g(m3)-ganglioside and Mucopolysaccharidosis-III

Topics: G(M1) Ganglioside; G(M2) Ganglioside; G(M3) Ganglioside; Gangliosidoses; Genetic Carrier Screening; Genetic Counseling; Glycoside Hydrolases; Humans; Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic; Lipidoses; Mucopolysaccharidoses; Mucopolysaccharidosis I; Mucopolysaccharidosis III; Mucopolysaccharidosis IV; Mucopolysaccharidosis VI; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Genetic

Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA (MPS IIIA) is a lysosomal storage disease with significant neurological and skeletal pathologies. Respiratory dysfunction is a secondary pathology contributing to mortality in MPS IIIA patients. Pulmonary surfactant is crucial to optimal lung function and has not been investigated in MPS IIIA. We measured heparan sulphate (HS), lipids and surfactant proteins (SP) in pulmonary tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and surfactant activity in healthy and diseased mice (20 weeks of age). Heparan sulphate, ganglioside GM3 and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) were increased in MPS IIIA lung tissue. There was an increase in HS and a decrease in BMP and cholesteryl esters (CE) in MPS IIIA BALF. Phospholipid composition remained unchanged, but BALF total phospholipids were reduced (49.70%) in MPS IIIA. There was a reduction in SP-A, -C and -D mRNA, SP-D protein in tissue and SP-A, -C and -D protein in BALF of MPS IIIA mice. Captive bubble surfactometry showed an increase in minimum and maximum surface tension and percent surface area compression, as well as a higher compressibility and hysteresis in MPS IIIA surfactant upon dynamic cycling. Collectively these biochemical and biophysical changes in alveolar surfactant are likely to be detrimental to lung function in MPS IIIA.

Topics: Animals; Biophysical Phenomena; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cholesterol; Chromatography, Liquid; G(M3) Ganglioside; Gene Expression Regulation; Heparitin Sulfate; Lysophospholipids; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Monoglycerides; Mucopolysaccharidosis III; Phospholipids; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Surfactants; Reference Standards; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

To determine the capacity of continual low-dose lysosomal enzyme infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) mice to reverse established neurodegenerative disease. The rationale behind the study is that there is only limited animal model-derived evidence supporting treatment of symptomatic patients, principally because few studies have been designed to examine disease reversibility.. Twelve-week old MPS IIIA mice were implanted with indwelling unilateral intra-ventricular cannulae. These were connected to subcutaneous mini-osmotic pumps infusing recombinant human sulphamidase. Pump replacement was carried out in some mice at 16-weeks of age, enabling treatment to continue for a further month. Control affected/unaffected mice received vehicle via the same method. Behavioural, neuropathological and biochemical parameters of disease were assessed.. Improvement in some, but not all, behavioural parameters occurred. Sulphamidase infusion mediated a statistically significant reduction in primary (heparan sulphate) and secondary (gangliosides GM2, GM3) substrate accumulation in the brain, with small reductions in micro- but not astro-gliosis. There was no change in axonal spheroid number. All mice developed a humoural response, however the antibodies were non-neutralising and no adverse clinical effects were observed.. Continual infusion of replacement enzyme partially ameliorates clinical, histological and biochemical aspects of MPS IIIA mice, when treatment begins at an early symptomatic stage.

Topics: Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Delivery Systems; Female; G(M3) Ganglioside; Gangliosidoses, GM2; Humans; Hydrolases; Male; Maze Learning; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Motor Activity; Mucopolysaccharidosis III; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Sulfatases

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) is predominantly a disorder of the central nervous system, caused by a deficiency of sulfamidase (SGSH) with subsequent storage of heparan sulfate-derived oligosaccharides. No widely available therapy exists, and for this reason, a mouse model has been utilized to carry out a preclinical assessment of the benefit of intraparenchymal administration of a gene vector (AAVrh10-SGSH-IRES-SUMF1) into presymptomatic MPS IIIA mice. The outcome has been assessed with time, measuring primary and secondary storage material, neuroinflammation, and intracellular inclusions, all of which appear as the disease progresses. The vector resulted in predominantly ipsilateral distribution of SGSH, with substantially less detected in the contralateral hemisphere. Vector-derived SGSH enzyme improved heparan sulfate catabolism, reduced microglial activation, and, after a time delay, ameliorated GM3 ganglioside accumulation and halted ubiquitin-positive lesion formation in regions local to, or connected by projections to, the injection site. Improvements were not observed in regions of the brain distant from, or lacking connections with, the injection site. Intraparenchymal gene vector administration therefore has therapeutic potential provided that multiple brain regions are targeted with vector, in order to achieve widespread enzyme distribution and correction of disease pathology.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Autophagy; Biomarkers; Brain; Dependovirus; Disease Models, Animal; DNA-Binding Proteins; Endosomes; Enzyme Activation; Female; G(M3) Ganglioside; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Heparitin Sulfate; High Mobility Group Proteins; Humans; Hydrolases; Lysosomes; Male; Mice; Mucopolysaccharidosis III; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Transduction, Genetic

Sanfilippo syndrome type III B (MPS III B) is an inherited disorder characterized by a deficiency of α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Naglu) enzyme leading to accumulation of heparan sulfate in lysosomes and severe neurological deficits. We have previously shown that a single administration of human umbilical cord mononuclear cells (hUCB MNCs) into Naglu knockout mice decreased behavioral abnormalities and tissue pathology. In this study, we tested whether repeated doses of hUCB MNCs would be more beneficial than a single dose of cells. Naglu mice at 3 months of age were randomly assigned to either a Media-only group or one of three hUCB MNC treatment groups--single low dose (3 × 10(6) cells), single high dose (1.8 × 10(7) cells), or multiple doses (3 × 10(6) cells monthly for 6 months) delivered intravenously; cyclosporine was injected intraperitoneally to immune suppress the mice for the duration of the study. An additional control group of wild-type mice was also used. We measured anxiety in an open field test and cognition in an active avoidance test prior to treatment and then at monthly intervals for 6 months. hUCB MNCs restored normal anxiety-like behavior in these mice (p < 0.001). The repeated cell administrations also restored hippocampal cytoarchitecture, protected the dendritic tree, decreased GM3 ganglioside accumulation, and decreased microglial activation, particularly in the hippocampus and cortex. These data suggest that the neuroprotective effect of hUCB MNCs can be enhanced by repeated cell administrations.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Animals; Anxiety; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Cell Count; Cognition; Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation; Dendrites; Disease Models, Animal; Female; G(M3) Ganglioside; Humans; Male; Mice, Knockout; Microglia; Mucopolysaccharidosis III; Phenotype; Treatment Outcome; Umbilical Cord; Urine

Allogenic stem cell transplantation can reduce lysosomal storage of heparan sulfate-derived oligosaccharides by up to 27 % in Sanfilippo MPS3a brain, but does not reduce the abnormal storage of sialolactosylceramide (G(M3)) or improve neurological symptoms, suggesting that ganglioside storage is in a non-lysosomal compartment. To investigate this further we isolated the Triton X100-insoluble at 4 °C, lipid raft (LR) fraction from a sucrose-density gradient from cerebral hemispheres of a 7 month old mouse model of Sanfilippo MPS3a and age-matched control mouse brain. HPLC/MS/MS analysis revealed the expected enrichment of normal complex gangliosides, ceramides, galatosylceramides and sphingomyelin enrichment in this LR fraction. The abnormal HS-derived oligosaccharide storage material was in the Triton X100-soluble at 4 °C fractions (8-12),whereas both GM3 and sialo[GalNAc]lactosylceramide (GM2) were found exclusively in the LR fraction (fractions 3 and 4) and were >90 % C18:0 fatty acid, suggesting a neuronal origin. Further analysis also revealed a >threefold increase in the late-endosome marker bis (monoacylglycerol) phosphate (>70 % as C22:6/22:6-BMP) in non-LR fractions 8-12 whereas different forms of the proposed BMP precursor, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were in both LR and non-LR fractions and were less elevated in MPS3a brain. Thus heparan sulfate-derived oligosaccharide storage is associated with abnormal lipid accumulation in both lysosomal (BMP) and non-lysosomal (GM3 and GM2) compartments.

Topics: Animals; Brain; G(M2) Ganglioside; G(M3) Ganglioside; Gangliosides; Lysophospholipids; Lysosomes; Membrane Microdomains; Mice; Monoglycerides; Mucopolysaccharidosis III; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Sanfilippo syndrome type B (MPS III B) is caused by a deficiency of α-N-acetylglucosaminidase enzyme, leading to accumulation of heparan sulfate within lysosomes and eventual progressive cerebral and systemic multiple organ abnormalities. However, little is known about the competence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in MPS III B. BBB dysfunction in this devastating disorder could contribute to neuropathological disease manifestations.. In the present study, we investigated structural (electron microscope) and functional (vascular leakage) integrity of the BBB in a mouse model of MPS III B at different stages of disease, focusing on brain structures known to experience neuropathological changes. Major findings of our study were: (1) endothelial cell damage in capillary ultrastructure, compromising the BBB and resulting in vascular leakage, (2) formation of numerous large vacuoles in endothelial cells and perivascular cells (pericytes and perivascular macrophages) in the large majority of vessels, (3) edematous space around microvessels, (4) microaneurysm adjacent to a ruptured endothelium, (6) Evans Blue and albumin microvascular leakage in various brain structures, (7) GM3 ganglioside accumulation in endothelium of the brain microvasculature.. These new findings of BBB structural and function impairment in MPS III B mice even at early disease stage may have implications for disease pathogenesis and should be considered in current and future development of treatments for MPS III B.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Albumins; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Disease Models, Animal; Evans Blue; G(M3) Ganglioside; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Microvessels; Mucopolysaccharidosis III

The neurodegenerative disease MPS III B (Sanfilippo syndrome type B) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, with a resulting block in heparan sulfate degradation. A mouse model with disruption of the Naglu gene allows detailed study of brain pathology. In contrast to somatic cells, which accumulate primarily heparan sulfate, neurons accumulate a number of apparently unrelated metabolites, including subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase (SCMAS). SCMAS accumulated from 1 month of age, primarily in the medial entorhinal cortex and layer V of the somatosensory cortex. Its accumulation was not due to the absence of specific proteases. Light microscopy of brain sections of 6-months-old mice showed SCMAS to accumulate in the same areas as glycosaminoglycan and unesterified cholesterol, in the same cells as ubiquitin and GM3 ganglioside, and in the same organelles as Lamp 1 and Lamp 2. Cryo-immuno electron microscopy showed SCMAS to be present in Lamp positive vesicles bounded by a single membrane (lysosomes), in fingerprint-like layered arrays. GM3 ganglioside was found in the same lysosomes, but was not associated with the SCMAS arrays. GM3 ganglioside was also seen in lysosomes of microglia, suggesting phagocytosis of neuronal membranes. Samples used for cryo-EM and further processed by standard EM procedures (osmium tetroxide fixation and plastic embedding) showed the disappearance of the SCMAS fingerprint arrays and appearance in the same location of "zebra bodies", well known but little understood inclusions in the brain of patients with mucopolysaccharidoses.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Disease Models, Animal; G(M3) Ganglioside; Glycosaminoglycans; Lysosomal Membrane Proteins; Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2; Lysosomes; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases; Mucopolysaccharidosis III; Protein Subunits; Pyramidal Cells; Somatosensory Cortex

Sanfilippo syndrome is a mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) caused by a lysosomal enzyme defect interrupting the degradation pathway of heparan sulfates. Affected children develop hyperactivity, aggressiveness, delayed development, and severe neuropathology. We observed relevant behaviors in the mouse model of Sanfilippo syndrome type B (MPSIIIB), in which the gene coding for alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NaGlu) is invalidated. We addressed the feasibility of gene therapy in these animals. Vectors derived from adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) or 5 (AAV5) coding for NaGlu were injected at a single site in the putamen of 45 6-week-old MPSIIIB mice. Normal behavior was observed in treated mice. High NaGlu activity, far above physiological levels, was measured in the brain and persisted at 38 weeks of age. NaGlu immunoreactivity was detected in neuron intracellular organelles, including lysosomes. Enzyme activity spread beyond vector diffusion areas. Delivery to the entire brain was reproducibly obtained with both vector types. NaGlu activity was higher and distribution was broader with AAV5-NaGlu than with AAV2-NaGlu vectors. The compensatory increase in the activity of various lysosomal enzymes was improved. The accumulation of gangliosides GM2 and GM3 present before treatment and possibly participating in neuropathology was reversed. Characteristic vacuolations in microglia, perivascular cells, and neurons, which were prominent before the age of treatment, disappeared in areas in which NaGlu was present. However, improvement was only partial in some animals, in contrast to high NaGlu activity. These results indicate that NaGlu delivery from intracerebral sources has the capacity to alleviate most disease manifestations in the MPSIIIB mouse model.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Animals; Brain; Corpus Striatum; Dependovirus; Exploratory Behavior; G(M2) Ganglioside; G(M3) Ganglioside; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Injections; Lysosomes; Maze Learning; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mucopolysaccharidosis III; Neurons; Putamen