fluorapatite and Tooth-Erosion

Cervical tooth erosion is increasingly observed among adults and frequently associated with dentin sensitivity (DS). This study evaluated the effectiveness on DS of a biomimetic mineralization system (BIMIN) in comparison to the current standard treatment (Gluma(®) Desensitizer, Gluma).. In this single-blind, 2-arm study, 40 patients with confirmed cervical DS were randomized to either the test group or the positive control group. A Visual-Analog-Scale (VAS) was used to assess DS following stimulation of the exposed dentin with a 2-s air blast. Assessments were made at baseline (pre-treatment), 2 days, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, and 12 months after treatment. Two-stage replicas were obtained from the treated teeth and gold sputtered at baseline, and 2 days, 3 and 12 months after treatment. Surface topography of the treated cervical lesions and occlusion of dentinal tubules were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).. Both treatments led to a statistically significant reduction (P<0.0001) in DS that persisted over the entire 12-month observation period. Differences in DS between the treatments were not statistically significant. SEM photomicrographs demonstrated that a mineral layer concealed the dentinal tubules in the test group. In contrast, numerous dentinal tubules remained visible in cervical defects that were treated with Gluma.. A biomimetic mineralization kit was successfully used to treat patients exhibiting DS. The effect was similar to using Gluma, and was likely the result of the deposition of an enamel-like layer on the exposed cervical dentin.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Apatites; Biomimetic Materials; Calcium; Dentin; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Permeability; Dentin Sensitivity; Female; Fluorides; Glutaral; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Replica Techniques; Single-Blind Method; Tooth Cervix; Tooth Erosion; Tooth Remineralization; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

The aims were to investigate the effect of monoalkyl phosphates (MAPs) and fluoride on dissolution rate of native and saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (HA). Fluoride at 300 mg/l (as NaF) inhibited dissolution of native HA by 12%, while potassium and sodium dodecyl phosphates (PDP, SDP), at 0.1% or higher, inhibited dissolution by 26-34%. MAPs, but not fluoride, also showed persistence of action. MAPs at 0.5% and fluoride at 300 mg/l were then tested separately against HA pre-treated with human saliva for 2 or 18 h. Agents were applied with brushing to half the specimens, and without brushing to the other half. In control (water-treated) specimens, pre-treatment of HA with human saliva reduced dissolution rate on average by 41% (2 h) and 63% (18 h). Brushing did not have a statistically significant effect on dissolution rate of saliva-coated specimens. In brushed specimens, fluoride significantly increased the inhibition due to 2- or 18-hour saliva pre-treatment. It is hypothesised that brushing partially removes the salivary film and allows KOH-soluble calcium fluoride formation at the surfaces of HA particles. Inhibition was reduced by PDP in 2-hour/non-brushed specimens and in 18-hour/brushed specimens. PDP did not affect dissolution rates in the remaining groups and SDP did not affect dissolution rate in any group. Possible reasons for these variable results are discussed. The experiments show that pre-treatment with saliva can significantly modify results of tests on potential anti-erosive agents and it is recommended that saliva pre-treatment should be a routine part of testing such agents.

Topics: Alkanes; Apatites; Calcium Fluoride; Citric Acid; Dental Pellicle; Durapatite; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Organophosphates; Phosphates; Saliva; Sodium Fluoride; Solubility; Surface-Active Agents; Time Factors; Tooth Erosion; Toothbrushing

Excessive consumption of acidic drinks and foods contributes to tooth erosion. The aims of the present in vitro study were twofold: (1) to assess the erosive potential of different dietary substances and medications; (2) to determine the chemical properties with an impact on the erosive potential. We selected sixty agents: soft drinks, an energy drink, sports drinks, alcoholic drinks, juice, fruit, mineral water, yogurt, tea, coffee, salad dressing and medications. The erosive potential of the tested agents was quantified as the changes in surface hardness (ΔSH) of enamel specimens within the first 2 min (ΔSH2-0 = SH2 min - SHbaseline) and the second 2 min exposure (ΔSH4-2 = SH4 min - SH2 min). To characterise these agents, various chemical properties, e.g. pH, concentrations of Ca, Pi and F, titratable acidity to pH 7·0 and buffering capacity at the original pH value (β), as well as degree of saturation (pK - pI) with respect to hydroxyapatite (HAP) and fluorapatite (FAP), were determined. Erosive challenge caused a statistically significant reduction in SH for all agents except for coffee, some medications and alcoholic drinks, and non-flavoured mineral waters, teas and yogurts (P < 0·01). By multiple linear regression analysis, 52 % of the variation in ΔSH after 2 min and 61 % after 4 min immersion were explained by pH, β and concentrations of F and Ca (P < 0·05). pH was the variable with the highest impact in multiple regression and bivariate correlation analyses. Furthermore, a high bivariate correlation was also obtained between (pK - pI)HAP, (pK - pI)FAP and ΔSH.

Topics: Algorithms; Apatites; Beverages; Bicuspid; Calcium; Dental Enamel; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Durapatite; Fluorine; Food; Food Analysis; Hardness; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immersion; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Linear Models; Surface Properties; Tooth Crown; Tooth Erosion

To test sealants to prevent erosive tooth wear caused by extrinsic and intrinsic acids under long-term exposition.. 144 bovine enamel samples were randomly allocated to twelve groups (1-12). Samples of groups 1, 5 and 9 remained unsealed (positive controls), 2, 6 and 10 were sealed with Silicon Seal Nano Mix and 3, 7 and 11 with Seal&Protect. Groups 4, 8 and 12 were sealed with flowable composite (negative controls). Groups 1-4 were immersed in artificial saliva, 5-8 in hydrochloric acid and groups 9-12 in citric acid for 28 days, respectively. After 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 21 and 28 days, solutions were renewed and enamel wear was quantified by assignation of (32)P in the solutions.. In all immersion solutions, lowest mineral loss was observed for the negative controls whilst highest loss was observed for unsealed positive controls. In artificial saliva and citric acid, the loss from samples sealed with Seal&Protect was not significantly different compared with negative controls whilst loss in groups sealed with Silicon Seal Nano Mix was significantly higher. In hydrochloric acid, loss from samples sealed with Seal&Protect was not different compared with that of negative controls up to 4 days. Except day 1, the mineral loss in the Seal&Protect group was significantly lower compared with that of the Silicon Seal Nano Mix group.. The tested resin based surface sealant is able to significantly reduce the erosive demineralisation of enamel caused by hydrochloric and citric acid even under long-term exposition.

Topics: Acrylic Resins; Animals; Apatites; Calcium Fluoride; Cattle; Citric Acid; Composite Resins; Dental Enamel; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Hydrochloric Acid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immersion; Materials Testing; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nanocomposites; Protective Agents; Random Allocation; Resin Cements; Saliva, Artificial; Silicones; Time Factors; Tooth Erosion

Patients irradiated in the head and neck region often suffer from severe dry mouth and use acidic saliva stimulating products, which may cause erosion of teeth.. To determine saliva stimulating effects and erosive potential (EP) of acidic saliva stimulating tablets (Xerodent) with and without fluoride in irradiated head and neck cancer patients.. Nineteen irradiated patients (median age 57 years) sucked Xerodent tablets with and without fluoride. Saliva collections were divided into three 10-min sessions in the sequence: unstimulated whole saliva, Xerodent stimulated saliva without fluoride, and with fluoride. Saliva pH was determined without loss of CO(2) and in combination with inorganic measures used to calculate the degree of saturation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and fluorapatite (FAp). EP was determined directly in all saliva samples by monitored dissolution of HAp crystals.. Saliva flow rates increased significantly (15-fold) when sucking both tablets (p<0.001). Major changes in saliva composition caused undersaturation of HAp in some samples. However, no dissolution of HAp occurred in the saliva obtained with any of the two tablets. This was most likely due to the limited drop in pH resulting in saliva that was still supersaturated with respect to FAp.. Both Xerodent with and without fluoride were evaluated as non-erosive, however, for additional caries protection the fluoride variant is preferable.

Topics: Apatites; Dental Caries; Durapatite; Female; Fluorides; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Middle Aged; Radioactive Hazard Release; Saliva; Salivary Glands; Tooth Erosion; Xerostomia

The capability of drinks and foods to resist pH changes brought about by salivary buffering may play an important role in the erosion of dental enamel. The aim of the present study was to measure the initial pH of several types of yogurt and to test the degrees of saturation (pK-pl) with respect to hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite to determine the buffering capacity and related erosive potential of yogurt.. Twenty-five milliliters of 7 types of freshly opened yogurt was titrated with 1 mol/L of sodium hydroxide, added in 0.5 mL increments, until the pH reached 10, to assess the total titratable acidity, a measure of the drink's own buffering capacity. The degrees of saturation (pK-pl) with respect to hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were also calculated, using a computer program developed for this purpose. For statistical analysis, samples were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test.. The buffering capacities can be ordered as follows: fruit yogurt >low-fat yogurt >bioyogurt >butter yogurt >natural yogurt >light fruit yogurt >light yogurt. The results suggest that, in vitro, fruit yogurt has the greatest buffering capacity.. It can be stated that it is not possible to induce erosion on enamel with any type of yogurt.

Topics: Apatites; Buffers; Durapatite; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Tooth Erosion; Yogurt

The capability of drinks and foods to resist pH changes brought about by salivary buffering may play an important role in the dental erosion process in children. The aim of the present study was to test fruit yogurt, a popular snack for children, and the degrees of saturation (pK-pl) with respect to hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite to determine their erosive potential.. A variety of fruit yogurt was tested. To test the pH, 8 readings were taken with a pH electrode for each yogurt. Calcium content was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, phosphorus by the inductively coupled plasma method, and fluoride content by ion chromatography. The degrees of saturation of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were calculated by use of a computer program. Statistical analysis was performed using 2-tailed analysis of variance (P < .05) and a post hoc test (Tukey) to determine differences between groups.. The pH of each fruit concentrate was significantly different, except for banana yogurt. Except for the phosphorus content of raspberry yogurt, the calcium and phosphorus content for each fruit concentrate were significantly different. Fluoride levels were the same for all yogurts tested, and the degrees of saturation of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite was positive, indicating supersaturation.. It could be stated that fruit yogurt has no erosive potential.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Apatites; Biocompatible Materials; Child; Durapatite; Fruit; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Tooth Erosion; Yogurt

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the significance of diffusion barriers in the development of artificial caries-like lesions. A 30-mm2 enamel surface area was covered with a layer of filter paper and exposed to a gently agitated 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 4.5, containing either 0.1 or 1.0 ppm fluoride for up to 48 h at 20 degrees C. Similar enamel surfaces, but unprotected by filter paper, served as controls. It was found that below the filter paper an approximately 60-microns-deep caries-like lesion was developed exhibiting a preserved surface layer, the mineral content of which depended on the fluoride concentration of the buffer. The lesions of the control teeth without a filter paper coverage were erosion-like surface lesions. In the filter paper calcium and phosphate released from the enamel combined with fluoride from the bulk solution had established a supersaturation with respect to fluorapatite while the undersaturation with respect to hydroxyapatite was maintained, which caused a caries lesion to develop. The lesions produced in noncovered enamel by bulk solution unsaturated with respect to both apatites were erosion-like. It was concluded that a diffusion barrier can significantly favor the establishment of supersaturation with respect to fluorapatite and thus facilitate the development of a subsurface caries-like lesion at the expense of the erosion.

Topics: Apatites; Calcium; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Diffusion; Durapatite; Filtration; Fluorides; Humans; Hydroxyapatites; Models, Biological; Paper; Phosphates; Solubility; Tooth Erosion

The aim of the present paper was to study the relation between the development of enamel erosion and caries lesion. Intact teeth were exposed to a gently agitated 50 mM acetate buffer, with or without fluoride for various periods of time. Further, intact teeth were exposed to an agitated 0.2 M HCl solution. It was found that irrespective of experimental conditions the aqueous phase was initially unsaturated with respect to both hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite during which period fluorhydroxyapatite was dissolved. Histological examination showed that the dissolving apatite originated from the enamel surface and the resulting lesion exhibited the signs of a dental erosion. The depth of the erosive lesion was found to be a direct function of the amount of mineral dissolved before the aqueous phase became saturated with respect to fluorapatite. The calcium, phosphate and fluoride dissolved made the aqueous phase first saturated and later supersaturated with respect to fluorapatite and a reuptake of fluoride in the enamel began, now under development of a caries-like lesion with preservation of the surface layer over a subsurface demineralizing zone. The demineralization depended on the volume of the aqueous phase. In conclusion, in a closed system with a limited amount of unsaturated solution a double lesion, an erosion over a caries lesion, will develop according to the changing saturation with respect to fluorapatite.

Topics: Apatites; Calcium; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Durapatite; Fluorides; Humans; Hydroxyapatites; Solutions; Tooth Erosion