fructooligosaccharide and Colitis

Ulcerative colitis, a typical subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, can cause many serious complications. Burdock fructooligosaccharide (BFO), a linear inulin with a purity of 99.439% and a molecular weight of 2345 Da, demonstrates anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.. The Kunming mice were divided into two experimental models: a normal pretreatment model and a colitis experimental model. During the experimental treatment period, we assessed changes in weight and disease activity index (DAI), quantified the intestinal index, and determined myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and reactive oxide species (ROS) levels in colitis mice. We also photographed colon morphology to investigate alterations in the integrity of the intestinal barrier function. Finally, we performed ELISA and qRT-PCR to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of BFO treatment on colitis mice.. The long-term oral administration of BFO alone exhibited protective effects by preventing disruption of the intestinal functional structure and increasing the colon index in mice. However, in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, BFO administration facilitated quick recovery of body weight and effectively reduced the DAI, especially in the BFO-H group (500 mg/kg/day). BFO treatment maintained the integrity of the intestinal barrier by attenuating the crypt distortion and increasing the goblet cells count It restored the DSS-induced colon shortening and reduced the symptoms of colitis. These effects may be attributed to the appropriate concentrations of BFO effectively inhibiting MPO activity, clearing excessive ROS, and relieving spleen abnormalitie. BFO also attenuated the overexpression and excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1) induced by DSS, reduced intestinal inflammation, and consequently protected the intestinal barrier function.. BFO effectively alleviated the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis by mediating anti-inflammatory effects and protecting the intestinal barrier integrity, thereby potentially facilitating the utilization of safer and more efficacious polysaccharides for managing chronic inflammatory diseases.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arctium; Colitis; Dextran Sulfate; Mice; Reactive Oxygen Species

The dysbiosis of gut microbiota is closely related to the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The manipulation of intestinal flora through prebiotics or probiotics is expected to induce and maintain the remission of IBD symptoms. 6-week-old C57BL/J mice were daily gavaged with fructooligosaccharides (FOS) or the synbiotic two weeks before the administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The supplementation of FOS or synbiotic could significantly ameliorate the body weight loss and colon histological damage in DSS-induced acute colitis mice. The altered composition of gut microbiota in acute colitis mice was reversed by FOS or Synbiotic supplementation, with a characteristic of decreased abundance of

Topics: Animals; Colitis; Colon; Cytokines; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunity; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Interleukin-10; Intestinal Mucosa; Lactobacillus; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Synbiotics; Tight Junction Proteins

Data from clinical research suggest that certain probiotic bacterial strains have the potential to modulate colonic inflammation. Nonetheless, these data differ between studies due to the probiotic bacterial strains used and the poor knowledge of their mechanisms of action.. By mass-spectrometry, we identified and quantified free long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in probiotics and assessed the effect of one of them in mouse colitis.. Among all the LCFAs quantified by mass spectrometry in. The production of C18-3OH by bacteria could be one of the mechanisms implicated in the anti-inflammatory properties of probiotics. The production of LCFA-3OH by bacteria could be implicated in the microbiota/host interactions.

Topics: Animals; Bacteroidetes; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Membrane Permeability; Chemokine CXCL1; Colitis; Dextran Sulfate; Epithelial Cells; Escherichia coli; Firmicutes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene Expression; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Intestinal Mucosa; Mass Spectrometry; Mice; Oligosaccharides; Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins; Permeability; Peyer's Patches; PPAR gamma; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Stearates; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).\ \ This article has been retracted at the request of the Editors.\ \ The Editors of Cellular Immunology have been informed by Elsevier that the article had been submitted to another journal while under consideration at "Cellular Immunology", which is a case of double submission.\ \ Based on the above infringement and its deleterious impact on the mutual trust necessary for the evaluation of scientific work - the corresponding authors had stated that the article was not submitted to another journal - it was decided to retract this article.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Caco-2 Cells; Carrier Proteins; Colitis; Colitis, Ulcerative; Dextran Sulfate; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Male; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NF-kappa B; Oligosaccharides; PPAR gamma; Up-Regulation

Individuals with Crohn's disease frequently require ileocecal resection (ICR), and inflammation often recurs in the neoterminal ileum following surgery. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a fermentable prebiotic that stimulates the growth of bifidobacteria and may promote anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to determine if supplementation of a postICR diet with FOS in a mouse model would be effective in stimulating the growth of bifidobacteria and reducing systemic and local inflammation.. ICR was performed in IL10-/- mice (129S1/SvlmJ) with colitis. Following surgery, nonICR control and ICR mice were fed a chow diet ± 10% FOS for 28 days. Serum, colon, and terminal ileum (TI) were analyzed for cytokine expression by MesoScale discovery platform. DNA extracted from stool was analyzed using 16s rRNA sequencing and qPCR. Expression of occludin and ZO1 was assessed using qPCR. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were assessed using gas chromatography.. ICR led to increased systemic inflammation (P < 0.05) and a significant decline in fecal microbial diversity (P < 0.05). Mice on the FOS diet had a greater reduction in microbial diversity and also had worsened inflammation as evidenced by increased serum IL-6 (P < 0.05) and colonic IFNγ and TNFα (P < 0.05). Expression of occludin and ZO1 were significantly reduced in FOS-supplemented mice. There was a correlation between loss of diversity and the bifidogenic effectiveness of FOS (r = -0.61, P < 0.05).. FOS-supplementation of a postICR diet resulted in a decrease in fecal bacterial diversity, reduction in barrier function, and increased gut inflammation.

Topics: Animals; Bifidobacterium; Colectomy; Colitis; Dietary Supplements; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Ileum; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Knockout; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are used as functional foods due to their prebiotic effects. Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity has been established in most, but not all, studies in animal models of colitis, using mainly chemically induced inflammation. Our goal was to test the effect of FOS (degree of polymerization 2-8) in the chronic, lymphocyte-driven CD4+ CD62L+ T cell transfer model of colitis.. Colitis was induced by transfer of CD4+ CD62L+ T cells to C57BL/6J Rag1(-/-) mice. FOS (75 mg day(-1)) was administered by gavage as a post-treatment. Three groups were established: non-colitic (NC), colitic control (C, CD4+ CD62L+ transferred mice treated with vehicle) and colitic+FOS (C+FOS, similar but treated with FOS). Mice were killed after 13 days.. Treatment of mice with FOS ameliorated colitis, as evidenced by an increase in body weight, a lesser myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase activities, a lower secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by mesenteric lymph node cells ex vivo (IFN-γ, IL-17, and TNF-α), and a higher colonic expression of occludin (C+FOS vs. C, p < 0.05). Increased relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria was observed in FOS-treated mice (p < 0.05).. FOS exert intestinal anti-inflammatory activity in T lymphocyte-dependent colitis, suggesting it may be useful in the management of inflammatory bowel disease in appropriate conditions.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Calgranulin A; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Claudin-4; Claudin-5; Colitis; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene Expression Regulation; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-1beta; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; L-Selectin; Lactobacillus; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Occludin; Oligosaccharides; Peroxidase; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

In the present study we describe the preparation and chemical characterization of a caramel with a high (70%) content of difructose dianhydrides (DFAs) and glycosylated derivatives (DFAs). This product was obtained by thermal activation (90 degrees C) of highly concentrated (90% w/v) aqueous D-fructose solutions using the sulfonic acid ion-exchange resin Lewatit S2328 as caramelization catalyst. DFAs represent a unique family of cyclic fructans with prebiotic properties already present in low proportions (<15%) in commercial caramel. We report the antiinflammatory activity of the new DFA-enriched caramel in the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) model of rat colitis, an experimental model that resembles human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and compare its effects with those obtained with a commercial sucrose caramel and with linear fructooligosaccharides (FOS). For this purpose, the effects on colon tissue damage, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production, and different inflammatory markers were evaluated. The administration of DFA-enriched caramel to colitic rats showed intestinal antiinflammatory effect, as evidenced macroscopically by a significant reduction in the extent of the colonic damage induced by TNBS. This effect was similar to that obtained with FOS in the same experimental settings, whereas commercial caramel was devoid of any significant antiinflammatory effect. The beneficial effect was associated with the inhibition of the colonic levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), and the reduction in colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The DFA-enriched caramel also promoted a more favorable intestinal microbiota, increasing lactobacilli and bifidobacteria counts as well as inducing higher concentrations of SCFAs in the luminal colonic contents. These results reinforce the concept of DFAs and glycosyl-DFAs as dietary beneficial compounds with prebiotic properties and suggest that the novel DFA-enriched caramel here reported may be an interesting candidate to be explored for the dietary treatment of human IBD.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Candy; Colitis; Colon; Disaccharides; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Food Handling; Food, Fortified; Glycosylation; Hot Temperature; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stereoisomerism; Sucrose; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid

Different types of dietary fiber can be distinguished considering their rate of fermentability, thus determining the location of the large intestine where they exert their beneficial effect. Their combination could be interesting to obtain health-promoting effects throughout the entire colon. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of two dietary fibers with different fermentation patterns, fructooligosaccharides (FOS) (Beneo(®)-95) and resistant starch (Fibersol(®)-2), after their administration to healthy rats or in trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid-(TNBS) colitic rats, with an altered colonic immune response. In healthy rats, the administration of the combination of FOS and resistant starch induced changes in the intestinal microbiota, by increasing lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in caecum and colonic contents. Furthermore, its administration up-regulated the expression of the trefoil factor-3 and MUC-2 in comparison with untreated rats, thus improving the intestinal barrier function. The beneficial effects observed with this combination were confirmed in the TBNS model of rat colitis, since it was able to exert intestinal anti-inflammatory effect, associated with an increase of protective bacteria and up-regulation of epithelial defense mechanisms. In conclusion, the combination of two different dietary fibers may result in a synergistic prebiotic effect, and may confer greater health benefits to the host.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Colitis; Colon; Dietary Fiber; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fermentation; Lactobacillus; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Starch; Up-Regulation

We investigated whether feeding a purified compared with nonpurified diet supplemented with or without fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS; 50 g/kg diet) altered the response of C57BL/6 mice to DSS-induced diarrhea. In Expt. 1, we examined disease severity in mice receiving DSS (2% in drinking water) for 5 d. In Expt. 2, we measured cecal organic acid concentrations and fecal water-holding capacity (WHC). In Expts. 3 and 4, we tested whether polycarbophil calcium (PC), a water-absorbing polymer, altered fecal WHC and disease severity. FOS exacerbated diarrhea and weight loss in mice fed the purified diet and reduced fecal bleeding in mice fed the nonpurified diet (P < 0.05). Without DSS administration, cecal acetate and butyrate concentrations were higher in mice fed the nonpurified diet than in mice fed the purified diet (P < 0.05). Fecal WHC was higher in mice fed the nonpurified diet than in mice fed the purified diet (P < 0.05). One day after starting DSS administration, cecal succinate concentrations were higher in mice fed the FOS-supplemented purified diet than in mice fed the other 3 diets, whereas SCFA concentrations were higher in mice fed the nonpurified diet than in mice fed the purified diet (P < 0.05). PC supplementation increased fecal WHC and prevented FOS exacerbation of diarrhea in mice fed the purified diet (P < 0.05). We conclude that the effects of FOS on DSS-induced diarrhea differ in mice fed the purified and nonpurified diets. The protective effect of nonpurified diet was associated with increased production of organic acids and WHC in the intestinal contents.

Topics: Animals; Colitis; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oligosaccharides

Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) is a prebiotic that stimulates the colonic growth of bifidobacteria to promote intestinal health. This study assessed whether FOS can reduce intestinal damage associated with ulcerative colitis and accelerate recovery in a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice received 2% dextran sulphate sodium for 7 days (days 8-14). FOS (1.5 g/mL) treatment was administered twice daily (n=10/group): before and during colitis (days 1-14); during colitis (days 10-14); and during colitis and the recovery period (days 10-19). Disease activity was scored daily and colonic damage was assessed by histological analysis. FOS treatment significantly reduced disease activity and damage in the distal colon (P < .05). Treatment with FOS (days 10-14) had increased crypt depth (116+/-6 microm) compared to water treatment (90+/-4 microm, P < .05). FOS treatment (days 10-19) produced a faster recovery from damage with increased crypt depth and crypt area. These results demonstrate the protective effect of FOS treatment.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Breath Tests; Colitis; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelium; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oligosaccharides

Opposing effects of the prebiotic, fructooligosaccharide, have been reported in experimental colitis. We compared the effects of the prebiotic, fructooligosaccharide, alone and in synbiotic combination with Lactobacillus fermentum BR11, on the development of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. Rats consumed an 18 percent casein-based diet or diet supplemented with 6 percent fructooligosaccharide or maltodextrin for 14 days. The synbiotic group was gavaged 1 ml of L. fermentum BR11 (1x10(9) cfu/ml) twice daily. From Days 7 to 14, colitis was induced via 3 percent dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water. Disease activity was assessed daily, and at killing, gastrointestinal organs were measured, weighed, and examined by quantitative histology, proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry, and colonic myeloperoxidase activity. Administration of dextran sulfate sodium resulted in an increased colitic disease activity, and an increased colon and cecum weight compared with normal controls. Colon and cecum weights were further increased in dextran sulfate sodium+fructooligosaccharide (colon: 19 percent; cecum: 48 percent) and dextran sulfate sodium+fructooligosaccharide/L. fermentum BR11-treated rats (16 and 62 percent) compared with dextran sulfate sodium+vehicle-treatment. Dextran sulfate sodium+fructooligosaccharide-treated rats displayed an 81 percent increase in colonic myeloperoxidase activity compared with dextran sulfate sodium-treated controls. Histologic damage severity scores increased in dextran sulfate sodium+vehicle, dextran sulfate sodium+fructooligosaccharide, and dextran sulfate sodium+fructooligosaccharide/L. fermentum BR11-treated rats compared with normal controls (P<0.05). Crypt depth increased in all treatments compared with normal controls (P<0.01). No protection from dextran sulfate sodium-colitis was accorded by fructooligosaccharide alone or in synbiotic combination with L. fermentum BR11, whereas fructooligosaccharide actually increased some indicators of colonic injury.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Cell Proliferation; Colitis; Colon; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Limosilactobacillus fermentum; Male; Oligosaccharides; Peroxidase; Probiotics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Failure

Previous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on intestinal inflammation. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether the colonic fermentation of these carbohydrates is a pre-requisite for this anti-inflammatory activity.With this aim short chain-FOS (SC-FOS) were used for an in vitro fermentation to elucidate the time of fermentation of these compounds. For the in vivo experiments female Wistar rats were fed several diets with different sources of fibre (5 g/kg): cellulose for control rats (n = 30) or SC-FOS (n = 20) with a high content of kestose (GF(2)) for the SC-FOS group. After one month of feeding the different diets 10 rats from each group were sacrificed to analyze cecal and colonic microflora, SCFA production and pH of intestinal contents. A distal colonic inflammation was induced to other 10 rats from each group by the administration of 10 mg of TNBS dissolved in 0.25 ml of 50% ethanol (v/v). The rest of the rats from the control group (n = 10) were rendered healthy. One week after TNBS treatment rats were sacrificed and several inflammatory parameters as well as intestinal microbiota and SCFA contents were analyzed. In vitro fermentation experiments showed that SC-FOS are fermented during the first 12 h after incorporating the oligosaccharides to intestinal contents, thus suggesting a preferential fermentation of these carbohydrates in the ileum and cecum. In fact, SC-FOS increased cecal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria counts as well as SCFA production in healthy rats. In colitic rats, SC-FOS feeding caused a decrease of MPO activity, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production and iNOS expression. This anti-inflammatory effect was evidenced macroscopically by a significant reduction in the extent of colonic damage. SC-FOS also promoted a more favorable intestinal microbiota, increasing lactobacilli and bifidobacteria counts. In conclusion, although oligosaccharides are preferentially fermented in the upper parts of the large intestine, its prebiotic effect is extended to the distal colonic segments, thus exerting a positive effect on colonic inflammation.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bifidobacterium; Colitis; Colon; Colony Count, Microbial; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Fermentation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ileum; Kinetics; Lactobacillus; Oligosaccharides; Probiotics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) increase the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and promote butyrate and lactate production. Because of these properties, FOS may benefit intestinal inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of FOS on colitis in rats and determine which factors are involved. Groups of rats with intracolonic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis received intragastric infusions of 9 g/L NaCl, 1 g/d FOS or 10(11) colony-forming units (cfu)/d LAB (Experiment 1), or intracolonic infusions of 9 g/L NaCl, butyrate, lactate or butyrate + lactate with or without 10(9.5) cfu/d LAB (Experiment 2). Each infusion was administered twice daily for 14 d. Intragastric FOS reduced the gross score for inflammation (P < 0.001), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (P < 0.001) and pH (P < 0.001), and increased lactate (P = 0.02) and butyrate concentrations (P < 0.001) as well as LAB counts in the cecum (P < 0.01). Intragastric LAB (10(11) cfu/d) had the same beneficial effects as FOS and modified the cecal composition similarly. High doses of intracolonic butyrate and lactate reduced the indices of inflammation (P < 0.001), whereas administration of the lower concentrations found in the colon tended to decrease (P < 0.1) the gross score for inflammation and MPO activity. Addition of LAB (10(9.5) cfu/d) to the organic acids was necessary to reproduce the significant FOS-induced effects on these variables. Thus, under the experimental conditions used, FOS reduced intestinal inflammatory activity mainly by increasing LAB counts in the intestine.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Butyrates; Colitis; Lactates; Male; Oligosaccharides; Peroxidase; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid

Butyrate is recognised as efficient in healing colonic inflammation, but cannot be used as a long-term treatment. Dietary fibre that produces a high-butyrate level when fermented represents a promising alternative. We hypothesised that different types of dietary fibre do not have the same efficiency of healing and that this could be correlated to their fermentation characteristics. We compared short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and type 3 resistant starch (RS) in a previously described dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats received water (control rats) or DSS (50 g DSS/l for 7 d then 30 g DSS/l for 7 (day 7) or 14 (day 14) d). The rats were fed a basal diet (BD), or a FOS or RS diet creating six groups: BD-control, BD-DSS, FOS-control, FOS-DSS, RS-control and RS-DSS. Caeco-colonic inflammatory injuries were assessed macroscopically and histologically. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were quantified in caeco-colon, portal vein and abdominal aorta. At days 7 and 14, caecal and distal macroscopic and histological observations were improved in RS-DSS compared with BD-DSS and also with FOS-DSS rats. Caeco-colonic SCFA were reduced in FOS-DSS and RS-DSS groups compared with healthy controls. The amount of butyrate was higher in the caecum of the RS-DSS rats than in the BD-DSS and FOS-DSS rats, whereas distal butyrate was higher in FOS-DSS rats. Partially explained by higher luminal levels of SCFA, especially butyrate, the healing effect of RS confirms the involvement of some types of dietary fibre in inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, the ineffectiveness of FOS underlines the importance of the type of dietary substrate.

Topics: Animals; Butyrates; Cecum; Colitis; Colon; Dextran Sulfate; Dietary Fiber; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Fermentation; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Oligosaccharides; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Starch