Page last updated: 2024-08-18

framycetin and Distorted Hearing

framycetin has been researched along with Distorted Hearing in 53 studies

Research

Studies (53)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199045 (84.91)18.7374
1990's6 (11.32)18.2507
2000's1 (1.89)29.6817
2010's1 (1.89)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Andersen, KM; Tommerup, B1
Gimsing, S1
Brun, JP; Quante, M; Stupp, H1
COURVOISIER, S; LEAU, O1
Hu, CQ; Jiang, JD; Tong, JW; You, XF; Zhang, JP; Zhao, Z1
ZEMAN, K1
GOLDNER, AI1
KORTGE-STOPPLER, S; MITTAG, G1
GARROD, LP; HAVARD, CW; WATERWORTH, PM1
GREENWOOD, GJ1
CHEW, W1
GIELDANOWSKI, J; KOSSOWSKI, S; ZIEMSKI, Z1
GARROD, LP1
Buszman, E; Trzcionka, J; Wrześniok, D1
Itoh, J; Kameyama, T; Nabeshima, T1
Lodhi, S; Schacht, J; Takada, A; Weiner, ND1
Nomura, Y1
Schacht, J; Takada, A; Wang, BM; Weiner, ND1
Leake-Jones, PA; Merzenich, MM; O'Reilly, BF; Vivion, MC1
Bartolami, S; Planche, M; Pujol, R1
Dazert, S; Lefebvre, PP; Malgrange, B; Ryan, AF; Staecker, H; Van de Water, TR1
Conlon, BJ; Perry, BP; Smith, DW1
Iaroshevich, VI1
Baxter, JD1
Baxter, JD; Carson, R; Katsarkas, A; Ling, D1
Frantsuzov, BL; Frantsuzova, SB1
Gachályi, B; Káldor, A; Turi, K1
Federspil, P; Hoth, S; Lenarz, T; Lutz, H; Weidauer, H1
Kol, R; Yaniv, E1
Davies, WE; Kay, IS1
Berger, K; Dietel, K; Heidemüller, B; Martin, J1
Sheffield, PA; Turner, JS1
Berezhinskaia, VV; Soloviev, VN1
Staudt, N1
Avksent'eva, TA1
Schindel, L1
Braun, OH1
Ylikoski, J2
Gostishchev, VK; Tolstykh, PI1
Falk, SA1
Koff, RS; Oliai, A; Sparks, RW1
Muraveiskaia, VS2
Barr, B1
Preobrazhenskiĭ, BS; Tsukanova, VN1
Beck, C; Hoffmann, M; Holz, E1
Hawkins, JE; Johnsson, LG; Miller, JM; Stebbins, WC1
Giul'khasian, AA1
Campanelli, PA; Grimes, E; West, ML1
Arcieri, GM; Falco, FG; Hobson, LB; Smith, HM1
Daly, JF; Ruben, RJ1

Reviews

3 review(s) available for framycetin and Distorted Hearing

ArticleYear
Otological significance of the round window.
    Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology, 1984, Volume: 33

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Cochlea; Ear Diseases; Electrophysiology; Endolymphatic Sac; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Labyrinthitis; Male; Meniere Disease; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Otitis Media with Effusion; Otosclerosis; Permeability; Pressure; Round Window, Ear; Rupture, Spontaneous; Virus Diseases

1984
[Clinically observed side effects of more recent antibiotics. Amphotericin-B-bacitracin-cycloserine-neomycin-novobiocin-polymyxin].
    Therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique, 1966, Volume: 23, Issue:7

    Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Cats; Cycloserine; Drug Antagonism; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Polymyxins; Stomach Diseases; Vision Disorders

1966
[Prevention and treatment of complications caused by the use of antibiotics (literature survey)].
    Vrachebnoe delo, 1974, Volume: 0, Issue:7

    Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Fetal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Hearing Disorders; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney Diseases; Neomycin; Nervous System Diseases; Neuromuscular Diseases; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Serum Sickness; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vision Disorders

1974

Other Studies

50 other study(ies) available for framycetin and Distorted Hearing

ArticleYear
[Reduction of perceptive hearing following prolonged use of framycetin ear drops].
    Ugeskrift for laeger, 1983, Oct-31, Volume: 145, Issue:44

    Topics: Aged; Female; Framycetin; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Ophthalmic Solutions; Time Factors

1983
[Framycetin ear-drops and impairment of hearing].
    Ugeskrift for laeger, 1984, Jan-09, Volume: 146, Issue:2

    Topics: Female; Framycetin; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Middle Aged; Solutions

1984
[Ototoxicoses under noise load].
    Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ohren- Nasen- und Kehlkopfheilkunde, 1970, Volume: 196, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Audiometry; Framycetin; Gentamicins; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Disorders; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Noise; Organ of Corti; Streptomycin

1970
Study of the onset of deafness in rats treated with streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, and neomycin.
    Antibiotics & chemotherapy (Northfield, Ill.), 1956, Volume: 6, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Deafness; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Hearing Disorders; Hearing Loss; Neomycin; Rats; Streptomycin; Vestibule, Labyrinth

1956
[Zebrafish model for the study on drug ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics].
    Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 2011, Volume: 46, Issue:8

    Topics: Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Embryonic Development; Gene Expression Regulation; Gentamicins; Hair Cells, Auditory; Hearing Disorders; Homeodomain Proteins; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Larva; Lateral Line System; MafB Transcription Factor; Models, Animal; Neomycin; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nuclear Proteins; Otx Transcription Factors; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Streptomycin; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins

2011
[Toxic effect of neomycin on the 8th nerve].
    Casopis lekaru ceskych, 1958, Jun-27, Volume: 97, Issue:26

    Topics: Hearing Disorders; Neomycin

1958
Profound deafness from neomycin sulfate.
    New York state journal of medicine, 1958, Jul-01, Volume: 58, Issue:13

    Topics: Hearing; Hearing Disorders; Hearing Tests; Humans; Neomycin

1958
[Nil nocere: Deafness caused by intramuscular neomycin therapy].
    Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950), 1958, Aug-08, Volume: 100, Issue:32

    Topics: Deafness; Hearing; Hearing Disorders; Hearing Loss; Hearing Tests; Humans; Neomycin

1958
Deaf or dead? A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis treated with penicillin and neomycin.
    British medical journal, 1959, Mar-14, Volume: 1, Issue:5123

    Topics: Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Subacute Bacterial; Hearing; Hearing Disorders; Hearing Tests; Neomycin; Penicillins; Persons With Hearing Impairments

1959
Neomycin ototoxicity; report of a case.
    A.M.A. archives of otolaryngology, 1959, Volume: 69, Issue:4

    Topics: Ear Diseases; Hearing; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Neomycin

1959
THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE OTOLARYNGOLOGIST IN TUBERCULOSIS: EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN HEARING IMPAIRMENT.
    The Journal of the Florida Medical Association. Florida Medical Association, 1964, Volume: 51

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Hearing Disorders; Hearing Loss; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Pantothenic Acid; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Viomycin

1964
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE OTOTOXICITY OF CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS.
    Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis, 1964, Volume: 12

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cats; Cochlea; Cochlear Nerve; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Hearing Disorders; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Pharmacology; Research; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Viomycin

1964
THE TOXICITY OF ANTIBIOTICS.
    The Medical journal of Australia, 1964, Dec-12, Volume: 2

    Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Aplastic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacitracin; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Erythromycin; Hearing Disorders; Hepatitis; Kidney Diseases; Neomycin; Oleandomycin; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology

1964
Interaction of neomycin, tobramycin and amikacin with melanin in vitro in relation to aminoglycosides-induced ototoxicity.
    Die Pharmazie, 2007, Volume: 62, Issue:3

    Topics: Amikacin; Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Drug Interactions; Hearing Disorders; Indicators and Reagents; Kinetics; Melanins; Neomycin; Protein Binding; Tobramycin

2007
[Detection of auditory impairment in the offsprings caused by drug treatment of the dams].
    Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica, 1982, Volume: 80, Issue:6

    Topics: Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Auditory Threshold; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Female; Hearing Disorders; Kanamycin; Learning; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Neomycin; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

1982
Lysine and polylysine: correlation of their effects on polyphosphoinositides in vitro with ototoxic action in vivo.
    Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1982, Volume: 71, Issue:12

    Topics: Animals; Cations; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Disorders; Lysine; Male; Membranes, Artificial; Neomycin; Peptides; Phosphatidylinositols; Polylysine; Pressure

1982
Characterization of aminoglycoside-lipid interactions and development of a refined model for ototoxicity testing.
    Biochemical pharmacology, 1984, Oct-15, Volume: 33, Issue:20

    Topics: Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Binding Sites; Binding, Competitive; Calcium; Cochlea; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Disorders; Male; Models, Biological; Neomycin; Perfusion; Phospholipids; Surface Properties

1984
Deaf animal models for studies of a multichannel cochlear prosthesis.
    Hearing research, 1982, Volume: 8, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Basilar Membrane; Cats; Cochlea; Disease Models, Animal; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Hearing Disorders; Neomycin; Organ of Corti; Perilymph

1982
Inhibition of the carbachol-evoked synthesis of inositol phosphates by ototoxic drugs in the rat cochlea.
    Hearing research, 1993, Volume: 67, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Amikacin; Animals; Carbachol; Cell Death; Cisplatin; Cochlea; Ethacrynic Acid; Hearing Disorders; Inositol Phosphates; Mercuric Chloride; Neomycin; Rats; Rats, Wistar

1993
Transforming growth factor alpha treatment alters intracellular calcium levels in hair cells and protects them from ototoxic damage in vitro.
    International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience, 1997, Volume: 15, Issue:4-5

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Cilia; ErbB Receptors; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; Hair Cells, Auditory; Hearing Disorders; Histocytochemistry; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunochemistry; Neomycin; Organ of Corti; Phalloidine; Rats; Transforming Growth Factor alpha

1997
Attenuation of neomycin ototoxicity by iron chelation.
    The Laryngoscope, 1998, Volume: 108, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Auditory Threshold; Deferoxamine; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Free Radicals; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Disorders; Iron Chelating Agents; Neomycin

1998
[Ototoxicity of some drug agents].
    Voenno-meditsinskii zhurnal, 1975, Issue:10

    Topics: Age Factors; Aminoglycosides; Bleomycin; Cochlea; Deafness; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ear; Ethacrynic Acid; Furosemide; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Vestibule, Labyrinth; Viomycin

1975
Chronic otitis media and hearing loss in the Eskimo population of Canada.
    The Laryngoscope, 1977, Volume: 87, Issue:9 Pt 1

    Topics: Acetates; Bacitracin; Canada; Chronic Disease; Drug Combinations; Ethanol; Fluocinolone Acetonide; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Inuit; Neomycin; Otitis Media; Polymyxins; Referral and Consultation; Tympanoplasty; Tyrothricin

1977
The Nakasuk Project- the conservative treatment of chronic otitis media in Inuit elementary school children.
    The Journal of otolaryngology, 1979, Volume: 8, Issue:3

    Topics: Acetates; Bacitracin; Canada; Child; Chronic Disease; Drug Combinations; Ear Canal; Ear, Middle; Education; Educational Measurement; Fluocinolone Acetonide; Hearing Aids; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Inuit; Neomycin; Otitis Media; Polymyxin B

1979
[Ototoxic action of some modern medical substances].
    Klinicheskaia meditsina, 1977, Volume: 55, Issue:5

    Topics: Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cats; Child; Ear; Ear Diseases; Furosemide; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Neomycin; Streptomycin

1977
[A case of triple drug damage].
    Orvosi hetilap, 1976, Sep-05, Volume: 117, Issue:36

    Topics: Cataract; Chloramphenicol; Female; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Phenacetin; Piperazines; Tranquilizing Agents

1976
Ototoxicity of vancomycin: an experimental study in guinea pigs.
    ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties, 1991, Volume: 53, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Audiometry, Evoked Response; Auditory Threshold; Cochlea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; Gentamicins; Guinea Pigs; Hair Cells, Auditory; Hearing Disorders; Neomycin; Organ of Corti; Reaction Time; Vancomycin

1991
[Experimental cochlear damage by neomycin ear drops].
    Harefuah, 1991, May-15, Volume: 120, Issue:10

    Topics: Animals; Cochlea; Guinea Pigs; Hair Cells, Auditory; Hearing Disorders; Labyrinth Supporting Cells; Neomycin

1991
The effect of taurine supplementation on the ototoxicity of neomycin in guinea pigs.
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 1990, Volume: 247, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Auditory Threshold; Brain Chemistry; Drug Synergism; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Disorders; Neomycin; Taurine

1990
[Hazards of the local treatment of thermal skin burns as exemplified by the ototoxic effects of neomycin].
    Kinderarztliche Praxis, 1985, Volume: 53, Issue:12

    Topics: Administration, Topical; Burns; Child; Child, Preschool; Gentamicins; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Infant; Neomycin; Ointments; Skin; Time Factors

1985
Ototoxic drugs: a review of clinical aspects, histopathologic changes and mechanisms of action.
    Southern medical journal, 1971, Volume: 64, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimalarials; Aspirin; Chloroquine; Cochlea; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Ear, Inner; Ethacrynic Acid; Female; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Poisons; Pregnancy; Quinine; Streptomycin

1971
[Comparative pharmacological study of streptomycin and dehydrostreptomycin derivatives with respect to main types and side effects].
    Antibiotiki, 1973, Volume: 18, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Disorders; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lethal Dose 50; Mice; Neomycin; Streptomycin

1973
[On vestibular lesions following treatment with preparations of the streptomyces antibiotic group].
    HNO, 1967, Volume: 15, Issue:5

    Topics: Child; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Kanamycin; Labyrinth Diseases; Male; Neomycin; Pyelonephritis; Streptomycin; Vestibule, Labyrinth

1967
[Complications in obstetric-gynecologic practice from antibiotic therapy].
    Antibiotiki, 1968, Volume: 13, Issue:11

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cyanosis; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Edema; Episiotomy; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Female; Fever; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Hysterectomy; Neomycin; Nystatin; Penicillins; Postoperative Care; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Ectopic; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

1968
[Possible adverse effects of the antibiotic treatment of infant enteritis].
    Archiv fur Kinderheilkunde, 1969, Volume: 179, Issue:1

    Topics: Enteritis; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Infant; Kidney Diseases; Malabsorption Syndromes; Neomycin; Polymyxins

1969
Correlative studies on the cochlear pathology and hearing loss in guinea-pigs after intoxication with ototoxic antibiotics.
    Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum, 1974, Volume: 326

    Topics: Animals; Auditory Threshold; Cochlea; Depression, Chemical; Gentamicins; Guinea Pigs; Hearing; Hearing Disorders; Kanamycin; Labyrinth Diseases; Neomycin; Nerve Degeneration; Organ of Corti

1974
Correlation between pure tone audiogram and cochlear pathology in guinea-pigs intoxicated with ototoxic antibiotics.
    Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum, 1974, Volume: 326

    Topics: Animals; Audiometry; Auditory Threshold; Cochlea; Depression, Chemical; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Gentamicins; Guinea Pigs; Hearing; Hearing Disorders; Injections, Subcutaneous; Kanamycin; Labyrinth Diseases; Neomycin; Nerve Degeneration

1974
Combined effects of noise and ototoxic drugs.
    Environmental health perspectives, 1972, Volume: 2

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cochlea; Diuretics; Environmental Exposure; Ethacrynic Acid; Furosemide; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Kanamycin; Microscopy, Electron; Neomycin; Noise; Occupational Diseases; Organ of Corti; Quinine; Salicylates; Sound; Streptomycin

1972
Sensori-neural hearing loss in alcoholic cirrhosis.
    Digestion, 1973, Volume: 8, Issue:3

    Topics: Alcoholism; Audiometry; Auditory Pathways; Deafness; Hearing Disorders; Hearing Tests; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Neomycin; Portacaval Shunt, Surgical

1973
[Hisological study of ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei of the brain of guinea pigs with impaired hearing due to neomycin treatment].
    Antibiotiki, 1973, Volume: 18, Issue:9

    Topics: Animals; Auditory Cortex; Cochlear Nerve; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Disorders; Neomycin; Neurons

1973
Topical neomycin.
    The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics, 1973, Dec-07, Volume: 15, Issue:25

    Topics: Administration, Topical; Burns; Cross Reactions; Dermatitis, Contact; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Neomycin

1973
[Peroral neomycin treatment and hearing disorders].
    Lakartidningen, 1974, May-22, Volume: 71, Issue:21

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Female; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Male; Neomycin; Pregnancy

1974
[General therapeutic use of several antibiotics as a cause of persistent deafness and hearing disorders].
    Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 1970, Volume: 42, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Deafness; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Female; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Streptomycin

1970
[Morphological and bacteriological findings on the decrease of ototoxicity of basic Streptomyces antibiotics].
    Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ohren- Nasen- und Kehlkopfheilkunde, 1967, Volume: 188, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Cochlea; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Neomycin; Solutions; Streptomycin; Turpentine

1967
Ototoxic hearing loss and cochlear pathology in the monkey.
    The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology, 1969, Volume: 78, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Cochlea; Ear; Ear, Middle; Female; Haplorhini; Hearing Disorders; Kanamycin; Male; Neomycin; Organ of Corti; Temporal Bone

1969
[Effects of some drugs used for reduction of the ototoxic action of some antibiotics and saluzide in experimental conditions].
    Zhurnal eksperimental'noi i klinicheskoi meditsiny, 1971, Volume: 11, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cysteine; Deafness; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Disorders; Heparin; Neomycin; Neuritis; Nicotinic Acids; Streptomycin; Vestibulocochlear Nerve

1971
[Histological study of the vascular stria and external spiral fissure epithelium in guinea pigs with neomycin-induced heading disorders].
    Antibiotiki, 1971, Volume: 16, Issue:10

    Topics: Animals; Atrophy; Blood Vessels; Cochlea; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Disorders; Labyrinth Diseases; Labyrinthine Fluids; Neomycin; Organ of Corti

1971
Hearing loss in a child following neomycin irrigation. Report of a case.
    The Medical annals of the District of Columbia, 1966, Volume: 35, Issue:10

    Topics: Child, Preschool; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Male; Neomycin; Therapeutic Irrigation

1966
Clinical research experience with gentamicin. Incidence of adverse reactions.
    The Medical journal of Australia, 1970, Jun-13, Volume: 1

    Topics: Deafness; Gentamicins; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Kanamycin; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Streptomycin; Vestibular Nerve; Vestibule, Labyrinth; Vestibulocochlear Nerve

1970
Neomycin ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. A case report following oral administration.
    The Laryngoscope, 1968, Volume: 78, Issue:10

    Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Middle Aged; Neomycin

1968