fructooligosaccharide and Salmonella-Infections--Animal

Molting is a natural process, which birds undergo to rejuvenate their reproductive organs. The US poultry egg production industry has used feed withdrawal to effectively induce molt; however, susceptibility of Salmonella Enteritidis has encouraged the development of alternative methods. Previous research conducted in our laboratory showed that alfalfa is effective at molt induction and provides equivalent postmolt production numbers and quality when compared with feed withdrawal. In the attempt to further increase the efficacy of alfalfa molt diet and decrease the chicken susceptibility to Salmonella Enteritidis during molt, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) was added to a combination of 90% alfalfa and 10% layer ration in 2 levels (0.750 and 0.375%). Ovary and liver colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis in 3 and 2 of the 4 trials, respectively, were reduced (P 0.05) the production of cecal total volatile fatty acids when compared with hens undergoing feed withdrawal. However, in all 3 alfalfa molt diets, the concentrations of lactic acid were greater (P 0.05) were observed among hens fed alfalfa combined with FOS and hens fed alfalfa/layer ration without FOS. Overall, given the similarities between hens fed 0.750% FOS (H) and 0.375% FOS (L), molt diets combined with the lower level of FOS should be sufficient.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Cecum; Chickens; Crop, Avian; Diet; Female; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Tract; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactic Acid; Liver; Medicago sativa; Molting; Oligosaccharides; Ovary; Poultry Diseases; Probiotics; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Spleen

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in controlling the infection of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in White Leghorns. A total of 30 laying hens (white leghorns W-36) were challenged both orally and cloacally with approximately 108 colony-forming units of nalidxic acid resistant SE (SENAR) and divided into 3 treatments: 1) SENAR challenged + 0.0% FOS, 2) SENAR challenged + 0.5% FOS (Nutraflora), and 3) SENAR challenged + 1.0% FOS. SENAR recovery via fecal shedding was measured at 3- and 6-d post-infection (dpi), whereas in the ceca and internal organs, SENAR recovery was measured at 7-d post-infection. In the first experiment, there was a 1.0 log10 and a 1.3 log10 reduction in cecal SENAR by supplementation of FOS at 0.5 and 1.0%, respectively. In the second experiment, there was a 0.6 log10 and a 0.8 log10 reduction in cecal SENAR by supplementation of FOS at 0.5 and 1.0%, respectively. Fecal shedding was significantly lower in 1.0% FOS supplemented groups compared to SENAR challenge 0.0% FOS. There was no significant difference among the 3 treatments on SENAR recovery in liver with gall bladder and ovaries. However, the frequency of positive SENAR in the ovaries (10 to 40%) in SENAR challenge 0.0% FOS was significantly lower than liver with gall bladder (60 to 80%) in both experiments. There was a significant upregulation of toll-like receptor-4 in 1.0% FOS and interferon gamma in both 0.5 and 1.0% FOS. Histologic measurements of ileal villi height and crypt depth were similar across all treatments. Immunohistochemistry analyses of ileal samples showed that immunoglobulin A positive cells increased as FOS concentration increased reaching significance at 1.0% as well as altered cytokine gene expression in the ileum. Further, FOS supplementation also reduced cecal SENAR and feces SENAR levels. Collectively, the results suggest that dietary supplementation with FOS may impair SE pathogenesis while modulating humoral immunity within the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Shedding; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Supplements; Feces; Female; Gallbladder; Intestines; Liver; Lymphoid Tissue; Oligosaccharides; Ovary; Poultry Diseases; Random Allocation; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections, Animal

This study was conducted to examine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation on growth performance, lymphoid organ weight, intestinal morphology, and immunological status in broilers (n=180) challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Birds were randomly assigned into a 3×2 factorial arrangement that included 1) 3 dietary treatments from d one to 21: positive control (PC), wheat-corn-soybean meal based diet contained antibiotics (virginiamycin and monensin); negative control (NC), as PC without antibiotics; and NC+FOS, as NC supplemented with 0.5% FOS, and 2) 2 intraperitoneal injections: 2 mg/kg Salmonella Enteritidis LPS or sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on d 21. Growth performance and relative lymphoid organ weight were not significantly different among the treatments. Villus height, crypt depth, and total mucosa thickness were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the ileum of broiler chickens fed NC+FOS when compared to PC and NC. Birds in NC+FOS treatment had reduced heterophil but increased monocyte count when compared to NC (P<0.05). Significant diet×challenge interaction was observed on natural IgY levels (P<0.0001), and a significant dietary effect was observed on specific IgY levels in chickens fed NC+FOS (P=0.003). Supplementation of FOS also increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-1ß, -10, and interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA in the ileum of the birds. In summary, Salmonella Enteritidis LPS challenge established significant differences in the immune responses in broiler chickens. FOS supplementation increased ileal mucosa thickness and elevated the expressions of certain cytokine genes. It also led to the alteration of leukocyte compositions and serum IgY levels in response to LPS challenge, suggesting FOS supplementation may be effective to induce protective outcomes in gut health and immunity of broiler chickens.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Immunity, Innate; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Oligosaccharides; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections, Animal

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the leading causes of food-borne salmonellosis, and macrophages play an essential role in eliminating this pathogen. Among the interventions to improve Salmonella clearance in chickens are the use of prebiotics and direct fed microbials (DFM) in animal feed as they have immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, we tested the influence of a prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS)-inulin on the ability of the chicken macrophage HD11 cell line to phagocytose and kill SE, and express selected inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in an in vitro model. There were significantly fewer viable intracellular SE in HD11 cells treated with FOS-inulin than the untreated cells. However, SE phagocytosis, nitric oxide expression or production were not influenced by the prebiotic treatment. Among the inflammatory markers tested, IL-1β expression was significantly lower in HD11 cells treated with FOS-inulin. These results suggest that FOS-inulin has the ability to modulate the innate immune system as shown by the enhanced killing of SE and decreased inflammasome activation.

Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Chickens; Immunity, Innate; Interleukin-1beta; Inulin; Macrophages; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Oligosaccharides; Phagocytosis; Poultry Diseases; Prebiotics; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections, Animal

We have shown recently that rapid fermentable fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) decreased resistance of rats towards salmonella. It is not known whether inulin (which is fermented more gradually) has similar effects or whether buffering nutrients can counteract the adverse effects of rapid fermentation.. To compare the effects of dietary inulin and FOS on resistance of rats to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and to determine whether calcium phosphate counteracts the effects of fermentation.. Male Wistar rats (n = 8 per group) were fed a human "Western style diet". Diets with 60 g/kg cellulose (control), FOS, or inulin had either a low (30 mmol/kg) or high (100 mmol/kg) calcium concentration. After an adaptation period of two weeks, animals were orally infected with 2 x 10(9) colony forming units of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Colonisation of salmonella was determined by quantification of salmonella in caecal contents. Translocation of salmonella was quantified by analysis of urinary nitric oxide metabolites in time.. Inulin and FOS decreased intestinal pH and increased faecal lactobacilli and enterobacteria. Moreover, both prebiotics increased the cytotoxicity of faecal water and faecal mucin excretion. Both prebiotics increased colonisation of salmonella in caecal contents and enhanced translocation of salmonella. Dietary calcium phosphate counteracted most of the adverse effects of inulin and FOS.. Both inulin and FOS impair resistance to intestinal infections in rats. This impairment is partially prevented by dietary calcium phosphate. The results of the present study await verification in other controlled animal and human studies.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Translocation; Calcium, Dietary; Cecum; Dietary Carbohydrates; Disease Susceptibility; Eating; Feces; Fermentation; Growth; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunity, Innate; Inulin; Male; Oligosaccharides; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections, Animal

Formula-fed infants have more episodes of acute diarrhea and intestinal infection than do breast-fed infants. Nutrient additions to infant formula that could confer some of the immune benefits of breast milk to formula-fed infants are currently under investigation. This study examined the impact of enteral formulas supplemented with fermentable substrates on small intestinal lymphocyte and neutrophil migration in piglets infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Small intestinal proinflammatory cytokine messenger RNA abundance and in vitro lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-6 release in whole blood were assessed.. Piglets were randomized to receive sow milk replacer formula supplemented with methylcellulose (control), soy polysaccharides (SPS) or fructooligosaccharides (FOS). On day 7, half of the piglets were infected with S. typhimurium. Intestinal lymphocyte, neutrophil and whole blood samples were obtained on day 14.. After infection, there was decreased lymphocyte migration in the control group but not in the SPS and FOS groups. The SPS group had greater neutrophil migration compared with the control and FOS groups, regardless of infection. Small intestinal abundance of proinflammatory cytokine messenger RNA was not significantly changed by either infection or diet. Blood from the FOS group challenged with lipopolysaccharide for 2 hours exhibited decreased interleukin-6 production compared with blood from the control and SPS groups, regardless of infection.. Supplementation of enteral formulas with SPS maintains the migratory function of small intestinal lymphocytes while increasing that of neutrophils.

Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Cytokines; Dietary Fiber; Fermentation; Ileum; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Lipopolysaccharides; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Neutrophils; Oligosaccharides; Polysaccharides; Random Allocation; RNA, Messenger; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Swine

Different criteria are followed in order to select bacteria to be used in probiotic and symbiotic supplements. A new parameter to choose strains could be fermentation by intestinal bacteria of some complex carbohydrates because they are prebiotics and promote the development of beneficial microorganisms in the intestinal environment. An Enterococcus faecium strain, isolated from the crop of a free-range chicken, was assayed in order to determine the utilization of commercial sugars and/or crude carbohydrate samples from a sugar mill. The production of antimicrobial substances, under these conditions, was also considered. Ent. faecium CRL1385 grew well in the presence of complex carbohydrates and its ability to produce bacteriocin, active against poultry pathogens such as Ent. hirae, Salmonella pullorum and Listeria monocytogenes, was not significantly modified. These results are promising because the trend today is to employ eubiotic or symbiotic products and their use in the poultry industry could be a natural way to protect the flocks against potential pathogens.

Topics: Animals; Bacteriocins; Chickens; Enterococcus faecium; Oligosaccharides; Probiotics; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Time Factors