Calcinosis; Child; Contrast Media; Cysts; Drug Combinations; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Germinoma; Hemorrhage; Humans; Image Enhancement; Iodine; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Meglumine; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid; Radiographic Image Enhancement; Retrospective Studies; Thalamic Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

1994
[MR tomography of acute pancreatitis: initial results].
    Bildgebung = Imaging, 1994, Volume: 61, Issue:3

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adipose Tissue; Ascites; Calcinosis; Contrast Media; Duodenitis; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Organometallic Compounds; Pancreas; Pancreatitis; Pentetic Acid; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

1994
Magnetic resonance imaging study of experimental acute spinal cord injury.
    Spine, 1993, Oct-15, Volume: 18, Issue:14

    Topics: Animals; Contrast Media; Edema; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Necrosis; Organometallic Compounds; Paraplegia; Pentetic Acid; Rabbits; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Compression; Time Factors

1993
Enhancing mediastinal mass at MR: Castleman disease.
    Magnetic resonance imaging, 1993, Volume: 11, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Castleman Disease; Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Combinations; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mediastinal Diseases; Meglumine; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

1993
[A case of subdural empyema with hemorrhage].
    No to shinkei = Brain and nerve, 1996, Volume: 48, Issue:10

    Topics: Child, Preschool; Empyema, Subdural; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid

1996
Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction.
    Circulation, 1996, Dec-15, Volume: 94, Issue:12

    Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Edema; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Microscopy, Electron; Microspheres; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardial Reperfusion; Myocardium; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid; Rabbits; Reference Values; Time Factors

1996
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of acute haemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis.
    European radiology, 1997, Volume: 7, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Diagnosis, Differential; Edema; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Organometallic Compounds; Pancreatic Diseases; Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing; Pentetic Acid; Swine

1997
Long-term octreotide therapy in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas: evaluation with serial MR.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 1997, Volume: 18, Issue:4

    Topics: Acromegaly; Adenoma; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Contrast Media; Drug Combinations; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Image Enhancement; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Meglumine; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Octreotide; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Neoplasms; Remission Induction

1997
[Diagnosis and follow-up of muscle injuries by means of plain and contrast-enhanced MRT: experimental and clinical studies].
    RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin, 1997, Volume: 166, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Follow-Up Studies; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Hematoma; Hemorrhage; Humans; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Muscles; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rupture; Time Factors; Ultrasonography; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries

1997
MR findings in primary retroperitoneal schwannoma.
    Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987), 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:1

    Topics: Aged; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neurilemmoma; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms; Retroperitoneal Space; Sensitivity and Specificity

1999
Acute and subacute liver-related hemorrhage: MRI findings.
    Magnetic resonance imaging, 1999, Volume: 17, Issue:2

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Humans; Liver Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Time Factors

1999
Contrast media-induced renal morphologic lesions during experimental hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis.
    Investigative radiology, 1992, Volume: 27, Issue:12

    Topics: Animals; Contrast Media; Diatrizoate; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Iohexol; Kidney; Male; Necrosis; Organometallic Compounds; Pancreatitis; Pentetic Acid; Radiography; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Taurocholic Acid

1992
Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced and digitally subtracted magnetic resonance imaging of estrogen-induced pituitary lesions in rats: correlation with pituitary anatomy.
    Magnetic resonance imaging, 1990, Volume: 8, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Contrast Media; Cysts; Estradiol; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Hemorrhage; Hypertrophy; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Subtraction Technique

1990