fructooligosaccharide and Obesity

Obesity is an extensive health problem worldwide that is frequently associated with diabetes. It is a risk factor for the development of several diseases including diabetic nephropathy. Recent studies have reported that gut dysbiosis aggravates the progression of obesity and diabetes by increasing the production of uremic toxins in conjunction with gut barrier dysfunction which then leads to increased passage of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into the blood circulatory system eventually causing systemic inflammation. Therefore, the modification of gut microbiota using a prebiotic supplement may assist in the restoration of gut barrier function and reduce any disturbance of the inflammatory response. In this review information has been compiled concerning the possible mechanisms involved in an increase in obesity, diabetes and kidney dysfunction

Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathies; Dysbiosis; Humans; Inflammation; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics

Dietary fiber may play a role in obesity prevention through reduction of body weight and control of appetite, however, not all fibers are created equally, and characteristics of fiber such as viscosity, fermentability and solubility may affect appetite differently.. Although early studies supported that fructan fibers, including inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and oligofructose affected satiety, more recent studies are less supportive. We found that a higher dose of fiber such as oligofructose (16 g/day) is needed and for a longer duration (12-16 weeks) to detect differences in appetite and subsequent energy intake, whereas, practical amounts of fructooligosaccharides, less than 10 g/day, generally do not affect satiety or food intake. It should be noted that there are many sources of fructan fibers, both in native foods, chicory roots, agave, and Jerusalem artichokes and isolated forms that vary in chain length.. Fructan fibers, which include fructooligosaccharides, oligofructose, and inulin, provided in low doses (<10 g/day), generally do not affect measures of human appetite including satiety or food intake and should not be recommended as a fiber with sole satiating power.

Topics: Appetite; Dietary Fiber; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating; Energy Intake; Fructans; Humans; Inulin; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Satiation

Antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics are widely used as growth promoters in agriculture. In the 1940s, use of Streptomyces aureofaciens probiotics resulted in weight gain in animals, which led to the discovery of chlortetracycline. Tetracyclines, macrolides, avoparcin and penicillins have been commonly used in livestock agriculture to promote growth through increased food intake, weight gain, and improved herd health. Prebiotic supplements including oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, and galactosyl-lactose improve the growth performance of animals. Probiotics used in animal feed are mainly bacterial strains of Gram-positive bacteria and have been effectively used for weight gain in chickens, pigs, ruminants and in aquaculture. Antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics all modify the gut microbiota and the effect of a probiotic species on the digestive flora is probably determined by bacteriocin production. Regulations governing the introduction of novel probiotics and prebiotics vary by geographical region and bias is very common in industry-funded studies. Probiotic and prebiotic foods have been consumed for centuries, either as natural components of food, or as fermented foods and it is possible to cause the same weight gain effects in humans as in animals. This review presents the use of growth promoters in food-producing animals to influence food intake and weight gain.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aquaculture; Chickens; Eating; Fermentation; Food Microbiology; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glycopeptides; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Growth Substances; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Lactobacillus; Macrolides; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Penicillins; Poultry; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Ruminants; Streptomyces aureofaciens; Swine; Tetracyclines; Weight Gain

Modulation of the gut microbiota may help in treating obesity by improving host metabolic health. We aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotics or symbiotics on body weight and serum metabolite profile in women with obesity. A double-blind, parallel, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted with 32 adult women with body mass index ranging from 30 to 34.9 kg m-2. Volunteers followed a low-energy diet and were subjected to 8 weeks intervention: probiotic group (PG - Bifidobacterium lactis UBBLa-70, n = 10), symbiotic group (SG - Bifidobacterium lactis UBBLa-70 and fructooligosaccharide, n = 11), or control group (CG - placebo, n = 11). Analyses of anthropometric variables, gut microbiota and serum metabolites by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were performed at baseline and after the intervention. Multivariate statistics showed that all groups presented a decrease in glycerol and increase in arginine, glutamine and 2-oxoisovalerate. Therefore, a low-energy diet per se promoted changes in the metabolite profile related to decreased inflammation and positive effects on body weight. SG presented unique changes in metabolites (increase in pyruvate and alanine and decrease in citrate and BCAA). Negative correlations between arginine and glutamine with fat mass were observed in the SG. PG presented a decrease in 1H NMR lipid signals and negative correlation between Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes with (CH2)n lipids. Both probiotics and symbiotics promoted changes in metabolites related to improved metabolic health. Specific metabolite changes following symbiotic intervention might suggest some advantage in providing Bifidobacterium lactis in combination with fructooligosaccharide in a low-energy diet, rather than probiotics or diet alone. Clinical trial: NCT02505854.

Topics: Adult; Amino Acids; Bifidobacterium animalis; Citric Acid; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inflammation; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Probiotics; Pyruvic Acid; Synbiotics

Studies have shown that prebiotics and synbiotics modulate the intestinal microbiota and may have beneficial effects on the immune response and anthropometric indices; however, the impact of the use of these supplements after bariatric surgery is not yet known.. This study investigated the effects of prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation on inflammatory markers and anthropometric indices in individuals undergoing open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).. In this randomized, controlled, and triple-blind trial conducted as a pilot study, individuals undergoing RYGB (n=9) and healthy individuals (n=9) were supplemented with 6 g/d of placebo (maltodextrin), prebiotic (fructo-oligosaccharide, FOS), or synbiotic (FOS+Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria strains) for 15 days.. Interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, albumin, and the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio showed no significant changes on comparison between groups after supplementation. The reduction in the body weight of patients undergoing RYGB was 53.8% higher in the prebiotic group compared with the placebo group (-0.7 kg, P=0.001), whereas the reduction in the BMI and the increase in the percentage of excess weight loss were higher in the placebo and the prebiotic groups compared with the synbiotic group (P<0.05).. Supplementation of FOS increased weight loss, whereas both prebiotics and synbiotics were not able to promote significant changes in inflammatory markers, although in most analyses, there was a reduction in their absolute values. The use of FOS may represent a potential adjunct in the treatment of obesity.

Topics: Adult; Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; C-Reactive Protein; Cytokines; Epidemiologic Research Design; Female; Gastric Bypass; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Pilot Projects; Prebiotics; Serum Albumin; Synbiotics; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Weight Loss; Young Adult

Dietary fibers may modulate insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in dogs. Their efficacy is, however, dependent on their origin, physical properties, and fermentability in the large bowel. Eight healthy Beagle dogs were fed a commercial diet at twice their maintenance requirements until they became obese. They were then maintained in the obese state and used in a cross-over design study to evaluate the effects of short-chain fructooligosaccharide (scFOS) supplementation (1% wt:wt dry matter in the diet). The euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was performed before and after fattening and at the end of each 6-wk cross-over period. Fat tissue biopsies were taken in food-deprived and postprandial phases to measure mRNA abundance of genes involved with fatty acid, glucose metabolism, or inflammation. Insulin resistance appeared progressively with fattening and the rate of glucose infusion during euglycemic clamp was lower (P < 0.05) at the end of the fattening period (7.39 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)) than at baseline (21.21 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)). In stable obese dogs, scFOS increased (P < 0.05) the rate of glucose infusion compared with control (7.77 vs. 4.72 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)). Plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations were greater in obese than in lean dogs but were not altered by scFOS. Whereas mRNA was not affected in food-deprived dogs, scFOS increased uncoupling protein 2 (P = 0.05) and tended to increase carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 adipose mRNA levels during the postprandial period (P = 0.09). Adding 1% scFOS to the diet of obese dogs decreases insulin resistance and appears to modulate the transcription of genes involved in fatty acid or glucose metabolism.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Cross-Over Studies; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucose Clamp Technique; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; RNA, Messenger; Triglycerides

Obesity and osteoporosis frequently coexist, and might have a causal relationship. Gut microbiota, associated with both lipid and bone metabolism, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of excessive fat accumulation and bone loss. The improvement of intestinal flora by prebiotics was a promising strategy for ameliorating obesity-related bone loss.. Obesity model was established by feeding mice with high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and/or galactooligosaccharides (GOS) were daily gavaged to mice. Osteoblastic, adipocytic, and osteoclastic differentiation was performed on primary cells isolated from experimental mice. The composition of gut flora was evaluated by 16s rDNA sequencing. Expression of intestinal junction proteins was assessed by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Cytokine levels were measured by qPCR.. Long-term HFD caused decreased bone mass in mice, which was associated with decreased osteogenesis, increased osteoclastogenesis, and excessive adipogenesis. FOS/GOS treatment significantly alleviated HFD-induced bone loss and reversed the imbalanced differentiation of osteoblasts, adipocytes, and osteoclasts. In addition, our study showed that FOS/GOS administration ameliorated microbiota dysbiosis (manifested as enhanced Firmicutes:Bacteriodetes ratio and reduced biodiversity), downregulated expression of intestinal junction proteins (including Claudin1, Claudin15, ZO-1, and JAM-A), and increased inflammatory cytokines (including TNFα, IL6, and IL17) in HFD-fed mice.. Long-term HFD led to decreased bone mass, with microbiota dysbiosis, leaky gut, and systemic inflammation. The administration of FOS/GOS could significantly increase biodiversity and SCFA concentrations of intestinal flora in HFD fed mice, then reverse high gut permeability and inflammatory cytokines, in the end protect against HFD induced osteopenia.

Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Cells, Cultured; Diet, High-Fat; Dysbiosis; Galactose; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Permeability

High-fat diet (HFD) leads to enhancement in various parameters of mice like weight, fasting glucose levels, adipose tissue, and also the liver weight in male C57 BL/6 J mice. Additionally, high-fat diet causes severe liver damage with significant increase in the level of aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT). The variations in microbiota induced by different diet were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq platform with sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, and QIIME pipeline was used. The population of Proteobacteria was found to be higher in HFD cecum sample as compared to other treatments. Microbiota analysis suggests that phylum Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were found to be higher in high-fat diet groups as compared to mice fed with normal diet (ND). At the genus level,

Topics: Animals; Diet, High-Fat; Ethanol; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbiota; Obesity; Oligosaccharides

Our previous study showed that catechin controlled rats' body weights and changed gut microbiota composition when supplemented into a high-fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) diet. This experiment is devised to further confirm the relationship between specific bacteria in the colon and body weight gain, and to investigate how specific bacteria impact body weight by changing the expression of colonic epithelial cells. Forty obese rats were divided into four groups: three catechin-supplemented groups with a high-FOS diet (100, 400, and 700 mg kg-1 d-1 catechin, orally administered) and one group with a high-FOS diet only. Food consumption and body weights were recorded each week. After one month of treatment, rats' cecal content and colonic epithelial cells were individually collected and analyzed with MiSeq and gene expression profiling techniques, respectively. Results identified some specific bacteria at the genus level-including the increased Parabacteroides sp., Prevotella sp., Robinsoniella sp., [Ruminococcus], Phascolarctobacterium sp. and an unknown genus of YS2, and the decreased Lachnospira sp., Oscillospira sp., Ruminococcus sp., an unknown genus of Peptococcaceae and an unknown genus of Clostridiales in rats' cecum-and eight genes-including one downregulated Pla2g2a and seven upregulated genes: Apoa1, Apoa4, Aabr07073400.1, Fabp4, Pik3r5, Dgat2 and Ptgs2 of colonic epithelial cells-that were due to the consumption of catechin. Consequently, various biological functions in connection with energy metabolism in colonic epithelial cells were altered, including fat digestion and absorption and the regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes. In conclusion, catechin induces host weight loss by altering gut microbiota and gene expression and function in colonic epithelial cells.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Catechin; Colon; Cyclooxygenase 2; Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase; Dietary Supplements; Epithelial Cells; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Weight Loss

Increasing secretion and production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by continuous ingestion of certain food components has been expected to prevent glucose intolerance and obesity. In this study, we examined whether a physiological dose (5% weight in diet) of digestion-resistant maltodextrin (RMD) has a GLP-1-promoting effect in rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose (HFS) diet.. Rats were fed a control diet or the HFS (30% fat, 40% sucrose wt/wt) diet supplemented with 5% RMD or fructooligosaccharides (FOS) for 8 weeks or for 8 days in separated experiments. Glucose tolerance, energy intake, plasma and tissue GLP-1 concentrations, and cecal short-chain fatty acids concentrations were assessed.. After 4 weeks of feeding, HFS-fed rats had significantly higher glycemic response to oral glucose than control rats, but rats fed HFS + RMD/FOS did not (approx. 50% reduction vs HFS rats). HFS + RMD/FOS-fed rats had higher GLP-1 responses (~twofold) to oral glucose, than control rats. After 8 weeks, visceral adipose tissue weight was significantly higher in HFS-fed rats than control rats, while HFS + RMD/FOS rats had a trend of reduced gain (~50%) of the tissue weight. GLP-1 contents and luminal propionate concentrations in the large intestine increased (>twofold) by adding RMD/FOS to HFS. Eight days feeding of RMD/FOS-supplemented diets reduced energy intake (~10%) and enhanced cecal GLP-1 production (~twofold), compared to HFS diet.. The physiological dose of a prebiotic fiber promptly (within 8 days) promotes GLP-1 production in rats fed an obesogenic diet, which would help to prevent excess energy intake and fat accumulation.

Topics: Adiposity; Animals; Appetite Depressants; Cecum; Diet, Western; Digestion; Dysbiosis; Energy Intake; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Contents; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Intestinal Mucosa; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Male; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Organ Size; Polysaccharides; Prebiotics; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Two experiments were performed to examine the effects of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the development of obesity. In the first experiment, Wistar rats were orally administered a 2.5 g/kg body weight lipid emulsion containing FOS, and the subsequent elevation of plasma triglycerides was significantly suppressed compared with that in rats receiving lipid emulsion alone. In the second experiment, C57BL/6J male mice were fed a high-fat "western" diet with or without 2.5% FOS supplementation (n = 10/group) ad libitum for 12 weeks. Body weight and percent body fat were lower in mice fed FOS than in controls. Furthermore, the weight of the visceral adipose tissue, and the weight and triglyceride content of the liver were significantly lower in the high-fat + FOS group. Fecal excretion of lipids was markedly enhanced by FOS consumption. These results indicate that dietary FOS suppress high-fat diet-induced body fat accumulation, and inhibit intestinal absorption of dietary fat.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Weight; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Supplements; Energy Intake; Humans; Mice; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Triglycerides

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are believed to be beneficial to the host growth and its gut health. This article is intended to investigate the different influences of a high-fructooligosaccharide (FOS) diet on the growth and gut microbiota of lean and obese rats. Diet-induced lean and obese rats were fed a high-FOS diet for 8 weeks. Rats' body weight (BW) and feed intake were recorded weekly, and their gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the lean rats gained more BW than the obese ones from the high-FOS diet. In the meanwhile, the gut microbiota in both lean and obese rats was altered by this diet. The abundance of Bacteroidetes was increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the lean rats, while no significant alteration in Firmicutes was observed in all rats after the consumption of a high-FOS diet. In conclusion, this study first reported that the lean rats gained more body weight from a high-FOS diet than the obese ones, and the increase of Bacteroidetes might help rats harvest more energy from the high-FOS diet.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Body Weight; Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Male; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Weight Gain

Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) has been reported to increase Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations in animal and human gut. Hence, it has been utilized to regulate the balance of gut microbiota. In this study, we compared the effects of high-FOS (HFOS) diet on normal and obese rats' gut Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, with high-soybean-fibers (HSF) diet as control. The results showed that the level of Bifidobacterium population substantially increased at week 4 in groups of rats fed the HFOS diet (P < 0.05), but significantly reduced to a small level at week 8 (P < 0.05); the abundance of Lactobacillus was increased in normal rats (P < 0.05), but decreased in obese rats (P < 0.05). The HSF diet did not promote the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in rats' gut. The findings suggested that Bifidobacterium population could not be maintained at a high level when the rats continuously ingested the HFOS diet for 8 wk; additionally, Lactobacillus population could adapt to a relatively stable level with the consumption of HFOS diet.. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is one of the most popular prebiotics, and it is widely used in infant formulas, which is aiming to increase the growth of probiotics like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. This study discovered new growth rhythm of Bifidobacterium based on a high-FOS diet. The growth of Bifidobacterium was first promoted but receded in the end. This finding is highly instructive and meaningful for the application of fructooligosaccharide in probiotic or prebiotic food.

Topics: Animals; Bifidobacterium; Diet; Fructose; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Lactobacillus; Male; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Soluble dietary fibers promote metabolic benefits on body weight and glucose control, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Recent evidence indicates that intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) has beneficial effects on glucose and energy homeostasis. Here, we show that the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) propionate and butyrate, which are generated by fermentation of soluble fiber by the gut microbiota, activate IGN via complementary mechanisms. Butyrate activates IGN gene expression through a cAMP-dependent mechanism, while propionate, itself a substrate of IGN, activates IGN gene expression via a gut-brain neural circuit involving the fatty acid receptor FFAR3. The metabolic benefits on body weight and glucose control induced by SCFAs or dietary fiber in normal mice are absent in mice deficient for IGN, despite similar modifications in gut microbiota composition. Thus, the regulation of IGN is necessary for the metabolic benefits associated with SCFAs and soluble fiber.

Topics: Animals; Brain; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Homeostasis; Insulin Resistance; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Mice; Microbiota; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Rats

Psacalium decompositum, commonly known as "Matarique," is a medicinal plant used in Mexico for diabetes mellitus empirical therapy. Previous studies have shown that the fructooligosaccharides (FOS) present in the roots of this plant exhibit a notable hypoglycemic effect in animal models; this effect might be associated with the attenuation of the inflammatory process and other metabolic disorders. In this study, we examined the effects of FOS fraction administration in a fructose-fed rat model for obesity. Phytochemical chromatographic studies (high performance thin layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance) were performed to verify isolation of FOS. 24 male Wistar rats were maintained for 12 weeks on a diet of 20% HFCS in drinking water and chow. Glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and liver transaminases levels were measured monthly, after administering FOS fraction intragastrically (150 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks), while the levels of inflammatory cytokines were only quantified at the end of the treatments. Rats treated with FOS fraction decreased body weight, cholesterol, triglycerides, and significantly reduced IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, IL-1β and VEGF levels (p < 0.05). These results suggest that P. decompositum has anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic properties that might be used as an alternative treatment for the control of obesity.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Asteraceae; Body Weight; Chemokine CCL2; Cholesterol; Disease Models, Animal; Dyslipidemias; Fructose; Hypoglycemic Agents; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Male; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Triglycerides; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A