fumaric-acid and Weight-Gain

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the potential methane reducer fumaric acid on the fattening performance and acid-base balance of growing bulls fed two different silage types as roughage (maize and grass silage). A total of 62 fattening bulls (German Holstein breed, initial body weight: 266 +/- 42 kg), randomly assigned to eight feeding groups, received four levels of fumaric acid (0, 100, 200 or 300 g/d) at each silage type. The daily feed and water intake and the live weight were measured over the whole testing period of 280 days. In blood samples, blood cells and blood gases as a parameter of acid-base status were analysed. Feed and faeces were collected to determine the apparent nutrient digestibility. Five animals from each group fed maize or grass silage, supplemented with 0 g or 300 g fumaric acid, were slaughtered at 580 kg body weight. After slaughter, rumen fluid pH was measured and dressing percentage was calculated. Neither the total feed intake (8.81 +/- 0.07 kg/d) nor the daily weight gain (1277 +/- 24 g/d) was influenced significantly by treatments. Fumaric acid supplementation did not influence the erythrocyte count or the blood gas concentration. The silage type significantly influenced the apparent digestibility of the whole diet. The dressing percentage was slightly higher (p < 0.1) after fumaric acid supplementation. No signs of an incompatibility to fumaric acid on the animals were observed over the whole experimental period. However, it seems to be necessary to conduct more long-term studies with different silage types and addition of organic acids combined with direct measurements of methane.

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Animals; Cattle; Dietary Supplements; Fumarates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Poaceae; Silage; Weight Gain; Zea mays

Previous research from our laboratory has shown that citric acid improves phytate P utilization in chicks fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. The current study was conducted to determine if other organic acids also are effective, with an emphasis on gluconic acid. Four experiments were conducted in which 4 replicate groups of 5 crossbred chicks (New Hampshire x Columbian) were fed a P-deficient diet (0.16% nonphyate P) from 8 to 22 d of age. In Experiment 1, chick weight gain and tibia ash were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 1.5 and 3% sodium gluconate (NaGlu), 1.5% calcium gluconate (CaGlu), 1.5 and 3% glucono-delta-lactone, and 1% 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoic acid (Alimet). In experiment 2, tibia ash was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 2% NaGlu, CaGlu, and citric acid in chicks fed the P-deficient diet but not in chicks fed a 0.45% nonphytate P diet, indicating that the organic acid responses were due to increased P utilization. In experiments 3 and 4, tibia ash was significantly increased by 3% NaGlu and 3% citric acid, but not by 3% fumaric acid or 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1% EDTA. The results of this study showed that NaGlu, CaGlu, glucono-delta-lactone, Alimet, and citric acid, but not fumaric acid or EDTA, improved phytate P utilization in chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet.

Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Bone and Bones; Calcium Gluconate; Carboxylic Acids; Chickens; Citric Acid; Crosses, Genetic; Diet; Eating; Edetic Acid; Female; Fumarates; Gluconates; Glycine max; Male; Methionine; Phosphorus; Phytic Acid; Weight Gain; Zea mays

The effect of feeding diets containing either spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) or pea protein-isolate (PPI) supplemented with either egg yolk antibodies (EYA) from hens immunized with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (K88 and F18) antigens, ZnO, fumaric acid (FA), or carbadox (AB) on pig performance, incidence of scours, and gut morphology was studied in a 14-d experiment. Ninety 10-d-old weaned pigs were assigned to six dietary treatments in a completely randomized design to give five pens per treatment with three pigs per pen. The diets were SDPP without EYA (SDPP - EYA), PPI without EYA (PPI - EYA), PPI with EYA (PPI + EYA), PPI with ZnO (PPI + ZnO), PPI with FA (PPI + FA), or PPI with AB (PPI + AB). Diets were formulated to similar nutrient levels, with AB, EYA, FA, and ZnO at 0.25, 0.5, 2.0, and 0.4% of the diet, respectively. Pigs were weighed and bled on d 0, 7, and 14 to determine plasma urea N (PUN). Pigs were orally challenged with a 6-mL dose of 10(10) cfu/mL ETEC (K88) on d 7. On d 14, three pigs per treatment were killed to obtain sections of the small intestine for histological measurements. Weekly feed intake, BW changes, and gain:feed were determined. Incidence of scours and scour scores were monitored and fecal swabs were taken before and after ETEC challenge for PCR test to detect ETEC (K88). Feeding SDPP or supplementing PPI-based diets with EYA, ZnO, FA, or AB did not affect (P > 0.05) ADG, ADFI (as-fed basis), or gain:feed throughout the study. However, pigs fed PPI - EYA tended to have lower (P = 0.08) ADFI during wk 2 (137.9 g/d) and lower (P < 0.10) ADG from d 0 to 14 (100.1 g/d) than those fed the SDPP - EYA (156.6 g/d), PPI + EYA (151.2 g/d), PPI + ZnO (158.9 g/ d), PPI + FA (155.4 g/d), and PPI + AB (152.6 g/d) diets. Although scours was evident in all pigs 8 h after the ETEC challenge, it lasted only 3 to 5 d in pigs fed SDPP or PPI supplemented with EYA, ZnO, FA, or AB. Pigs fed PPI - EYA continued to have severe diarrhea, resulting in 40% mortality vs. 13% or less in the other groups. The PCR results showed that 81% of PPI-fed pigs continued to shed ETEC K88 7 d after ETEC challenge. Pigs fed PPI-EYA had shorter villi (P < 0.05), reduced villi:crypt ratio (P < 0.003), and higher intestinal pH (P < 0.001) and PUN (P < 0.001) than those fed SDPP or PPI supplemented with EYA, ZnO, FA, and AB. In conclusion, SDPP, EYA, ZnO, FA, and AB may have provided passive control to ETEC (K88) infection and potentially enabled young

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Bacterial; Diarrhea; Egg Yolk; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fumarates; Pisum sativum; Plant Proteins; Plasma; Random Allocation; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning; Weight Gain; Zinc Oxide

In a metabolic trial 4 groups of 8 piglets of 5 kg weight each were kept individually for 45 days (final weight 23 kg) and fed a practical diet. At the beginning of the experiment the body amino acid contents of an additional group of 8 piglets were determined by carcass analysis, and at the end of the experiment the body amino acid contents of the 4 test group piglets (A = control fed ad libitum, B and C = supplement of 1.5% fumaric acid fed ad libitum or restrictively, D = supplement of 1.5% citric acid fed ad libitum) were also analysed. The amino acid retention during the experimental period was determined by difference. The supplements of fumaric or citric acid did not influence the amount of the amino acid retention. The quotient of amino acid retention to amino acid consumed or the "productive amino acid value" was calculated and the maintenance requirements of essential amino acids for piglets were used to estimate the productive amino acid value for both retention and maintenance. The mean amino acid retention amounted to about 56 g/d, i.e. 3.49 g/kg W0.75.d of essential amino acids. The essential amino acid requirements for maintenance was 2.0 g, i.e. 0.29 g/kg W0.75.d, showing a variation of 4% (Leu) to 20% (Met+Cys) when related to the amount of the corresponding amino acid retention. With regard to the amino acid pattern for retention of the nutritionally most important amino acids, the following ratios were found: Lys, 100 (6.27 g/16 g N): Met+Cys, 48 (3.03 g): Thr, 56 (3.49 g): Trp, 13 (0.80 g). The productive amino acid values ranged from 40% (Trp), 55% (Thr), 66% (Met) to 80% (Lys). Under the conditions investigated, neither the supplements of organic acids nor the feed restriction influenced the amino acid utilization.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Citric Acid; Diet; Eating; Food, Fortified; Fumarates; Male; Swine; Time Factors; Weight Gain

Four experiments were conducted to characterize the interactions between fumaric (FA), malic (MA), or citric acid (CA) and NaHCO3. In two experiments, seven diets were formulated containing 2.5% FA, MA, and CA, with or without 2.3, 1.9, or 1.4% NaHCO3, respectively, as well as a control diet (no addition of organic acids or NaHCO3) for 28-d-old pigs (Exp. 1, corn-soy protein concentrate-based diet) and 1-wk-old chicks (Exp. 4, corn-soy-based diet). In Exp. 1, at 2 and 4 wk, the FA+NaHCO3 treatment resulted in greater average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) compared with the control (P < .05). In Exp. 2, 28-d-old pigs were fed corn-soy diets with .9, 1.6, and 2.3% NaHCO3 in addition to 2.5% FA. After wk 2, there was a quadratic response in ADG (P < .08) and ADFI (P < .05) when increasing levels of NaHCO3 were added to the diet. This was true at wk 4 for both ADG and ADFI (P < .05). In Exp. 3, finishing pigs were fed corn-soy diets containing 2.5% FA or 2.5% FA + 2.3% NaHCO3 added to a control diet. No effect (P < .05) of FA or NaHCO3 was observed. In Exp. 4, the combination of CA+NaHCO3 or MA+NaHCO3 was superior to FA+NaHCO3 for ADG (P < .08) and ADFI (P < .05) when fed to young chicks.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Carboxylic Acids; Chickens; Citrates; Citric Acid; Eating; Female; Fumarates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Malates; Male; Random Allocation; Sodium Bicarbonate; Swine; Weight Gain

Three growth experiments were conducted to assess the effect of fumaric acid (FA) supplementation on the performance of pigs fed different types of diets. These 4-wk experiments involved 550 crossbred pigs weaned at 30 +/- 3 d of age. Pigs in Exp. 1 were fed either a simple corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet or a 75% corn-SBM, 25% dried skim milk (DSM) diet. Zero, 2, or 3% FA were added to the diets to create a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Supplementing diets with DSM improved gain (P less than .05) and gain/feed (P less than .001). Fumaric acid addition improved efficiency of feed utilization (P less than .01). Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effect of protein source (casein or soy protein concentrate [SPC]) on the response to 3% FA. Sodium bicarbonate (BCB; 2.75%) was added to one diet containing casein and FA to negate the effect of FA on growth performance. Addition of FA improved gain and feed efficiency (P less than .05) during the first 2 wk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bicarbonates; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Female; Fumarates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Swine; Weight Gain

Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of DM and N by young pigs fed diets supplemented with different protein sources or organic acids. Pigs were surgically fitted with silicone cannulas at 2 wk of age. Following surgery, pigs were allowed to recuperate with their dams while suckling normally. After weaning at 24 d, pigs were assigned to treatment diets at 28 d of age. A 3-d adjustment and 4-d collection sequence was followed for the duration of the 4-wk experiment. Four treatment diets were fed in each experiment in a weekly rotation until each diet had been fed to each pig. Diet samples and digesta collected through the ileal cannulas were analyzed for chromic oxide (used as an indigestible marker), DM, and N. Pigs in Exp. 1 were fed isolysinic (1.0%) corn-based diets supplemented with casein, soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, or isolated soy protein. Casein addition resulted in improved DM (P less than .001) and N (P less than .05) digestibility but reduced gain (P less than .05) compared with the average of the soy protein sources. Nitrogen from diets formulated with soybean meal was digested more completely (P less than .05) than N from diets based on soy protein concentrate and isolated soy protein. Experiment 2 was an evaluation of the effect of dried skim milk (25%) and fumaric acid (2%) addition on apparent ileal digestibility of N and DM in corn-soybean meal diets. Addition of dried skim milk improved DM (P less than .01) and N (P less than .05) digestibility and daily gain (P less than .001). Fumaric acid supplementation did not affect nutrient digestibility or gain (P greater than .10).

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Caseins; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Fumarates; Glycine max; Ileum; Nitrogen; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Soybean Proteins; Swine; Weight Gain

Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of dietary inclusion of fumaric acid on performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens. Fumaric acid was added to nutritionally complete diets at levels of 0, .125, .25, and .5% and fed from 1 to 49 days under simulated commercial conditions. In one trial, samples of birds were processed to determine dressing percentage and abdominal fat content. In the first trial (mixed sex broilers), the addition of .125% fumaric acid significantly (P less than .05) improved 49-day body weight of females and average weight gain of both sexes with no effect on feed utilization. Feed consumption was significantly increased when diets contained .125 or .50% fumaric acid. In the second trial (male broilers), 49-day body weight was significantly (P less than .05) improved by the addition of .125 and .25% fumaric acid. There were no significant differences in feed consumption; feed utilization was improved by the addition of all levels of fumaric acid. Dietary fumaric acid had no adverse effects on dressing percentage, abdominal fat content, or mortality rate.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Eating; Female; Fumarates; Male; Random Allocation; Sex Characteristics; Weight Gain