Page last updated: 2024-10-27

fluorouracil and Obesity

fluorouracil has been researched along with Obesity in 27 studies

Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.
5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.

Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"After mastectomy, 265 postmenopausal patients with node-positive breast cancer were stratified according to pathologic nodal status and estrogen-receptor (ER) status and randomized to receive either 12 cycles of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone (CMFP), or CMFP plus tamoxifen (CMFPT), or observation alone."9.05Adjuvant CMFP versus CMFP plus tamoxifen versus observation alone in postmenopausal, node-positive breast cancer patients: three-year results of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. ( Bennett, JM; Carbone, PP; Cummings, F; Falkson, G; Kalish, LA; Olson, JE; Taylor, SG; Tormey, DC, 1985)
" The objective of this exploratory study was to examine the association of low skeletal muscle, commonly known as sarcopenia, on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in patients receiving FOLFOX for colorectal cancer."7.88The impact of skeletal muscle on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer. ( Choi, SK; Deal, AM; McLeod, HL; Muss, HB; O'Neil, B; Patel, JN; Sanoff, HK; Shachar, SS; Walko, CM; Weinberg, MS; Williams, GR, 2018)
"After intraperitoneal administration of carboplatin, each measured characteristics of bone marrow function was more significantly suppressed and the induced neutropenia was more serious in db/db mice than in the controls."7.81Myelotoxicity of carboplatin is increased in vivo in db/db mice, the animal model of obesity-associated diabetes mellitus. ( Aradi, J; Benkő, I; Géresi, K; Megyeri, A; Németh, J; Szabó, B; Szabó, Z, 2015)
" This study examines the effect of parameters reflecting the body size, body weight and height, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA) on the depth of the blood leukocyte nadir in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, when drug dosing was based on the BSA."5.31Effect of obesity on the leukocyte nadir in women treated with adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil dosed according to body surface area. ( Blomqvist, C; Joensuu, H; Poikonen, P, 2001)
"Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) study 8541, a randomized study of schedule and dose of adjuvant cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil (CAF) for stage II breast cancer patients with positive regional lymph nodes, provided data on 1,435 women for analysis."5.08Relationship between toxicity and obesity in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: results from cancer and leukemia group B study 8541. ( Budman, DR; Hargis, JB; Henderson, IC; Hollis, DR; Rosner, GL; Schilsky, RL; Weiss, RB, 1996)
"After mastectomy, 265 postmenopausal patients with node-positive breast cancer were stratified according to pathologic nodal status and estrogen-receptor (ER) status and randomized to receive either 12 cycles of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone (CMFP), or CMFP plus tamoxifen (CMFPT), or observation alone."5.05Adjuvant CMFP versus CMFP plus tamoxifen versus observation alone in postmenopausal, node-positive breast cancer patients: three-year results of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. ( Bennett, JM; Carbone, PP; Cummings, F; Falkson, G; Kalish, LA; Olson, JE; Taylor, SG; Tormey, DC, 1985)
"Adipocytes differentiated in vitro promote DOX resistance (with cross-resistance to paclitaxel and 5-fluorouracil) in a large panel of human and murine breast cancer cell lines independently of their subtype."3.91Adipocytes promote breast cancer resistance to chemotherapy, a process amplified by obesity: role of the major vault protein (MVP). ( Chaltiel, L; Clement, E; Dauvillier, S; Dumontet, C; Esteve, D; Fallone, F; Franchet, C; Geneste, A; Lazar, I; Le Gonidec, S; Lehuédé, C; Li, X; Longué, M; Muller, C; Nieto, L; Valet, P; Vaysse, C, 2019)
" The objective of this exploratory study was to examine the association of low skeletal muscle, commonly known as sarcopenia, on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in patients receiving FOLFOX for colorectal cancer."3.88The impact of skeletal muscle on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer. ( Choi, SK; Deal, AM; McLeod, HL; Muss, HB; O'Neil, B; Patel, JN; Sanoff, HK; Shachar, SS; Walko, CM; Weinberg, MS; Williams, GR, 2018)
"After intraperitoneal administration of carboplatin, each measured characteristics of bone marrow function was more significantly suppressed and the induced neutropenia was more serious in db/db mice than in the controls."3.81Myelotoxicity of carboplatin is increased in vivo in db/db mice, the animal model of obesity-associated diabetes mellitus. ( Aradi, J; Benkő, I; Géresi, K; Megyeri, A; Németh, J; Szabó, B; Szabó, Z, 2015)
"Obesity is associated with an increased risk of development and recurrence of colorectal cancer."2.76Influence of body mass index on outcome in advanced colorectal cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy. ( Derleyn, VA; Koopman, M; Mol, L; Muller, EW; Punt, CJ; Simkens, LH; Teerenstra, S; Ten Bokkel Huinink, D; Veldhuis, GJ, 2011)
"Obesity is a risk factor for the development of colon carcinoma."2.71Influence of body mass index on outcomes and treatment-related toxicity in patients with colon carcinoma. ( Benson, AB; Catalano, PJ; Fuchs, CS; Haller, DG; Macdonald, JS; Mayer, RJ; Meyerhardt, JA, 2003)
"Oxaliplatin utilized in colorectal neoplasms treatment could induce acute peripheral neuropathy (APN) which is a dreadful and frequent adverse event."1.91Incidence and risk factors associated with development of oxalipatin-induced acute peripheral neuropathy in colorectal cancer patients. ( Ben Ayed, W; Ben Mahmoud, IT; Ben Said, A; Berguiga, S; Cherif, I; Hamdi, A; Houij, R; Limayem, I, 2023)
" Full body surface areas-based dosing appears to be tolerated as well in obese as in lean women."1.40Toxicity and tolerability of adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy in obese women. ( Carroll, JP; Cheng, ME; Fay, M; Martin, JH; Nguyen, L; Pillay, PS; Protani, MM; Saleem, M; Walpole, E, 2014)
"Obesity is a risk factor for the development of esophageal malignancy."1.37Esophageal adenocarcinoma after laparoscopic gastric band placement for obesity. ( Mathew, J; Odell, JA; Stauffer, JA, 2011)
"Obesity has been associated with both the carcinogenesis and poor prognosis of colon cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related death."1.37Insulin decreases therapeutic efficacy in colon cancer cell line HT29 via the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. ( Chen, J; Hu, C; Huang, XF; Katsifis, A, 2011)
"Obesity is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer."1.36Obesity is an independent prognostic variable in colon cancer survivors. ( Foster, NR; O'Connell, MJ; Rankin, C; Sargent, DJ; Sinicrope, FA, 2010)
" For both men and women, overweight and obese patients experience less toxicity associated with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, suggesting that actual body weight dosing of fluorouracil for obese patients is justified."1.32Impact of body mass index on outcomes and treatment-related toxicity in patients with stage II and III rectal cancer: findings from Intergroup Trial 0114. ( Benson, AB; Brady, D; Cummings, B; Fuchs, CS; Hollis, DR; Macdonald, JS; Mayer, RJ; McCollum, AD; Meyerhardt, JA; Niedzwiecki, D; O'Connell, MJ; Tepper, JE; Willett, C, 2004)
" This study examines the effect of parameters reflecting the body size, body weight and height, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA) on the depth of the blood leukocyte nadir in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, when drug dosing was based on the BSA."1.31Effect of obesity on the leukocyte nadir in women treated with adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil dosed according to body surface area. ( Blomqvist, C; Joensuu, H; Poikonen, P, 2001)

Research

Studies (27)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19902 (7.41)18.7374
1990's2 (7.41)18.2507
2000's3 (11.11)29.6817
2010's17 (62.96)24.3611
2020's3 (11.11)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Ben Mahmoud, IT1
Ben Said, A1
Berguiga, S1
Houij, R1
Cherif, I1
Hamdi, A1
Ben Ayed, W1
Limayem, I1
VanderVeen, BN1
Cardaci, TD1
McDonald, SJ1
Madero, SS1
Unger, CA1
Bullard, BM1
Enos, RT1
Velázquez, KT1
Kubinak, JL1
Fan, D1
Murphy, EA1
Harada, K1
Yahata, T1
Onizuka, M1
Ibrahim, AA1
Kikkawa, E1
Miyata, T1
Ando, K1
Williams, GR1
Deal, AM1
Shachar, SS1
Walko, CM1
Patel, JN1
O'Neil, B1
McLeod, HL1
Weinberg, MS1
Choi, SK1
Muss, HB1
Sanoff, HK1
Miyamoto, Y1
Oki, E1
Emi, Y1
Tokunaga, S1
Shimokawa, M1
Ogata, Y1
Akagi, Y1
Sakamoto, Y1
Tanaka, T1
Saeki, H1
Maehara, Y1
Baba, H1
Li, Y1
Zhu, S1
Zhang, Y1
Liu, T1
Su, L1
Zhang, Q1
Luo, Y1
Lehuédé, C1
Li, X1
Dauvillier, S1
Vaysse, C1
Franchet, C1
Clement, E1
Esteve, D1
Longué, M1
Chaltiel, L1
Le Gonidec, S1
Lazar, I1
Geneste, A1
Dumontet, C1
Valet, P1
Nieto, L1
Fallone, F1
Muller, C1
Lamberth, F1
Guilbert, P1
Gaillot-Petit, N1
Champagne, C1
Looten-Vieren, L1
Nguyen, TD1
Ladoire, S1
Dalban, C1
Roché, H1
Spielmann, M1
Fumoleau, P1
Levy, C1
Martin, AL1
Ecarnot, F1
Bonnetain, F1
Ghiringhelli, F1
Carroll, JP1
Protani, MM1
Nguyen, L1
Cheng, ME1
Fay, M1
Saleem, M1
Pillay, PS1
Walpole, E1
Martin, JH1
Cihan, YB1
Jung, HW1
Kim, JW1
Kim, JY1
Kim, SW1
Yang, HK1
Lee, JW1
Lee, KW1
Kim, DW1
Kang, SB1
Kim, KI1
Kim, CH1
Kim, JH1
Géresi, K1
Megyeri, A1
Szabó, B1
Szabó, Z1
Aradi, J1
Németh, J1
Benkő, I1
Gennari, A1
Amadori, D1
Scarpi, E1
Farolfi, A1
Paradiso, A1
Mangia, A1
Biglia, N1
Gianni, L1
Tienghi, A1
Rocca, A1
Maltoni, R1
Antonucci, G1
Bruzzi, P1
Nanni, O1
Sinicrope, FA1
Foster, NR1
Sargent, DJ1
O'Connell, MJ2
Rankin, C1
Bartucci, M1
Svensson, S1
Ricci-Vitiani, L1
Dattilo, R1
Biffoni, M1
Signore, M1
Ferla, R1
De Maria, R1
Surmacz, E1
Stauffer, JA1
Mathew, J1
Odell, JA1
Chen, J1
Katsifis, A1
Hu, C1
Huang, XF1
Simkens, LH1
Koopman, M1
Mol, L1
Veldhuis, GJ1
Ten Bokkel Huinink, D1
Muller, EW1
Derleyn, VA1
Teerenstra, S1
Punt, CJ1
Legge, F1
Margariti, PA1
Lucidi, A1
Macchia, G1
Petrillo, M1
Iannone, V1
Carone, V1
Morganti, AG1
Scambia, G1
Ferrandina, G1
Meyerhardt, JA2
Catalano, PJ1
Haller, DG1
Mayer, RJ2
Benson, AB2
Macdonald, JS2
Fuchs, CS2
Tepper, JE1
Niedzwiecki, D1
Hollis, DR2
McCollum, AD1
Brady, D1
Cummings, B1
Willett, C1
Rosner, GL1
Hargis, JB1
Budman, DR1
Weiss, RB1
Henderson, IC1
Schilsky, RL1
Poikonen, P1
Blomqvist, C1
Joensuu, H1
Mehta, RR1
Beattie, CW1
Das Gupta, TK1
Powis, G1
Reece, P1
Ahmann, DL1
Ingle, JN1
Taylor, SG1
Kalish, LA1
Olson, JE1
Cummings, F1
Bennett, JM1
Falkson, G1
Tormey, DC1
Carbone, PP1

Clinical Trials (4)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Multicenter Study Investigating Utilization of Pharmacokinetic-Guided 5-Fluorouracil in Patients Receiving mFOLFOX6 With or Without Bevacizumab[NCT01164215]Phase 176 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
The Effect of Nutrition for the Colorectal Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy-randomized Controlled Study[NCT04567459]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-27Recruiting
Cetuximab Added to Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin and Bevacizumab in Patients With Previously Untreated Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma, a Randomised Phase III Study[NCT00208546]Phase 3750 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-06-30Completed
Evaluation of Eating Habits and Dysgeusia During Chemotherapy Treatment: a Prospective Cohort Study on Patients Affected by Breast Cancer[NCT03210441]204 participants (Anticipated)Observational2014-05-06Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trials

7 trials available for fluorouracil and Obesity

ArticleYear
Effect of obesity on disease-free and overall survival in node-positive breast cancer patients in a large French population: a pooled analysis of two randomised trials.
    European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 2014, Volume: 50, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body M

2014
Impact of body mass index (BMI) on the prognosis of high-risk early breast cancer (EBC) patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy.
    Breast cancer research and treatment, 2016, Volume: 159, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Mass Index; Breast Neoplasms; Chem

2016
Influence of body mass index on outcome in advanced colorectal cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy.
    European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 2011, Volume: 47, Issue:17

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Mass Index; Cam

2011
Influence of body mass index on outcomes and treatment-related toxicity in patients with colon carcinoma.
    Cancer, 2003, Aug-01, Volume: 98, Issue:3

    Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant

2003
Relationship between toxicity and obesity in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: results from cancer and leukemia group B study 8541.
    Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1996, Volume: 14, Issue:11

    Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Weight; Breast Neoplasms; Chemotherapy, Adjuvan

1996
Effect of body weight on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in breast cancer patients.
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 1987, Volume: 20, Issue:3

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Weight; Breast Neoplasms;

1987
Adjuvant CMFP versus CMFP plus tamoxifen versus observation alone in postmenopausal, node-positive breast cancer patients: three-year results of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.
    Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1985, Volume: 3, Issue:2

    Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Breast Neoplasms; Clinical Trials as Topic; Combined

1985

Other Studies

20 other studies available for fluorouracil and Obesity

ArticleYear
Incidence and risk factors associated with development of oxalipatin-induced acute peripheral neuropathy in colorectal cancer patients.
    Journal of oncology pharmacy practice : official publication of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners, 2023, Volume: 29, Issue:2

    Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Colorectal Neoplasms; Fluorou

2023
Obesity reduced survival with 5-fluorouracil and did not protect against chemotherapy-induced cachexia or immune cell cytotoxicity in mice.
    Cancer biology & therapy, 2022, 12-31, Volume: 23, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cachexia; Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); Fluorouracil; Mice; Ne

2022
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 is a negative regulator of hematopoietic regeneration in the adipocyte-rich bone marrow microenvironment.
    Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2021, 06-11, Volume: 557

    Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Antimetabolites; Bone Marrow; Fluorouracil; Gene Knockout Techniques; Hematopoi

2021
The impact of skeletal muscle on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer.
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 2018, Volume: 81, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bevacizuma

2018
Low Visceral Fat Content Is a Negative Predictive Marker for Bevacizumab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.
    Anticancer research, 2018, Volume: 38, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bevacizumab; B

2018
High fat diet-induced obesity exacerbates hematopoiesis deficiency and cytopenia caused by 5-fluorouracil via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ.
    Experimental hematology, 2018, Volume: 60

    Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Diseases; Dietary Fats; Flow Cytometry; Fluorouracil; Hematopoiesi

2018
Adipocytes promote breast cancer resistance to chemotherapy, a process amplified by obesity: role of the major vault protein (MVP).
    Breast cancer research : BCR, 2019, 01-17, Volume: 21, Issue:1

    Topics: 3T3 Cells; Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Adult; Aged; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Breast; Breast N

2019
[Potential indications for helical tomotherapy in breast cancers].
    Cancer radiotherapie : journal de la Societe francaise de radiotherapie oncologique, 2014, Volume: 18, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Brea

2014
Toxicity and tolerability of adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy in obese women.
    Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England), 2014, Volume: 31, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Mass Index;

2014
Relationship of body mass index with prognosis in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
    Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 2014, Volume: 15, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocol

2014
Effect of muscle mass on toxicity and survival in patients with colon cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy.
    Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 2015, Volume: 23, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Composition; Ch

2015
Myelotoxicity of carboplatin is increased in vivo in db/db mice, the animal model of obesity-associated diabetes mellitus.
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 2015, Volume: 75, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Marrow Diseases; Carboplatin; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental;

2015
Obesity is an independent prognostic variable in colon cancer survivors.
    Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2010, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Body Composition; Body

2010
Obesity hormone leptin induces growth and interferes with the cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal tumor stem cells.
    Endocrine-related cancer, 2010, Volume: 17, Issue:3

    Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Apoptosis; Biomarkers, Tumor; Blotting, Western; Cell Adhesion; Cel

2010
Esophageal adenocarcinoma after laparoscopic gastric band placement for obesity.
    Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bariatric Surgery; Deglutition

2011
Insulin decreases therapeutic efficacy in colon cancer cell line HT29 via the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
    Current drug discovery technologies, 2011, Volume: 8, Issue:2

    Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Survival; Chromones; Colonic Neoplasms; Cycloheximide; Dose-Response Rel

2011
Completion surgery after concomitant chemoradiation in obese women with locally advanced cervical cancer: Evaluation of toxicity and outcome measures.
    Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 2013, Volume: 52, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Chemoradiotherapy; Cisplatin; Disease-Free Su

2013
Impact of body mass index on outcomes and treatment-related toxicity in patients with stage II and III rectal cancer: findings from Intergroup Trial 0114.
    Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2004, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4

    Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Mass Index; Chemotherapy

2004
Effect of obesity on the leukocyte nadir in women treated with adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil dosed according to body surface area.
    Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 2001, Volume: 40, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Constitution; Body Mass Index; Bod

2001
Endocrine profile in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.
    Breast cancer research and treatment, 1992, Volume: 20, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Amenorrhea; Androstenedione; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bre

1992