fluorocholine and Liver-Neoplasms

To give an up-to-date overview of the potential clinical utility of (18)F-labelled choline derivatives for tumour imaging with positron emission tomography.. A PubMed search for (18)F-labelled choline analogues was performed. Review articles and reference lists were used to supplement the search findings.. (18)F-labelled choline analogues have been investigated as oncological PET probes for many types of cancer on the basis of enhanced cell proliferation. To date, studies have focused on the evaluation of prostate cancer. Available studies have provided preliminary results for detecting local and metastatic disease. Experience with (18)F-fluorocholine PET in other tumour types, including brain and liver tumours, is still limited. In the brain, excellent discrimination between tumour and normal tissue can be achieved due to the low physiological uptake of (18)F-fluorocholine. In the liver, in which there is a moderate to high degree of physiological uptake in normal tissue, malignancy discrimination may be more challenging.. PET/CT with (18)F-fluorocholine can be used to detect (recurrent) local prostate cancer, but seems to have limited value for T (tumour) and N (nodal) staging. In patients presenting with recurrent biochemical prostate cancer, it is a suitable single-step examination with the ability to exclude distant metastases when local salvage treatment is intended. In the brain, high-grade gliomas, metastases and benign lesions can be distinguished on the basis of (18)F-fluorocholine uptake. Moreover, PET imaging is able to differentiate between radiation-induced injury and tumour recurrence. In the liver, (18)F-fluorocholine PET/CT seems promising for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Choline; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasms; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prostatic Neoplasms

The choline transporter and choline kinase enzyme frequently are overexpressed in malignancy. Therefore, positron-emitter-labeled compounds derived from choline have the potential to serve as oncologic probes for positron emission tomography. The fluorine-18 ((18)F)-labeled choline derivative fluorocholine (FCH) in particular has demonstrated potential utility for imaging of a variety of neoplasms, including those of the breast, prostate, liver, and brain. The pharmacokinetics of FCH and other choline tracers allow for whole-body imaging within minutes of injection while still achieving high tumor-to-background contrast in most organs, including the brain. These features, along with the possibility of imaging malignancies that have proved elusive with the use of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography support further clinical investigations of (18)F-labeled choline tracers.

Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Choline; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiopharmaceuticals

Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) primarily involves imaging. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of (18) F-fluorocholine ((18) F-FCH) positron emission tomography (PET) for detection of HCC and evaluation of extent of disease. Patients with HCC >1 cm were included between 2009 and July 2011, and follow-up closed in February 2013. Diagnosis was based on American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases criteria, and all patients underwent (18) F-FCH PET/computed tomography (CT) at baseline before treatment, 6 underwent a second PET/CT posttreatment, and 1 a third during follow-up. Whole-body PET and low-dose CT imaging were performed 15 minutes after (18) F-FCH injection. Evaluation of imaging was done with standardized uptake value (SUV) ratios: SUV maximum of the lesion divided by the SUV mean of surrounding tissue. Statistical analyses included descriptive analyses, receiver operating characteristic curve, McNemar's test, and Kaplan-Meier's test at 5% level of significance. Twenty-nine patients revealed 53 intrahepatic lesions. In 48 of 53 lesions, (18) F-FCH PET was positive (SUVratio , 1.95 ± 0.66; sensitivity, 88%; specificity, 100%). PET/CT showed uptake in 18 extrahepatic lesions and no uptake in 3 lesions affirmed non-HCC lesions; all lesions were confirmed with additional investigation (accuracy, 100%). In 17 of 29 patients, additional lesions were found on PET/CT imaging, with implications for treatment in 15 patients. Posttreatment PET/CT showed identical results, compared with standard treatment evaluation.. This study shows additional value of (18) F-FCH PET/CT for patients with HCC. (18) F-FCH PET/CT has implications for staging, management, and treatment evaluation because of accurate assessment of extrahepatic disease.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Choline; Female; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Multimodal Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Young Adult

Presurgical identification of patients at high risk for early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after resection could warrant additional therapies. F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake by the tumour on preoperative PET can predict HCC recurrence after resection as effectively as poor differentiation or presence of microvascular invasion (MVI) on postsurgical histology. A better sensitivity for the detection of HCC nodules has been reported with F-fluorocholine (FCH), a PET tracer of lipid metabolism. This pilot study aimed to compare preoperative FDG and FCH PET/CT for predicting early recurrence of unifocal HCC, occurring within 6 months after surgical resection.. FDG and FCH tumour uptakes were assessed on preoperative PET/CT by two masked readers. On FCH PET/CT, a photopenic lesion and a hot focus were considered as indicative of malignancy. During postoperative follow-up, recurrence was searched for by regularly performing CT and MRI.. In 11 consecutive HCC patients, the detection rate was greater with FCH (80%) than with FDG (27%). After resection, the overall recurrence rate was 55%. Early recurrence occurred in four patients, who were the only ones with an FDG-positive and FCH-photopenic tumour, with a significant reduction in disease-free survival. On postsurgical histology, those four patients also presented with MVI and satellite nodules. Histological differentiation and capsule disruption appeared less accurate than PET/CT or MVI in predicting early recurrence.. In unifocal HCC, the FCH photopenic pattern was associated with MVI and predicted early HCC recurrence after surgical resection as accurately as did an FDG uptake. Larger studies with FCH are warranted.

Topics: Aged; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Choline; Disease-Free Survival; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Multimodal Imaging; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Pilot Projects; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prospective Studies; Radiopharmaceuticals; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the use of PET/CT with (18)F-fluorocholine in the differentiation of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) from focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Patients with liver lesions larger than 2 cm suspicious for HCA or FNH were prospectively included. All patients underwent PET/CT with (18)F-fluorocholine and histopathological diagnosis was obtained by either liver biopsy or surgery. The ratios between the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) of the lesion and the mean SUV of normal liver parenchyma were calculated and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed. Ten patients with FNH and 11 with HCA were included. The mean SUV ratio was 1.68±0.29 (±SD) for FNH and 0.88±0.18 for HCA (p<0.001). An SUV ratio cut-off value between 1.12 and 1.22 differentiated patients with FNH from those with HCA with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. This pilot study showed that PET/CT with (18)F-fluorocholine can differentiate HCA from FNH.

Topics: Adenoma, Liver Cell; Adult; Biological Transport; Choline; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Focal Nodular Hyperplasia; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Positron-Emission Tomography; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Young Adult

This prospective study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of (18)F-fluorocholine and (18)F-FDG for detecting and staging hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic liver disease and suspected liver nodules.. Whole-body PET/CT was performed in a random order at 10 min after injection of 4 MBq of (18)F-fluorocholine per kilogram and at 1 h after injection of 5 MBq of (18)F-FDG per kilogram. PET/CT results were read in a masked manner by 2 specialists, and diagnostic performance was assessed from the results of consensus masked reading. Those focal lesions appearing with increased or decreased activity, compared with background, on (18)F-fluorocholine PET/CT were considered positive for malignancy. The standard of truth was determined on a per-site basis using data from a histologic examination and a follow-up period of more than 6 mo; on a per-patient basis, the Barcelona criteria were also accepted as a proof of HCC in 5 patients.. Eighty-one patients were recruited; standard of truth was determined in 59 cases. HCC was diagnosed in 34 patients. Therefore, sensitivity was 88% for (18)F-fluorocholine and 68% for (18)F-FDG (P = 0.07), and in 70 sites, sensitivity was 84% for (18)F-fluorocholine, significantly better than the 67% for (18)F-FDG (P = 0.01). Of the 11 patients with well-differentiated HCC, 6 had a positive result with (18)F-fluorocholine alone, whereas (18)F-FDG was never positive alone; corresponding site-based sensitivity was 94% for (18)F-fluorocholine and 59% for (18)F-FDG (P = 0.001). The detection rate of 18 sites corresponding to other malignancies was 78% for (18)F-fluorocholine and 89% for (18)F-FDG. In nonmalignant sites, (18)F-fluorocholine appeared less specific than (18)F-FDG (62% vs. 91% P < 0.01) because of uptake by focal nodular hyperplasia.. (18)F-fluorocholine was significantly more sensitive than (18)F-FDG at detecting HCC, in particular in well-differentiated forms. In contrast, (18)F-FDG appeared somewhat more sensitive at detecting other malignancies and was negative in focal nodular hyperplasia. Thus (18)F-fluorocholine appears to be a useful PET/CT tracer for the detection and surveillance of HCC; however, performing PET/CT with both radiopharmaceuticals seems to be the best option.

Topics: Biological Transport; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cell Differentiation; Choline; Chronic Disease; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

The role of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) management is not clearly defined. Our objective was to analyze the utility of dual-PET/CT (. Between January 2011 and April 2019, 168 consecutive HCC patients with available baseline dual-PET/CT imaging data were retrospectively analyzed. To identify potential refinement criteria for surgically-treated patients, survival Kaplan-Meier curves of various standard-of-care and dual-PET/CT baseline parameters were estimated. Finally, multivariate cox proportional hazard ratios of the most relevant clinico-biological and/or PET parameters were estimated.

Topics: alpha-Fetoproteins; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Choline; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prospective Studies; Radiopharmaceuticals; Retrospective Studies

In a 54-year-old patient referred for 18F-fluorocholine (FCH) baseline PET/CT before chemotherapy for biopsy-proven liver metastases, FCH PET/CT demonstrated multiple hypodense hepatic lesions with no FCH uptake and 2 positive bone metastases. FCH PET/CT performed after 6 cycles of docetaxel demonstrated a near normalization of the physiological uptake in the area of the sterilized liver metastases, which was confirmed by a drop in prostate-specific antigen and a complete metabolic response in the bone metastases. The present case demonstrates a new pattern of response defined by a reverse phenomenon from photopenic to normal uptake in responding liver metastases.

Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Choline; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Prostatic Neoplasms

A 57-year-old man was referred to our institution for F-fluorocholine PET/CT to characterize a pulmonary nodule in a context of hepatocellular carcinoma. F-FDG PET/CT did not show any uptake of the pulmonary nodule. F-fluorocholine PET/CT showed high uptake of the pulmonary nodule, confirming its metastatic origin. Furthermore, liver early dynamic acquisitions allowed better visualization of the hepatocellular carcinoma during the "arterial phase" than at equilibrium.

Topics: Biological Transport; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Choline; Hepatic Artery; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) staging according to the Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer (BCLC) classification is based on conventional imaging. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of dual-tracer 18F-fluorocholine and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) on tumor staging and treatment allocation.. A total of 192 dual-tracer PET/CT scans (18F-fluorocholine and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT) were performed in 177 patients with HCC. BCLC staging and treatment proposal were retrospectively collected based on conventional imaging, along with any new lesions detected, and changes in BCLC classification or treatment allocation based on dual-tracer PET/CT.. Patients were primarily men (87.5%) with cirrhosis (71%) due to alcohol ± non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (26%), viral infection (62%) or unknown causes (12%). Among 122 patients with PET/CT performed for staging, BCLC stage based on conventional imaging was 0/A in 61 patients (50%), B in 32 patients (26%) and C in 29 patients (24%). Dual-tracer PET/CT detected new lesions in 26 patients (21%), upgraded BCLC staging in 14 (11%) and modified treatment strategy in 17 (14%). In addition, dual-tracer PET/CT modified the final treatment in 4/9 (44%) patients with unexplained elevation of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), 10/25 patients (40%) with doubtful lesions on conventional imaging and 3/36 patients (8%) waiting for liver transplantation without active HCC after tumor response following bridging therapy.. When used for HCC staging, dual-tracer PET/CT enabled BCLC upgrading and treatment modification in 11% and 14% of patients, respectively. Dual-tracer PET/CT might also be useful in specific situations (an unexplained rise in AFP, doubtful lesions or pre-transplant evaluation of patients without active HCC).. Using a combination of tracers 18F-fluorocholine and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose when performing positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), often called a PET scan, helps to identify new tumor lesions in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. This technique enabled staging modification of patients' tumors and led to changes in treatment allocation in certain patients.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Choline; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Multimodal Imaging; Neoplasm Staging; Patient Selection; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Radioactive Tracers; Radiopharmaceuticals; Reproducibility of Results

Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Choline; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Multimodal Imaging; Neoplasm Staging; Positron-Emission Tomography

Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Choline; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Multimodal Imaging; Neoplasm Staging

Topics: Adenoma; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adult; Artifacts; Choline; Diagnosis, Differential; False Positive Reactions; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals

The diagnostic accuracy of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET is insufficient to characterise hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in liver masses and to diagnose all cases of recurrent HCC. HCC has been reported to take up [(11)C]acetate, but routine use of this tracer is difficult. Choline is another tracer of lipid metabolism, present in large amounts in HCC. In a proof-of-concept study, we evaluated [(18)F]fluorocholine (FCH) uptake by HCC and compared FCH PET/CT with FDG PET/CT.. Twelve patients with newly diagnosed (n=8) or recurrent HCC (n=4) were prospectively enrolled. HCC was assessed by histology in eight cases and by American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) criteria in four cases. All patients underwent whole-body PET/CT 10 min after injection of 4 MBq/kg FCH. Within 1 week, 9 of the 12 patients also underwent whole-body FDG PET/CT 1 h after injection of 5 MBq/kg FDG.. The per-patient analysis showed a detection rate of 12/12 using FCH PET/CT for both newly diagnosed and recurrent HCC. The median signal to noise ratio was 1.5+/-0.38. There was a trend towards a higher FCH SUV(max) in well-differentiated HCC (15.6+/-7.9 vs 11.9+/-0.9, NS). Of the nine patients who underwent FCH and FDG PET/CT, all nine were positive with FCH whereas only five were positive with FDG.. FCH provides a high detection rate for HCC, making it potentially useful in the initial evaluation of HCC or in the detection of recurrent disease. The favourable result of this proof-of-concept study opens the way to a phase III prospective study.

Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Choline; Feasibility Studies; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Subtraction Technique; Tomography, X-Ray Computed