fructooligosaccharide and Insulin-Resistance

This study aimed to determine the effect of

Topics: Bacillus coagulans; Blood Glucose; C-Reactive Protein; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus; Lactobacillus acidophilus

This study investigated the effect of 6-week supplementation of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus salivarius UBL S22 with or without prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) on serum lipid profiles, immune responses, insulin sensitivity, and gut lactobacilli in 45 healthy young individuals. The patients were divided into 3 groups (15/group), that is, placebo, probiotic, and synbiotic. After 6 weeks, a significant reduction (P < .05) in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides and increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was observed in the probiotic as well as in the synbiotic group when compared to placebo; however, the results of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were more pronounced in the synbiotic group. Similarly, when compared to the placebo group, the serum concentrations of inflammatory markers such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α were significantly (P < .05) reduced in both the experimental groups, but again the reduction in the synbiotic group was more pronounced. Also, an increase (P < .05) in the fecal counts of total lactobacilli and a decrease (P < .05) in coliforms and Escherichia coli was observed in both the experimental groups after 6 weeks of ingestion. Overall, the combination of L salivarius with FOS was observed to be more beneficial than L salivarius alone, thereby advocating that such synbiotic combinations could be therapeutically exploited for improved health and quality of life.

Topics: Adult; C-Reactive Protein; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Interleukin-6; Lactobacillus; Lipids; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Single-Blind Method; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Volunteers

To evaluate the effects of synbiotic supplementation on insulin resistance and lipid profile in individuals with the metabolic syndrome, we conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study on thirty-eight subjects with the metabolic syndrome; they were supplemented with either synbiotic capsules containing 200 million of seven strains of friendly bacteria plus fructo-oligosaccharide or placebo capsules twice a day for 28 weeks. Both the synbiotic (G1) and the placebo (G2) groups were advised to follow an energy-balanced diet and physical activity recommendations. Parameters related to the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance were measured every 7 weeks during the course of the study. After 28 weeks of treatment, the levels of fasting blood sugar and insulin resistance improved significantly in the G1 group (P< 0·001). Both the G1 and G2 groups exhibited significant reductions in TAG levels ( - 71·22 v. - 10·47 mg/dl ( - 0·80 v. - 0·12 mmol/l) respectively; P< 0·001) and total cholesterol levels ( - 21·93 v. - 14·2 mg/dl ( - 0·57 v. - 0·37 mmol/l) respectively; P= 0·01), as well as increases in HDL levels (+7·7 v. +0·05 mg/dl (+0·20 v. +>0·01 mmol/l) respectively; P< 0·001). The mean differences observed were greater in the G1 group. No significant changes were observed in LDL levels, waist circumference, BMI, metabolic equivalent of task and energy intake between the groups. The present results indicate that synbiotic supplementation increases the efficacy of diet therapy in the management of the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Energy Intake; Exercise; Fasting; Female; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Intestines; Lipids; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Oligosaccharides; Pilot Projects; Placebos; Prospective Studies; Synbiotics; Waist Circumference

Dietary fibers may modulate insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in dogs. Their efficacy is, however, dependent on their origin, physical properties, and fermentability in the large bowel. Eight healthy Beagle dogs were fed a commercial diet at twice their maintenance requirements until they became obese. They were then maintained in the obese state and used in a cross-over design study to evaluate the effects of short-chain fructooligosaccharide (scFOS) supplementation (1% wt:wt dry matter in the diet). The euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was performed before and after fattening and at the end of each 6-wk cross-over period. Fat tissue biopsies were taken in food-deprived and postprandial phases to measure mRNA abundance of genes involved with fatty acid, glucose metabolism, or inflammation. Insulin resistance appeared progressively with fattening and the rate of glucose infusion during euglycemic clamp was lower (P < 0.05) at the end of the fattening period (7.39 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)) than at baseline (21.21 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)). In stable obese dogs, scFOS increased (P < 0.05) the rate of glucose infusion compared with control (7.77 vs. 4.72 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)). Plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations were greater in obese than in lean dogs but were not altered by scFOS. Whereas mRNA was not affected in food-deprived dogs, scFOS increased uncoupling protein 2 (P = 0.05) and tended to increase carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 adipose mRNA levels during the postprandial period (P = 0.09). Adding 1% scFOS to the diet of obese dogs decreases insulin resistance and appears to modulate the transcription of genes involved in fatty acid or glucose metabolism.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Cross-Over Studies; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucose Clamp Technique; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; RNA, Messenger; Triglycerides

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a group of abnormalities in which obesity, insulin resistance (IR), oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia stand out. This pathology predisposes to the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The ingestion of linear fructooligosaccharides (FOS) such as inulin reduces conditions such as hyperinsulinemia, increased body fat, and triglyceridemia. When FOS are esterified with fatty acids, they present emulsifying and surfactant properties; however, there are no reports of their function at the biological level. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Diet, High-Fat; Insulin Resistance; Lauric Acids; Metabolic Syndrome; Oligosaccharides; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Dietary fibers are essential components of a balanced diet and have beneficial effects on metabolic functions. To gain insight into their impact on host physiology and gut microbiota, we performed a direct comparison of two specific prebiotic fibers in mice. During an 8-wk follow up, mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were compared with mice on a normal diet (basal condition, controls) and to mice fed the HFD but treated with one of the following prebiotics: fructooligosaccharides (FOS) or soluble corn fiber (SCF). Both prebiotic fibers led to a similar reduction of body weight and fat mass, lower inflammation and improved metabolic parameters. However, these health benefits were the result of different actions of the fibers, as SCF impacted energy excretion, whereas FOS did not. Interestingly, both fibers had very distinct gut microbial signatures with different short-chain fatty acid profiles, indicating that they do not favor the growth of the same bacterial communities. Although the prebiotic potential of different fibers may seem physiologically equivalent, our data show that the underlying mechanisms of action are different, and this by targeting different gut microbes. Altogether, our data provide evidence that beneficial health effects of specific dietary fibers must be documented to be considered a prebiotic and that studies devoted to understanding how structures relate to specific microbiota modulation and metabolic effects are warranted.

Topics: Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Fiber; Energy Metabolism; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Male; Metabolism; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oligosaccharides; Probiotics; Zea mays

We investigated the effect of a high fructose diet (HFD) on Sprague Dawley rats and the impact of a synbiotic composed of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 and fructooligosaccharides. Feeding the HFD for 5 weeks resulted in liver steatosis and insulin resistance but not obesity. These changes were associated with increased production of short-chain fatty acids and increased Bacteroidetes in feces, with an augmented Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, among other changes in the microbiota. In addition, barrier function was weakened, with increased LPS plasma levels. These data are consistent with increased fructose availability in the distal gut due to saturation of absorptive mechanisms, leading to dysbiosis, endotoxemia, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. Treatment with the synbiotic prevented some of the pathological effects, so that treated rats did not develop steatosis or systemic inflammation, while dysbiosis and barrier function were greatly ameliorated. In addition, the synbiotic had hypolipidemic effects. The synbiotic composed by L. fermentum CECT5716 and fructooligosaccharides has beneficial effects in a model of metabolic syndrome induced by a HFD, suggesting it might be clinically useful in this type of condition, particularly considering that high fructose intake has been related to metabolic syndrome in humans.

Topics: Animals; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Fructose; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Insulin Resistance; Limosilactobacillus fermentum; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Oligosaccharides; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adiponectin; Synbiotics

Insulin resistance (IR) has been identified as crucial pathophysiological factor in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although mounting evidence suggests that perturbation of gut microflora exacerbates the severity of chronic liver diseases, therapeutic approaches using synbiotic has remained overlooked. Here, we show that a synbiotic composed by Lactobacillus paracasei B21060 plus arabinogalactan and fructo-oligosaccharides lessens NAFLD progression in a rat model of high fat feeding. IR and steatosis were induced by administration of high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks. Steatosis and hepatic inflammation, Toll-like receptor (TLR) pattern, glucose tolerance, insulin signaling and gut permeability were studied. Liver inflammatory markers were down-regulated in rats receiving the synbiotic, along with an increased expression of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and expression of downstream target genes. The synbiotic improved many aspects of IR, such as fasting response, hormonal homeostasis and glycemic control. Indeed it prevented the impairment of hepatic insulin signaling, reducing the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 in Ser 307 and down-regulating suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. Gene expression analysis revealed that in the liver the synbiotic reduced cytokines synthesis and restored the HFD-dysregulated TLR 2, 4 and 9 mRNAs toward a physiological level of expression. The synbiotic preserved gut barrier integrity and reduced the relative amount of Gram-negative Enterobacteriales and Escherichia coli in colonic mucosa. Overall, our data indicate that the L. paracasei B21060 based synbiotic is effective in reducing the severity of liver injury and IR associated with high fat intake, suggesting its possible therapeutic/preventive clinical utilization.

Topics: Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Diet, High-Fat; Down-Regulation; Enterobacteriaceae; Fatty Liver; Galactans; Glucose Transporter Type 4; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; Insulin Resistance; Intestinal Mucosa; Lactobacillus; Liver; Male; Oligosaccharides; PPAR gamma; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; Synbiotics; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Toll-Like Receptor 9

Soluble dietary fibers promote metabolic benefits on body weight and glucose control, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Recent evidence indicates that intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) has beneficial effects on glucose and energy homeostasis. Here, we show that the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) propionate and butyrate, which are generated by fermentation of soluble fiber by the gut microbiota, activate IGN via complementary mechanisms. Butyrate activates IGN gene expression through a cAMP-dependent mechanism, while propionate, itself a substrate of IGN, activates IGN gene expression via a gut-brain neural circuit involving the fatty acid receptor FFAR3. The metabolic benefits on body weight and glucose control induced by SCFAs or dietary fiber in normal mice are absent in mice deficient for IGN, despite similar modifications in gut microbiota composition. Thus, the regulation of IGN is necessary for the metabolic benefits associated with SCFAs and soluble fiber.

Topics: Animals; Brain; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Homeostasis; Insulin Resistance; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Mice; Microbiota; Obesity; Oligosaccharides; Rats

Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are known to have beneficial effects on health. However, the effects of FOS on insulin resistance have not been fully clarified. We observed the effects of FOS feeding on insulin sensitivity and adipocytokine release from abdominal adipocytes in weaning rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 3 weeks old, were divided into three groups and fed a sucrose-based American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93 growth diet (control), the control diet containing 5 % FOS for 5 weeks (FOS-5wk) or the control diet for 2 weeks followed by the 5 % FOS diet for 3 weeks (FOS-3wk). Tail blood was collected after fasting for 9 h on day 33 of feeding, and glucose and insulin levels were measured. On the last day, rats were anaesthetised and killed after the collection of aortic blood. Small- and large-intestinal mesenteric fat tissues were immediately excised, and the release of adiponectin, leptin and TNF-α was evaluated from the subsequently isolated adipocytes. The weight of the large-intestinal mesenteric fat, fasting blood insulin level and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance decreased in a time-dependent manner, and were much lower in the FOS-5wk group than in the control group. These values were correlated with aortic blood leptin levels. The secretion rate of leptin from the isolated mesenteric adipocytes in the small intestine, but not in the large intestine, was lower in the FOS-fed groups than in the control group. In conclusion, FOS feeding improved insulin sensitivity accompanied by the reduction in large-intestinal fat mass and leptin secretion from the mesenteric adipocytes of the small intestine.

Topics: Adipocytes, White; Adipokines; Animals; Cell Size; Dietary Carbohydrates; Insulin Resistance; Leptin; Male; Mesentery; Oligosaccharides; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha