fluconazole and Cerebral Cryptococcosis studies

Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.
fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"In order to verify whether fluconazole has a prophylactive effect against the occurrence of cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients and to identify other factors capable of increasing or reducing the risk of this infection, we arranged a case-control study of 17 patients with cryptococcal infection."	7.69	Fluconazole for primary prophylaxis of AIDS-associated cryptococcosis: a case-control study. ( Ammassari, A; Antinori, A; Linzalone, A; Marasca, G; Morace, G; Murri, R, 1995)
"We retrospectively analyzed clinical outcome of meningeal and extrameningeal cryptococcosis in HIV-negative patients treated with amphotericin B (43 patients) or fluconazole (40 patients)."	7.69	Comparison of the efficacy of amphotericin B and fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients: retrospective analysis of 83 cases. French Cryptococcosis Study Group. ( Brugiere, O; Dromer, F; Dupont, B; Letenneur, L; Mathoulin, S, 1996)
"Treatment with 200 to 400 mg/day fluconazole was evaluated in 44 patients without AIDS who had cryptococcosis (19 with cryptococcal meningitis, 22 with pulmonary cryptococcosis, 3 with other cryptococcal infections)."	7.69	Fluconazole monotherapy for cryptococcosis in non-AIDS patients. ( Hara, K; Ikemoto, H; Ito, A; Kohno, S; Watanabe, K; Yamaguchi, H, 1996)
"Twenty-five patients had cryptococcal meningitis confirmed by culture, three had presumed cryptococcal meningitis, and three had disseminated extrameningeal cryptococcosis."	6.68	Amphotericin B as primary therapy for cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS: reliability of relatively high doses administered over a relatively short period. ( de Lalla, F; Fabris, P; Franzetti, M; Manfrin, V; Pellizzer, G; Stecca, C; Vaglia, A, 1995)
"After primary treatment for cryptococcal meningitis, patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) require some form of continued suppressive therapy to prevent relapse."	6.67	A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group and Mycoses Study Group. ( Cloud, GA; Follansbee, SE; Graybill, JR; Jacobson, JM; McAuliffe, VJ; Meyer, RD; Powderly, WG; Robinson, P; Saag, MS; Sugar, AM, 1992)
"The AmBisome Therapy Induction Optimization (AMBITION-cm) trial, conducted in eastern and southern Africa, showed that a single, high dose (10 mg/kg) of liposomal amphotericin B, given with an oral backbone of fluconazole and flucytosine, was noninferior to the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended regimen of 7 days of amphotericin B deoxycholate plus flucytosine for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cryptococcal meningitis and has been incorporated into WHO treatment guidelines."	5.69	How Applicable Is the Single-Dose AMBITION Regimen for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis to High-Income Settings? ( Boulware, DR; Harrison, TS; Hosseinipour, MC; Jarvis, JN; Lawrence, DS; Lortholary, O; Meintjes, G; Mosepele, M; Mwandumba, HC, 2023)
"The combined infection of Actinomyces odontolyticus sepsis and cryptococcal encephalitis is first reported in this case report, and combined antibiotics with 'penicillin, amphotericin, and fluconazole' are effective."	5.41	Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis with Actinomyces odontolyticus sepsis: a case report and literature review. ( Hong, Q; Hong, Z; Huang, Q, 2023)
"Miltefosine treatment (1."	5.39	Limited activity of miltefosine in murine models of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis and disseminated cryptococcosis. ( Bocanegra, R; Kirkpatrick, WR; Najvar, LK; Patterson, TF; Sorrell, TC; Wiederhold, NP, 2013)
"Fluconazole was discontinued at this time, and liposomal amphotericin B was resumed."	5.35	Torsades de pointes in a patient receiving fluconazole for cerebral cryptococcosis. ( Grayson, ML; McMahon, JH, 2008)
"Fluconazole is a commonly prescribed antifungal agent with a favorable safety profile."	5.31	Fluconazole-induced agranulocytosis with eosinophilia. ( Shriner, K; Wong-Beringer, A, 2000)
"Cryptococcal meningitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is particularly common in tropical Africa."	5.28	Cryptococcal meningitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in African patients: treatment with fluconazole. ( Aubry, P; Bogaerts, J; Dupont, B; Durbec, JP; Kadio, A; Laroche, R; Latif, A; M'Pele, P; Taelman, H; Touze, JE, 1992)
"Cryptococcal antigen screening is recommended among people living with AIDS when entering HIV care with a CD4 count of <100 cells/μl, and preemptive fluconazole monotherapy treatment is recommended for those with subclinical cryptococcal antigenemia."	5.20	Increased Antifungal Drug Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans in Uganda. ( Achan, B; Akampurira, A; Alhadab, AA; Boulware, DR; Hullsiek, KH; McDonald, TR; Meya, DB; Nielsen, K; Okagaki, LH; Rhein, JR; Smith, KD, 2015)
"Intravenous amphotericin B, with or without flucytosine, is usually standard therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."	5.07	Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. ( Cloud, GA; Fisher, JF; Grieco, MH; Powderly, WG; Robinson, P; Saag, MS; Sharkey, PK; Sugar, AM; Thompson, SE; Tuazon, CU, 1992)
" Five were exposed to 200-800 mg fluconazole during pregnancy."	5.05	Cryptococcosis in pregnancy and the postpartum period: Case series and systematic review with recommendations for management. ( Boulware, DR; Evans, EE; Meya, DB; Muzoora, C; Nalintya, E; Ndyetukira, JF; Nuwagira, E; Pastick, KA; Rajasingham, R; Rhein, J; Skipper, C; Ssebambulidde, K; Stephens, N; Tugume, L, 2020)
"The clinical use of fluconazole in dosages > or = 800 mg/day has been reported in about 900 patients against candidemia, oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients as well as for initial therapy of endemic mycoses."	4.79	[High-dose therapy with fluconazole > or = 800 mg/day. Review]. ( Penk, A; Pittrow, L, 1997)
"HIV-uninfected CM patients who received high-dose fluconazole (800 mg/d) for initial therapy in Huashan Hospital were included in this retrospective study from January 2013 to December 2018."	4.31	Induction therapy with high-dose fluconazole plus flucytosine for human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected cryptococcal meningitis patients: Feasible or not? ( Cheng, JH; Jiang, YK; Luo, Y; Wang, X; Zhao, HZ; Zhou, LH; Zhu, LP; Zhu, RS, 2023)
" We present a case of cryptococcal meningitis in a renal transplant recipient presenting as acute sinusitis with successful treatment using fluconazole as primary therapy."	3.79	Cryptococcal meningitis presenting as sinusitis in a renal transplant recipient. ( Alangaden, G; Carron, M; Chandrasekar, P; Iyer, SP; Movva, K; Revankar, SG; Tranchida, P; Wiebel, M, 2013)
"In order to verify whether fluconazole has a prophylactive effect against the occurrence of cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients and to identify other factors capable of increasing or reducing the risk of this infection, we arranged a case-control study of 17 patients with cryptococcal infection."	3.69	Fluconazole for primary prophylaxis of AIDS-associated cryptococcosis: a case-control study. ( Ammassari, A; Antinori, A; Linzalone, A; Marasca, G; Morace, G; Murri, R, 1995)
"We retrospectively analyzed clinical outcome of meningeal and extrameningeal cryptococcosis in HIV-negative patients treated with amphotericin B (43 patients) or fluconazole (40 patients)."	3.69	Comparison of the efficacy of amphotericin B and fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients: retrospective analysis of 83 cases. French Cryptococcosis Study Group. ( Brugiere, O; Dromer, F; Dupont, B; Letenneur, L; Mathoulin, S, 1996)
"A case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed cryptococcosis which was successfully treated with amphotericin B (AMPH) and fluconazole (FLCZ) is reported."	3.69	[A case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated with cryptococcemia and cryptococcal meningitis]. ( Hashimoto, S; Horie, T; Inami, T; Nakayama, T; Nishinarita, S; Tomita, Y, 1996)
"Treatment with 200 to 400 mg/day fluconazole was evaluated in 44 patients without AIDS who had cryptococcosis (19 with cryptococcal meningitis, 22 with pulmonary cryptococcosis, 3 with other cryptococcal infections)."	3.69	Fluconazole monotherapy for cryptococcosis in non-AIDS patients. ( Hara, K; Ikemoto, H; Ito, A; Kohno, S; Watanabe, K; Yamaguchi, H, 1996)
" With the exception of a higher incidence of gastrointestinal side effects in the 2000mg cohort, both induction doses of FCZ were safe and well tolerated."	3.30	Higher Dose Oral Fluconazole for the Treatment of AIDS-related Cryptococcal Meningitis (HIFLAC)-report of A5225, a multicentre, phase I/II, two-stage, dose-finding, safety, tolerability and efficacy randomised, amphotericin B-controlled trial of the AIDS ( Aberg, JA; Badal-Faesen, S; Bukuru, A; Clifford, DB; Hogg, E; Komarow, L; Lagat, D; Lalloo, UG; Langat, D; Larsen, RA; Mave, V; McKhann, A; Pillay, S; Samaneka, W; Supparatpinyo, K; Ticona, E, 2023)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is a leading cause of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related death in sub-Saharan Africa."	3.11	Single-Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B Treatment for Cryptococcal Meningitis. ( Boulware, DR; Boyer-Chammard, T; Chawinga, C; Chen, T; Comins, K; Harrison, TS; Hlupeni, A; Hope, W; Hosseinipour, MC; Jaffar, S; Jarvis, JN; Jjunju, S; Kagimu, E; Kanyama, C; Kasibante, J; Lalloo, DG; Lawrence, DS; Leeme, T; Lortholary, O; Loyse, A; Meintjes, G; Meya, DB; Molloy, SF; Mosepele, M; Moyo, M; Mpoza, E; Mutata, C; Muzoora, C; Mwandumba, HC; Mzinganjira, H; Ndhlovu, CE; Nuwagira, E; Rhein, J; Rutakingirwa, MK; Schutz, C; Siamisang, K; Singh, A; Ssebambulidde, K; Tugume, L; van Widenfelt, E; Wang, D; Youssouf, N, 2022)
" Participants received standard care - amphotericin combined with fluconazole for the first 2 weeks - or standard care plus tamoxifen 300 mg/day."	3.01	An open label randomized controlled trial of tamoxifen combined with amphotericin B and fluconazole for cryptococcal meningitis. ( Beardsley, J; Binh, TQ; Chau, NVV; Day, JN; Geskus, R; Hope, W; Hung, LQ; Kestelyn, E; Krysan, D; Lalloo, DG; Lan, NPH; Mai, NTH; Ngan, NTT; Phu, NH; Tai, LTH; Thanh Hoang Le, N; Thwaites, GE; Trieu, PH; Tung, NLN; Van Anh, D; Van, NTT; Vi Vi, NN; White, NJ, 2021)
"Sertraline was associated with excess SAEs of psychosis."	2.94	Adjunctive sertraline for asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia: A randomized clinical trial. ( Bangdiwala, AS; Boulware, DR; Hullsiek, KH; Kirumira, P; Meya, DB; Nalintya, E; Naluyima, R; Namanda, S; Nikweri, Y; Rajasingham, R; Rutakingirwa, MK; Skipper, CP; Turya, F, 2020)
"Mortality was associated with Glasgow coma score (GCS) below 15 (adjusted Hazard ratio (aHR) 1."	2.94	Determinants of two-year mortality among HIV positive patients with Cryptococcal meningitis initiating standard antifungal treatment with or without adjunctive dexamethasone in Uganda. ( Anywaine, Z; Day, J; Ggayi, AB; Kaleebu, P; Kibengo, FM; Kitonsa, J; Kiwanuka, J; Mayanja, Y; Nikweri, Y; Nsubuga, R; Onyango, M, 2020)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is a devastating brain infection cause by encapsulated yeasts of the Cryptococcus genus."	2.82	Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis: How Have We Got Here and Where are We Going? ( Day, JN; Flower, B; Ngan, NTT, 2022)
"High fluconazole dosage (800 mg/day) for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis was associated with high serum and CSF fluconazole concentration."	2.75	Monitoring and impact of fluconazole serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentration in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis-infected patients. ( Andes, D; Anekthananon, T; Chetchotisakd, P; Filler, SG; Larsen, RA; Manosuthi, W; Nolen, TL; Pappas, PG; Sungkanuparph, S; Supparatpinyo, K; Wallace, D, 2010)
" Fluconazole at a dosage of 1200 mg per day is more fungicidal than at a dosage of 800 mg per day, but mortality rates remain unacceptably high."	2.75	Combination flucytosine and high-dose fluconazole compared with fluconazole monotherapy for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized trial in Malawi. ( Harrison, TS; Hosseinipour, MC; Jackson, A; Jaffar, S; Jarvis, JN; Kamwendo, D; Kanyemba, C; Kenala, J; Namarika, D; Nussbaum, JC; Phulusa, J; van der Horst, CM, 2010)
"BACKGROUND."	2.75	Early versus delayed initiation of antiretroviral therapy for concurrent HIV infection and cryptococcal meningitis in sub-saharan Africa. ( Gona, P; Hakim, JG; Kurangwa, M; Makadzange, AT; Ndhlovu, CE; Reid, M; Takarinda, K, 2010)
"7 mg/kg plus fluconazole 800 mg (the high-dosage combination) administered daily for 14 days, followed by fluconazole alone at the randomized dosage (400 or 800 mg per day) for 56 days."	2.74	A phase II randomized trial of amphotericin B alone or combined with fluconazole in the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. ( Anekthananon, T; Chetchotisakd, P; Filler, SG; Johnson, P; Kendrick, AS; Larsen, RA; Manosuthi, W; Morris, MI; Nolen, TL; Pappas, PG; Sobel, JD; Sungkanuparph, S; Supparatpinyo, K; Zimmer, LO, 2009)
" We conducted a prospective phase II dose escalation study employing doses of fluconazole ranging from 800 to 2000 mg daily for 10 weeks used alone or combined with flucytosine at 100 mg/kg per day for the first 4 weeks."	2.73	Fluconazole alone or combined with flucytosine for the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. ( Bozzette, SA; Haubrich, R; Larsen, RA; Leal, MA; Leedom, JM; McCutchan, JA; Milefchik, E; Tilles, JG, 2008)
"Amphotericin B treatment in cryptococcosis requires daily hospital visits or admission."	2.72	Comparison of one week with two week regimens of amphotericin B both followed by fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis among AIDS patients. ( Boonpokbn, L; Maek-a-Nantawat, W; Mctm, AG; Phonrat, B; Pitisuttithum, P; Tansuphaswadikul, S, 2006)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the major complications affecting the central nervous system of patients suffering from AIDS."	2.71	The efficacy of fluconazole 600 mg/day versus itraconazole 600 mg/day as consolidation therapy of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients. ( Anunnatsiri, S; Chetchotisakd, P; Choksawadphinyo, K; Mootsikapun, P, 2003)
" Blood samples were collected from the first 12 patients in each group and pharmacokinetic parameters for fluconazole were calculated."	2.71	Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in patients with AIDS. ( Panomvana Na Ayudhya, D; Tansuphaswadikul, S; Thanompuangseree, N, 2004)
"PCR as a rapid diagnostic tool for cryptococcal meningitis was evaluated."	2.70	Cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. ( Banker, DD; Iyer, RS, 2002)
"Twenty-five patients had cryptococcal meningitis confirmed by culture, three had presumed cryptococcal meningitis, and three had disseminated extrameningeal cryptococcosis."	2.68	Amphotericin B as primary therapy for cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS: reliability of relatively high doses administered over a relatively short period. ( de Lalla, F; Fabris, P; Franzetti, M; Manfrin, V; Pellizzer, G; Stecca, C; Vaglia, A, 1995)
" These results suggest that rifampicin dosage adjustment may not be necessary when this drug is coadministered with fluconazole."	2.68	Lack of effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in AIDS patients. ( Jaruratanasirikul, S; Kleepkaew, A, 1996)
"HIV-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis were randomized to treatment with either liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) 4 mg/kg daily or standard amphotericin B 0."	2.68	Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) compared with amphotericin B both followed by oral fluconazole in the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. ( Allworth, T; Borleffs, JC; Clezy, K; de Marie, S; Hop, WC; Hoy, J; Jones, P; Kauffmann, RH; Kroon, FP; Leenders, AC; Portegies, P; Reiss, P; Verbrugh, HA, 1997)
" We conducted a prospective, open-label clinical trial involving persons with AIDS to determine whether the rate of clinical success would improve when fluconazole (400 mg daily) was combined with flucytosine (150 mg/kg daily)."	2.67	Fluconazole combined with flucytosine for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. ( Bauer, M; Bozzette, SA; Forthal, D; Haghighat, D; Jones, BE; Larsen, RA; Leal, MA; Leedom, JM; McCutchan, JA; Tilles, JG, 1994)
"After primary treatment for cryptococcal meningitis, patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) require some form of continued suppressive therapy to prevent relapse."	2.67	A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group and Mycoses Study Group. ( Cloud, GA; Follansbee, SE; Graybill, JR; Jacobson, JM; McAuliffe, VJ; Meyer, RD; Powderly, WG; Robinson, P; Saag, MS; Sugar, AM, 1992)
"The major challenge in cryptococcal meningitis management has been the optimisation of induction phase treatment using the limited number of available medications, and major progress has recently been made."	2.61	Recent advances in managing HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. ( Alanio, A; Boyer-Chammard, T; Harrison, TS; Jarvis, JN; Lortholary, O; Temfack, E, 2019)
"Mean fluconazole resistance was 10."	2.58	A systematic review of fluconazole resistance in clinical isolates of Cryptococcus species. ( Bongomin, F; Gago, S; Moore, CB; Oladele, RO; Richardson, MD, 2018)
"Two trials treated cryptococcal meningitis with amphotericin B and fluconazole; a third trial used fluconazole monotherapy; and the fourth trial did not specify the antifungal used."	2.58	Early versus delayed antiretroviral treatment in HIV-positive people with cryptococcal meningitis. ( Bicanic, T; Eshun-Wilson, I; Okwen, MP; Richardson, M, 2018)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is a severe fungal infection that occurs primarily in the setting of advanced immunodeficiency and remains a major cause of HIV-related deaths worldwide."	2.58	Treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. ( Eshun-Wilson, I; Ford, N; Jarvis, JN; Li, T; Rouse, B; Shapiro, AE; Tenforde, MW, 2018)
"For persons with symptomatic cryptococcal meningitis, optimal initial management with amphotericin and flucytosine improves survival compared to alternative therapies; however, amphotsericin is difficult to administer and flucytosine has not been available in middle or low income countries, where cryptococcal meningitis is most prevalent."	2.55	Recent advances in AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis treatment with an emphasis on resource limited settings. ( Abassi, M; Boulware, DR; Lofgren, S; Rhein, J, 2017)
"Symptoms of cryptococcal meningitis are non-specific: headache, fever, nausea, or altered mental state and behaviour."	2.52	[Cryptococcal meningitis]. ( Aliredjo, RP; de Jong, PY; de Sévaux, RG; Nooijen, S; van Spil, WE; Verhave, JC, 2015)
" The objective of this study was to compare the survival benefit between 5-FC (flucytosine) and fluconazole as second-line drugs given in combination with AmB."	2.50	Comparison of flucytosine and fluconazole combined with amphotericin B for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Lin, DF; Lu, X; Shen, C; Yao, ZW, 2014)
"Amphotericin B based treatment is appropriate where possible."	2.45	Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in resource limited settings. ( Dedicoat, MJ; Lalloo, DG; Sloan, DJ, 2009)
" The optimal dosing of AmB remains unclear."	2.44	Treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in HIV infected adults, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. ( Dedicoat, M; Dlamini, S; Paul, N; Sloan, D, 2008)
"The IRIS presentation was lymphadenitis in all three patients; one patient also had meningeal IRIS."	2.43	Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: report of four cases in three patients and review of the literature. ( Hardy, RD; Hester, LJ; Skiest, DJ, 2005)
"The most common causes of cerebral infarction in AIDS are central nervous system infections: toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculosis."	2.42	Cerebral infarction related to cryptococcal meningitis in an HIV-infected patient: case report and literature review. ( Bonasser Filho, F; Leite, AG; Nogueira, RS; Oliveira, AC; Vidal, JE, 2004)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is a common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, particularly in Southeast Asia and Africa."	2.42	Cryptococcal meningitis. ( Bicanic, T; Harrison, TS, 2004)
"Sarcoidosis is an independent risk factor for cryptococcal infection; most patients with sarcoidosis who develop cryptococcal infection are not on immunosuppressive drugs."	2.41	Cryptococcal meningitis and sarcoidosis. ( Katz, JD; Ross, JJ, 2002)
"Fluconazole is an effective treatment for cryptococcal meningitis."	2.39	The role of azoles in the treatment and prophylaxis of cryptococcal disease in HIV infection. ( Cartledge, J; Fisher, M; Gazzard, BG; Nelson, MR; Rogers, T, 1994)
"In patients with AIDS with cryptococcosis, prompt diagnosis is essential."	2.39	Management of systemic manifestations of fungal disease in patients with AIDS. ( Stevens, DA, 1994)
"The optimum regimen for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS is still not totally clear."	2.39	Recent advances in the management of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. ( Powderly, WG, 1996)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is a difficult disease to treat and requires biochemical and haematological monitoring to detect the common adverse effects of treatment."	2.39	The management of cryptococcal meningitis in Papua New Guinea. ( Seaton, RA, 1996)
"In the U."	2.38	Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. ( Mocsny, N, 1992)
"Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS with amphotericin B plus flucytosine is associated with a failure rate of 20%-30%."	2.38	Therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. ( Powderly, WG, 1992)
" The objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy of acetazolamide (AZA), candesartan (CAN), and triciribine (TCBN), in combination with the antifungal fluconazole, on C."	1.91	A multi-arm, parallel, preclinical study investigating the potential benefits of acetazolamide, candesartan, and triciribine in combination with fluconazole for the treatment of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. ( Alanazi, AH; Chastain, DB; Franco-Paredes, C; Henao-Martínez, AF; Lin, X; Narayanan, SP; Parvathagiri, V; Rudraraju, M; Shan, S; Somanath, PR, 2023)
"Treatment of life-threatening cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is highly challenging due to the limited efficacy of the available antifungal drugs."	1.72	Discovery of Novel Sertraline Derivatives as Potent Anti- ( Ji, C; Li, J; Li, W; Liu, N; Sheng, C; Tu, J; Yang, W; Yun, Z, 2022)
"Flucytosine-based treatment can be delivered in routine care in a middle-income country with a substantial survival benefit."	1.72	Outcomes of flucytosine-containing combination treatment for cryptococcal meningitis in a South African national access programme: a cross-sectional observational study. ( Black, J; Boretti, L; Garcia, A; Govender, NP; Greene, GS; Harrison, TS; Madua, M; Mashau, RC; Meintjes, G; Meiring, ST; Menezes, C; Nel, J; Quan, VC; Reddy, DL; Shroufi, A; Stacey, S; Trivino-Duran, L; Venter, M, 2022)
"Our previous study explored Amphotericin B (AMB) plus 5-flucytosine (5-FC) combined with fluconazole (FLU) therapy in the induction period, which seemed to be better than the previous AMB + 5-FC antifungal therapy in non-HIV and non-transplant-associated CM."	1.72	Amphotericin B plus fluorocytosine combined with voriconazole for the treatment of non-HIV and non-transplant-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a retrospective study. ( Jiang, Y; Li, M; Liu, J; Peng, F; Su, X; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Xu, X; Yang, L, 2022)
" Laboratory adverse events (grade 3 or 4), such as severe anemia, were less frequent with VCZ + 5FC use than with AmB-D combined with 5FC or Flu use."	1.72	Comparison of amphotericin B deoxycholate in combination with either flucytosine or fluconazole, and voriconazole plus flucytosine for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study in China. ( Chen, Y; Harypursat, V; Lan, K; Lu, Y; Wu, Y; Xu, X; Yang, T; Yu, J; Zeng, Q; Zhang, W; Zhao, T; Zhou, G, 2022)
"Neuromeningeal cryptococcosis and pulmonary tuberculosis are respectively serious mycotic and bacterial infections occurring in a subject regardless of its HIV serological status."	1.72	[Neuromeningeal cryptococcosis in an HIV-negative patient with pulmonary tuberculosis in the Infectious and tropical diseases department of the University teaching hospital Point G of Bamako, Mali]. ( Alle Akakpo, AE; Cissoko, Y; Dao, S; Konaté, I; Loua, OO; Ouedraogo, D; Soumaré, M, 2022)
"Treatment with fluconazole is only recommended for localised pulmonary disease."	1.62	Treatment and mortality outcomes in patients with other extrapulmonary cryptococcal disease compared with central nervous system disease. ( Larson, L; Mejia-Chew, C; Powderly, WG; Spec, A; Sung, A, 2021)
"He had multiple prior episodes of cryptococcal meningitis with complications necessitating ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement and was on suppressive fluconazole when he developed worsening brain manifestations."	1.56	Case Report: A Case of Severe Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Presenting with Brain and Intradural Abscesses in an HIV Patient. ( Jeng, A; Kalinoski, T; Malenfant, J; Yim, C, 2020)
" In fact, certain drugs may interact in ways that make treatment less effective."	1.56	Synergistic and antagonistic drug interactions in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. ( Ayala, M; Brammer, B; Brown, JC; Denham, ST; Stonhill, MA; Wambaugh, MA, 2020)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is a fungal infection that is most commonly thought of as an opportunistic infection affecting immunocompromised patients, classically patients with Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) infection."	1.56	Cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent patient. ( Lacy, AJ; Murphy, LS; Shah, KS; Smith, AT, 2020)
"Triple antifungal agents combined with VPS could effectively reduce ICP, had faster rate of clearance of C."	1.56	Triple therapy combined with ventriculoperitoneal shunts can improve neurological function and shorten hospitalization time in non-HIV cryptococcal meningitis patients with increased intracranial pressure. ( Deng, X; Gan, Q; Jiang, Y; Li, M; Liu, J; Peng, F; Wang, Y; Xu, X, 2020)
"Mortality from cryptococcal meningitis remains very high in Africa."	1.56	Addition of Flucytosine to Fluconazole for the Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis in Africa: A Multicountry Cost-effectiveness Analysis. ( Chan, AK; Chanda, D; Chen, T; Harrison, TS; Heyderman, RS; Hosseinipour, MC; Jaffar, S; Jarvis, JN; Kanyama, C; Kivuyo, S; Kouanfack, C; Lakhi, S; Lortholary, O; Loyse, A; Mfinanga, S; Molloy, SF; Mwaba, P; Mwenge, L; Niessen, LW; Shiri, T; Temfack, E, 2020)
"Postmortem cryptococcal meningitis and pulmonary cryptococcosis were identified at MIA in all 4 CrAg-positive participants, 3 of whom had negative cerebrospinal fluid CrAg tests from lumbar punctures (LPs) at the time of CrAg screening."	1.56	Cryptococcal-related Mortality Despite Fluconazole Preemptive Treatment in a Cryptococcal Antigen Screen-and-Treat Program. ( Govender, NP; Harrison, TS; Ismail, NA; Jarvis, JN; Karat, AS; Mazanderani, AH; Nel, C; Omar, T; Tiemessen, CT; Wake, RM, 2020)
"Clinical treatment of cryptococcal meningitis (CM) remains a significant challenge because of the lack of effective and safe drug therapies."	1.51	Discovery of Carboline Derivatives as Potent Antifungal Agents for the Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis. ( Han, G; Ji, C; Jiang, Y; Li, Z; Liu, N; Sheng, C; Tu, J; Wang, Y, 2019)
"Amphotericin B was used in 13 patients."	1.51	[Forty cases of neuromeningeal cryptococcosis diagnosed at the Mycology-Parasitology Department of the Ibn Sina hospital in Rabat, over a 21-year period]. ( Aoufi, S; Bandadi, FZ; Lyagoubi, M; Moustachi, A; Raiss, C, 2019)
"The present study showed that mixed infections exist and could be of particular importance for care outcomes."	1.51	Cryptococcus genetic diversity and mixed infections in Ivorian HIV patients: A follow up study. ( Bellet, V; Bertout, S; Chabrol, A; Delaporte, E; Doumbia, A; Drakulovski, P; Kakou, A; Kassi, FK; Krasteva, D; Landman, R; Menan, HEI; Reynes, J; Roger, F, 2019)
"She was diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis in diabetes and had a remarkable response to fluconazole monotherapy."	1.51	CRYPTOCOCCAL meningitis in a HIV negative newly diagnosed diabetic patient: a CASE report. ( Chege, P; Owuor, OH, 2019)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is an opportunistic infection predominantly affecting immunocompromised patients but rarely can affect the immunocompetent."	1.51	Rare presentation of cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent patient. ( Khattab, A; Patruni, S; Sealey, ML, 2019)
"Cryptococcal meningitis has fatality rates of 40%-70%, resulting in 200 000 deaths each year."	1.51	The combination of tamoxifen with amphotericin B, but not with fluconazole, has synergistic activity against the majority of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. ( Day, JN; Hai, TP; Krysan, D; Lan, NPH; Ngan, NTT; Nhat, LTH; Thwaites, GE; Van, AD; Vinh Chau, NV, 2019)
"Cryptococcal meningitis has a high morbidity and mortality among AIDS population."	1.51	Prospective cohort of AIDS patients screened for cryptococcal antigenaemia, pre-emptively treated and followed in Brazil. ( Borges, MASB; de Araújo Filho, JA; de Bastos, AL; de Paula, VV; Moreira, IS; Oliveira, BJS; Soares, RBA; Turchi, MD, 2019)
"BACKGROUND Cryptococcal meningitis in patients who are seronegative for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and in patients who are splenectomized is rare."	1.48	A Rare Presentation of Cryptococcal Meningitis and Cerebellitis in an Asplenic Patient, Seronegative for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). ( Abbas, H; Abbas, N; CiFuentes Kottkamp, A; Cindrich, R; Singh, M, 2018)
"Most had confirmed cryptococcal meningitis, and 54% (14/26) of the symptomatic CrAg+ persons were dead or lost at 6 months."	1.48	A Prospective Evaluation of a Multisite Cryptococcal Screening and Treatment Program in HIV Clinics in Uganda. ( Boulware, DR; Huppler Hullsiek, K; Lofgren, S; Meya, DB; Nalintya, E; Rajasingham, R, 2018)
"Stroke is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality amongst HIV infected persons."	1.48	Ischemic stroke as a complication of cryptococcal meningitis and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case report. ( Benjamin, LA; Ellis, JP; Harrison, TS; Heyderman, RS; Joekes, EC; Kalata, N; Kampondeni, S; Lalloo, DG, 2018)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the leading causes of death in HIV/AIDS patients."	1.46	Molecular identification, antifungal resistance and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus deneoformans isolated in Seville, Spain. ( Alastruey-Izquierdo, A; Aller, AI; Cuesta, I; Gago, S; Gómez-López, A; Martín-Mazuelos, E; Mellado, E; Serrano, C, 2017)
"Fluconazole 1200mg was prescribed to 29 (63%) patients."	1.46	[Fluconazole 1200mg or 800mg for cryptococcal meningitis treatment in Ivory Coast]. ( Doumbia, A; Eholié, SP; Ehui, E; Ello, NF; Kassi, FK; Kassi, NA; Keita, M; Kouakou, GA; Mossou, C; Tanon, A, 2017)
"We describe a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosed with simultaneous cryptococcal and TB meningitis who had a poor response to intravenous liposomal amphotericin B and fluconazole, but was successfully treated with intraventricular amphotericin B, in addition to anti-TB therapy."	1.43	Simultaneous cryptococcal and tuberculous meningitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. ( Arslan, F; Mert, A; Mete, B; Ozaras, R; Ozkara, C; Ozturk, R; Saltoglu, N; Tabak, F; Vanli, E, 2016)
"Cryptococcosis is a potentially severe infection that usually occurs in a setting of immunosuppression."	1.43	[Multiple facial nodules revealing disseminated cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent patient]. ( Benzekri, A; Benzekri, L; Hassam, B; Ismaili, N; Lyagoubi, M; Mansouri, S; Rachadi, H; Ramli, I; Senouci, K, 2016)
"In the United States, cryptococcal meningitis causes approximately 3400 hospitalizations and approximately 330 deaths annually."	1.43	Cryptococcal Meningitis Treatment Strategies Affected by the Explosive Cost of Flucytosine in the United States: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis. ( Boulware, DR; Merry, M, 2016)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is a mycosis encountered especially in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and is fatal in the absence of treatment."	1.42	Cryptoccocal meningitis in Yaoundé (Cameroon) HIV infected patients: Diagnosis, frequency and Cryptococcus neoformans isolates susceptibility study to fluconazole. ( Bertout, S; Boyom, FF; Delaporte, E; Dongtsa, J; Fomena, S; Kammalac Ngouana, T; Kouanfack, C; Mallié, M; Tonfack, C, 2015)
"Our case challenges the concept that immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and microbiological relapse are dichotomous entities."	1.42	Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis relapse after an eight-year delay: an interplay of infection and immune reconstitution. ( Arastéh, K; Blechschmidt, C; Boulware, DR; Branding, G; Katchanov, J; Meintjes, G; Nielsen, K; Stocker, H; Tintelnot, K, 2015)
"The fluconazole treatment was changed to liposomal amphotericin-B and flucytosine after the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis."	1.40	Pulmonary cryptococcosis with endobronchial lesions and meningitis. ( Ishiguro, T; Odashima, K; Shimizu, Y; Sugita, Y; Takayanagi, N, 2014)
" Fluconazole may be an inferior agent for induction therapy because many patients cannot achieve the pharmacodynamic target."	1.39	Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluconazole for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: implications for antifungal therapy and in vitro susceptibility breakpoints. ( Al-Nakeeb, Z; Felton, TW; Goodwin, J; Gregson, L; Harrison, TS; Hope, WW; Howard, SJ; Livermore, J; Perfect, JR; Sharp, A; Sudan, A; Warn, PA, 2013)
" Fluconazole monotherapy is frequently recommended in national guidelines but is a fungistatic drug compromised by uncertainty over optimal dosing and a paucity of clinical end-point outcome data."	1.39	A prospective longitudinal study of the clinical outcomes from cryptococcal meningitis following treatment induction with 800 mg oral fluconazole in Blantyre, Malawi. ( Allain, T; Chikafa, J; Denis, B; Feasey, NA; Goodson, P; Harrison, T; Heyderman, RS; Lalloo, DG; Mukaka, M; Rothe, C; Sloan, DJ; van Oosterhout, JJ, 2013)
"Miltefosine treatment (1."	1.39	Limited activity of miltefosine in murine models of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis and disseminated cryptococcosis. ( Bocanegra, R; Kirkpatrick, WR; Najvar, LK; Patterson, TF; Sorrell, TC; Wiederhold, NP, 2013)
"Immunocompetent children with cryptococcal meningitis who attended Changzheng Hospital between 1998 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed."	1.38	Cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompetent children. ( Hai, W; Jianghan, C; Julin, G; Nan, X; Wanqing, L; Xiaojun, W; Yuanjie, Z, 2012)
"Cryptococcal meningitis has emerged as a leading cause of infectious morbidity and mortality in patients with AIDS."	1.38	A retrospective study of AIDS-associated cryptomeningitis. ( Chakrabarti, A; Randev, S; Sachdeva, RK; Sharma, A; Singh, S; Varma, S; Wanchu, A, 2012)
"In many resource-limited settings, cryptococcal meningitis (CM) contributes up to 20% of all deaths with further complications due to Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)."	1.38	Challenges in diagnosis and management of Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in resource limited settings. ( Bohjanen, P; Lukande, R; Mayanja-Kizza, H; Meya, BD; Musubire, AK; R Boulware, RD; Wiesner, LD, 2012)
"Of 46 patients with cryptococcal meningitis identified, 21 were cured after 10 weeks of treatment."	1.38	Correlation of anti-fungal susceptibility with clinical outcomes in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. ( Chang, TY; Chen, FJ; Chien, CC; Lee, CH; Liu, JW; Lu, CH; Tang, YF, 2012)
"The patient with cryptococcal meningitis was treated with amphotericin B and fluconazole and the patient with cerebral aspergilloma with voriconazole."	1.38	Two rare cases of central nervous system opportunistic mycoses. ( Baršić, B; Mlinarić Missoni, E, 2012)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is much less common in children than adults."	1.37	[Cryptococcal meningitis in children: description of 3 cases]. ( Diagne, NR; Diop, AG; Ndiaye, M; Ndiaye, MM; Seck, LB; Sène, MS; Sow, AD; Sow, HD, 2011)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common life-threatening fungal infection and is associated with high mortality in children."	1.36	The role of an Ommaya reservoir in the management of children with cryptococcal meningitis. ( Gao, F; Jiang, PF; Shen, SX; Shui, QX; Xia, ZZ; Yu, HM; Zhou, BL, 2010)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is the commonest cause of adult meningitis in Southern Africa."	1.36	Symptomatic relapse of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in South Africa: the role of inadequate secondary prophylaxis. ( Harrison, TS; Jarvis, JN; Meintjes, G; Rebe, K; Williams, Z, 2010)
"Cryptococcosis is a rare infection with high mortality in patients who have undergone heart transplantation (HT)."	1.35	Review of risk factors in four cases of cryptococcosis after heart transplantation. ( Chen, YS; Chi, NH; Chou, NK; Tsai, HE; Wang, JL; Wang, SS, 2008)
"Therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cryptococcal meningitis in many centers in Africa is fluconazole administered at a dosage of 400-800 mg per day."	1.35	Dose response effect of high-dose fluconazole for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in southwestern Uganda. ( Andia, I; Chakera, A; Harrison, TS; Jaffar, S; Longley, N; Muzoora, C; Mwesigye, J; Rwebembera, J; Taseera, K; Wall, E, 2008)
"Two HIV-infected patients had recurrent cryptococcal meningitis (CM) despite treatment with fluconazole and immune reconstitution with combination antiretroviral therapy (CART)."	1.35	Recurrence of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients following immune reconstitution. ( Corbett, EL; Ferrand, RA; Mangeya, N; Miller, RF; Seddon, J, 2009)
"Progress in therapy for cryptococcal meningitis has been slow because of the lack of a suitable marker of treatment response."	1.35	Independent association between rate of clearance of infection and clinical outcome of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: analysis of a combined cohort of 262 patients. ( Bekker, LG; Bicanic, T; Brouwer, AE; Chierakul, W; Harrison, TS; Jaffar, S; Jarvis, J; Limmathurotsakul, D; Longley, N; Loyse, A; Meintjes, G; Muzoora, C; Rebe, K; Stepniewska, K; Taseera, K; White, NJ; Wood, R, 2009)
"Of 101 AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis who received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 13 experienced cryptococcal IRIS."	1.35	Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study. ( Anekthananon, T; Chetchotisakd, P; Filler, SG; Johnson, PC; Kendrick, AS; Kopetskie, H; Larsen, RA; Manosuthi, W; Morris, MI; Nolen, TL; Pappas, PG; Sobel, JD; Sungkanuparph, S; Supparatpinyo, K, 2009)
"Fluconazole was discontinued at this time, and liposomal amphotericin B was resumed."	1.35	Torsades de pointes in a patient receiving fluconazole for cerebral cryptococcosis. ( Grayson, ML; McMahon, JH, 2008)
"We developed a guinea pig model of cryptococcal meningitis to evaluate antifungal agents."	1.34	New guinea pig model of Cryptococcal meningitis. ( Bocanegra, R; Graybill, JR; Kirkpatrick, WR; Najvar, LK; Patterson, TF, 2007)
" Accordingly, we made the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis and immediately started multiple anti fungal drugs with dosage modification according to her impaired renal function."	1.34	[A case of cryptococcal meningitis with nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency under immunosuppressive therapy]. ( Ichikawa, D; Kimura, K; Sato, T; Shima, Y; Tsuchida, H; Yasuda, T, 2007)
"In 2000, cryptococcal meningitis was a common HIV related opportunistic infection in central Thailand requiring inpatient management but few patients suffering from it could afford a full course of treatment once infection had occurred."	1.34	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related cryptococcal meningitis in rural central Thailand--treatment difficulties and prevention strategies. ( Inverarity, D; Wright, P, 2007)
"Two patients with HIV/AIDS (CD4 counts of 8 and 81 cells/mm(3)) presented with altered mental status, visual changes, florid cryptococcal meningitis, and elevated ICP (>500 mm CSF) without evidence of hydrocephalus on computed tomography scan."	1.33	The use of ventriculoperitoneal shunts for uncontrollable intracranial hypertension without ventriculomegally secondary to HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. ( McGirt, MJ; Rigamonti, D; Williams, MA; Woodworth, GF, 2005)
"A case is reported of cryptococcal meningitis in a 27-y-old male suffering from X-linked hyper-IgM1 syndrome."	1.33	Cryptococcal meningitis in a patient with X-linked hyper-IgM1 syndrome. ( de Górgolas, M; Erice, A; Gil, A; Gutiérrez, J; Hernando, C; Rivas, P; Rodríguez, MC, 2005)
" Regression analysis was used to assess the correspondence between the in vitro fluconazole concentration-response curve and the murine dose-response curve observed in our previously reported murine model."	1.33	Correspondence of in vitro and in vivo fluconazole dose-response curves for Cryptococcus neoformans. ( Bauer, M; Citron, D; Harrison, TS; Larsen, RA; Rathbun, M; Sanchez, A; Thomas, AM, 2005)
"Fluconazole was the only systemic antifungal therapy available in our centre."	1.33	Outcome of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis initially treated with 200 mg/day or 400 mg/day of fluconazole. ( Maartens, G; Meintjes, GA; Morroni, C; Post, FA; Schaars, CF, 2006)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is an uncommon but often fatal complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)."	1.32	Cryptococcal meningitis in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. ( Chi, C; Chiu, C; Fu, L; Liou, J; Tseng, C, 2003)
"Albaconazole was 100-fold more potent in vitro than fluconazole on a per-weight basis and was fungicidal at potentially relevant concentrations for two isolates."	1.32	In vitro and in vivo efficacies of the new triazole albaconazole against Cryptococcus neoformans. ( Bartroli, J; Benjamin, DK; Boyce, M; Miller, JL; Perfect, JR; Schell, WA; Toffaletti, DL; Wills, EA, 2004)
"Amphotericin B was tested at 0."	1.32	Amphotericin B and fluconazole, a potent combination therapy for cryptococcal meningitis. ( Bauer, M; Graybill, JR; Larsen, RA; Thomas, AM, 2004)
"Cryptococcal meningitis is the third-most-common opportunistic infection in HIV patients in Cambodia."	1.32	Increasing in vitro resistance to fluconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans Cambodian isolates: April 2000 to March 2002. ( Buisson, Y; Keo, C; Monchy, D; Sar, B; Sarthou, JL; Vann, M, 2004)
"75 mg/kg), administered singly or in combination with flucytosine (100 mg/kg)."	1.31	Effects of fluconazole singly and in combination with 5-fluorocytosine or amphotericin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in an intracranial murine model. ( Ghannoum, MA; Hossain, MA; Long, L; Mukherjee, PK; Reyes, G, 2002)
" Ventricular drainage and amphotericin B intraventricularly via an implanted tube into dilated ventricle could improve the clinical condition of serious cryptococcal meningitis and decrease the dosage of systemic use of amphotericin B, therefore, reduce the side-effects of the drugs."	1.31	[A clinical study of 26 cases of cryptococcal meningitis]. ( Li, T; Liu, Z; Qin, S; Sheng, R; Wang, A, 2002)
"Fluconazole is a commonly prescribed antifungal agent with a favorable safety profile."	1.31	Fluconazole-induced agranulocytosis with eosinophilia. ( Shriner, K; Wong-Beringer, A, 2000)
"There are few reports on cryptococcal meningitis in non-HIV-infected patients in subtropical areas."	1.31	Cryptococcal meningitis in non-HIV-infected patients. ( Chang, SC; Chen, YC; Hsieh, WC; Luh, KT; Shih, CC, 2000)
"Cryptococcal meningitis was the first AIDS defining illness in 210 (91%) patients."	1.31	Clinical presentation, natural history, and cumulative death rates of 230 adults with primary cryptococcal meningitis in Zambian AIDS patients treated under local conditions. ( Chintu, C; Mwaba, P; Mwansa, J; Pobee, J; Portsmouth, S; Scarborough, M; Zumla, A, 2001)
" Three major findings were demonstrated: (i) correlation between the MICs for the isolates and the in vivo effectiveness of fluconazole as assessed by the reduction in cryptococcal brain burden, (ii) a dose-response curve (a higher dose of fluconazole was significantly more efficacious than a lower dose [P < 0."	1.30	Combination therapy with fluconazole and flucytosine in the murine model of cryptococcal meningitis. ( Graybill, JR; Najvar, LK; Nguyen, MH; Yu, CY, 1997)
"Fluconazole is an azole antifungal agent."	1.30	Adverse reactions to fluconazole: illustrative case with focus on desensitization. ( Craig, TJ, 1997)
"Treatment with flucytosine with or without fluconazole dissolved in the sole source of drinking water was started on day 2; animals were sacrificed at 16 days, and the numbers of fungal colonies in the brain were quantified."	1.30	Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion combined with flucytosine with or without fluconazole for treatment of murine cryptococcal meningitis. ( Bauer, M; Daniel, BE; Diamond, DM; Ding, JC; Graybill, JR; Johnson, D; Larsen, RA; Leal, MA; Najvar, L; Thomas, AM; Williams, BK, 1998)
"neofomans from 120 Ugandan AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis by analyzing their electrophoretic karyotypes and antifungal susceptibility profiles."	1.30	Molecular epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Ugandan AIDS patients. ( Ghannoum, M; Jessup, C; Mbidde, E; Messer, S; Pfaller, M; Tumberland, M; Zhang, J, 1998)
"To identify the risk factors for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with HIV disease we conducted a nested case-control study of 37 incident cases of cryptococcal meningitis and 74 controls, identified from a cohort of more than 2000 HIV-infected patients."	1.30	Risk factors for cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients. ( Chaisson, RE; Moore, RD; Oursler, KA, 1999)
"Infarctions though rare in cryptococcal meningitis should be considered in patients with chronic meningitis with vasculitis."	1.30	Midbrain infarction: a rare presentation of cryptococcal meningitis. ( Ayagiri, A; Bansal, R; Kalita, J; Misra, UK, 1999)
"Seventy-one patients with cryptococcal meningitis, 46 males and 25 females, aged 15-83 years, were included in this study."	1.30	The prognostic factors of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-negative patients. ( Chang, HW; Chang, WN; Chuang, YC; Lu, CH, 1999)
"Four patients with cryptococcal meningitis have been treated with fluconazole in the past two years at the Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Medical Center."	1.29	[Clinical experience with fluconazole monotherapy in cryptococcal meningitis: report of four cases]. ( La, ML; Ong, CT; Tsai, JJ, 1993)
"Patients with cryptococcal meningitis tend to have recurrences of infection."	1.29	Persistence of initial infection in recurrent Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis. ( Casadevall, A; Freundlich, LF; Spitzer, ED; Spitzer, SG, 1993)
"Cryptococcal meningitis was diagnosed in a 71-year-old male diabetic patient with underlying ischaemic heart disease, asthma and bilateral axillo-femoral vascular grafts."	1.29	Pyrolysis typing of isolates from a recurrence of systemic cryptococcosis. ( Hosein, IK; Magee, JT; Philpot, C; Yang, J, 1994)
"Treatment with fluconazole resulted in poor clinical and mycological response."	1.29	Fluconazole-resistant Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in an AIDS patient. ( Bobbaers, H; Peetermans, W; Vandepitte, J; Verhaegen, J, 1993)
"The problem of cryptococcal meningitis is likely to become increasingly common as HIV infection becomes more widespread."	1.29	Cryptococcal meningitis in Lilongwe and Blantyre, Malawi. ( Maher, D; Mwandumba, H, 1994)
"The above study was intended to evaluate certain pharmacokinetic properties as well as the pharmacological activity of fluconazole in patients with cryptococcal meningitis."	1.29	[Clinical and pharmacokinetic observations on fluconazole in the management of cryptococcal meningitis]. ( Arduino, C; Bertucci, R; Leggieri, A; Milano, R; Preziosi, C; Veglio, V, 1993)
" The optimal dosage of fluconazole and the impact of combination with flucytosine are not known."	1.29	Treatment of experimental cryptococcal meningitis with fluconazole: impact of dose and addition of flucytosine on mycologic and pathophysiologic outcome. ( Elliott, BR; Kartalija, M; Kaye, K; Liu, Q; Sande, MA; Täuber, MG; Tureen, JH, 1996)
"Fluconazole is an alternative therapy, but its efficacy has not been documented in the patient population not infected with HIV."	1.29	Fluconazole and amphotericin B for cryptococcal meningitis. ( Clark, AB; Gelfand, MS; Lobo, BL, 1996)
"Eighteen consecutive AIDS patients with a first episode of cryptococcal meningitis were enrolled in the study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of amphotericin B with or without flucytosine followed by fluconazole as primary therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS."	1.29	Amphotericin B with or without flucytosine followed by fluconazole as primary therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. ( Jaruratanasirikul, S, 1996)
"The use of preventive treatment for fungal infections is cautioned due to the possibility of resistance to treatment."	1.29	Fungal infection overview. ( , 1995)
"Symptoms of cryptococcal meningitis appear gradually and generally include headache, fever, or malaise."	1.29	Cryptococcosis. ( Powderly, WG, 1996)
"Treatment with fluconazole seems to be an effective alternative in treatment of CNM."	1.28	[Fluconazole treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with HIV infection. Presentation of 4 cases]. ( Bernacer, B; Carrasco, R; Navarro, V; Nieto, A; Rodríguez, M; Roig, P; Salavert, M, 1992)
"Cryptococcal meningitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is particularly common in tropical Africa."	1.28	Cryptococcal meningitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in African patients: treatment with fluconazole. ( Aubry, P; Bogaerts, J; Dupont, B; Durbec, JP; Kadio, A; Laroche, R; Latif, A; M'Pele, P; Taelman, H; Touze, JE, 1992)
"Eight patients with AIDS were treated orally with 800 mg of fluconazole daily for cryptococcal meningitis for a mean duration of 4."	1.28	Use of high-dose fluconazole as salvage therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. ( Berry, AJ; Graybill, JR; Rinaldi, MG, 1992)
"Fluconazole has shown effectiveness in maintenance therapy, being not be possible to evaluate it as an acute phase therapy because the low number of cases in which it was studied."	1.28	[Cryptococcosis in AIDS patients: a study of 19 cases]. ( Adrados de Llano, M; García Aguado, C; Gazapo Carretero, E; González Lahoz, JM; Martínez Blanco, ML; Verdejo Ortes, J, 1992)
" Because amphotericin B nephrotoxicity was suspected, further intravenous administration was stopped after a cumulative dosage of 2 g."	1.28	[Cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS: successful long-term prophylaxis with fluconazole]. ( Glück, T; Weber, P; Wiedmann, KH, 1991)

Research

Studies (357)

Authors

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

6 Month Meningitis-free Survival

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	97 (27.17)	18.2507
2000's	100 (28.01)	29.6817
2010's	110 (30.81)	24.3611
2020's	50 (14.01)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Kirkpatrick, WR	3
Najvar, LK	5
Bocanegra, R	2
Patterson, TF	3
Graybill, JR	12
Tu, J	2
Li, Z	2
Jiang, Y	4
Ji, C	2
Han, G	1
Wang, Y	3
Liu, N	2
Sheng, C	2
Li, W	1
Yun, Z	1
Yang, W	1
Li, J	1
Ngan, NTT	3
Thanh Hoang Le, N	1
Vi Vi, NN	1
Van, NTT	1
Mai, NTH	1
Van Anh, D	2
Trieu, PH	1
Lan, NPH	2
Phu, NH	1
Chau, NVV	2
Lalloo, DG	9
Hope, W	6
Beardsley, J	1
White, NJ	3
Geskus, R	1
Thwaites, GE	2
Krysan, D	2
Tai, LTH	1
Kestelyn, E	1
Binh, TQ	1
Hung, LQ	1
Tung, NLN	1
Day, JN	4
Liu, J	6
Li, M	5
Liang, JY	1
Xu, XF	1
Zeng, WG	1
Wang, YJ	1
Peng, FH	2
Ohnishi, YO	1
Pantoja, ASL	1
Abraão, LSO	1
Alves, NG	1
Ohnishi, MDO	1
Libonati, RMF	1
Ventura, AMRDS	1
Palácios, VRDCM	1
Rajasingham, R	9
Nalintya, E	5
Israelski, DM	1
Meya, DB	12
Larson, BA	1
Boulware, DR	20
Nelles, R	1
Britton, S	1
John, GT	1
Denaro, C	1
Jarvis, JN	17
Lawrence, DS	6
Kagimu, E	1
Kasibante, J	1
Mpoza, E	2
Rutakingirwa, MK	2
Ssebambulidde, K	3
Tugume, L	4
Rhein, J	5
Mwandumba, HC	3
Moyo, M	1
Mzinganjira, H	1
Kanyama, C	7
Hosseinipour, MC	8
Chawinga, C	4
Meintjes, G	12
Schutz, C	4
Comins, K	1
Singh, A	1
Muzoora, C	7
Jjunju, S	1
Nuwagira, E	3
Mosepele, M	3
Leeme, T	2
Siamisang, K	1
Ndhlovu, CE	4
Hlupeni, A	2
Mutata, C	1
van Widenfelt, E	1
Chen, T	4
Wang, D	3
Boyer-Chammard, T	4
Loyse, A	11
Molloy, SF	10
Youssouf, N	2
Lortholary, O	15
Jaffar, S	11
Harrison, TS	33
Temfack, E	8
Mashau, RC	1
Meiring, ST	1
Quan, VC	1
Nel, J	1
Greene, GS	1
Garcia, A	1
Menezes, C	1
Reddy, DL	1
Venter, M	1
Stacey, S	1
Madua, M	1
Boretti, L	1
Shroufi, A	2
Trivino-Duran, L	1
Black, J	1
Govender, NP	2
Su, X	1
Yang, L	1
Wang, A	2
Xu, X	4
Peng, F	3
Falci, DR	1
Pasqualotto, AC	2
Zhao, T	1
Wu, Y	1
Zhang, W	1
Zeng, Q	1
Lu, Y	1
Yang, T	1
Zhou, G	1
Yu, J	1
Lan, K	1
Harypursat, V	1
Chen, Y	2
Burry, J	2
Casas, CP	1
Ford, N	6
Zhao, HZ	2
Cheng, JH	2
Zhou, LH	2
Luo, Y	1
Zhu, RS	1
Jiang, YK	2
Wang, X	3
Zhu, LP	2
Flower, B	1
Shapiro, AE	2
Tenforde, MW	3
Chiller, TM	1
Ssali, A	1
Moshashane, N	1
Nabaggala, G	1
Maphane, L	1
Seeley, J	1
Samukawa, S	3
Yoshimi, R	3
Kojitani, N	3
Uzawa, Y	3
Takase-Minegishi, K	3
Kirino, Y	3
Soejima, Y	3
Kato, H	3
Nakajima, H	3
Lalloo, UG	1
Komarow, L	1
Aberg, JA	1
Clifford, DB	1
Hogg, E	1
McKhann, A	1
Bukuru, A	1
Lagat, D	1
Pillay, S	1
Mave, V	1
Supparatpinyo, K	6
Samaneka, W	1
Langat, D	1
Ticona, E	2
Badal-Faesen, S	1
Larsen, RA	17
Loua, OO	1
Alle Akakpo, AE	1
Ouedraogo, D	1
Cissoko, Y	1
Soumaré, M	2
Konaté, I	1
Dao, S	1
Huang, Q	1
Hong, Z	1
Hong, Q	1
Giamberardino, CD	1
Tenor, JL	1
Toffaletti, DL	2
Palmucci, JR	1
Schell, W	1
Boua, J-VK	1
Marius, C	1
Stott, KE	2
Steele, SL	1
Cilla, D	1
Perfect, JR	5
Alanazi, AH	1
Chastain, DB	1
Rudraraju, M	1
Parvathagiri, V	1
Shan, S	1
Lin, X	1
Henao-Martínez, AF	1
Franco-Paredes, C	1
Narayanan, SP	1
Somanath, PR	1
Alhadab, AA	2
Musubire, A	1
Williams, DA	2
Abassi, M	3
Nicol, MR	1
Brundage, RC	1
Lawrence, D	1
Delliere, S	1
Lanternier, F	2
Alanio, A	3
Pastick, KA	2
Stephens, N	1
Evans, EE	2
Ndyetukira, JF	1
Skipper, C	1
Bandadi, FZ	1
Raiss, C	1
Moustachi, A	1
Lyagoubi, M	2
Aoufi, S	1
Kassi, FK	2
Drakulovski, P	1
Bellet, V	1
Roger, F	1
Chabrol, A	1
Krasteva, D	1
Doumbia, A	2
Landman, R	1
Kakou, A	1
Reynes, J	1
Delaporte, E	2
Menan, HEI	1
Bertout, S	2
Pullen, MF	1
Hullsiek, KH	3
Musubire, AK	2
Kiggundu, R	1
Akampurira, A	2
Nabeta, HW	1
Skipper, CP	2
Morawski, BM	1
Bangdiwala, AS	2
Gertz, AM	1
Wills, NK	1
Guthrie, BL	1
Farquhar, C	1
Otto, SBJ	1
George, PE	1
Mercedes, R	1
Nabukeera-Barungi, N	1
Lakoh, S	1
Rickman, H	1
Sesay, M	1
Kenneh, S	1
Burke, R	1
Baldeh, M	1
Jiba, DF	1
Tejan, YS	1
Boyle, S	1
Koroma, C	1
Deen, GF	1
Beynon, F	1
Vanherp, L	2
Poelmans, J	2
Hillen, A	2
Janbon, G	1
Brock, M	1
Lagrou, K	2
Vande Velde, G	2
Himmelreich, U	2
Kalinoski, T	1
Malenfant, J	1
Yim, C	1
Jeng, A	1
Wambaugh, MA	1
Denham, ST	1
Ayala, M	1
Brammer, B	1
Stonhill, MA	1
Brown, JC	1
Kirumira, P	1
Naluyima, R	1
Turya, F	1
Namanda, S	1
Nikweri, Y	2
Murphy, LS	1
Lacy, AJ	1
Smith, AT	1
Shah, KS	1
Hu, D	1
Zhang, Q	2
Jiang, W	1
Arastehfar, A	1
Ilkit, M	1
Fang, W	1
Li, H	1
Chen, X	1
Zhang, L	1
Li, X	2
Pan, W	1
Liao, W	3
O'Connor, L	1
Chau, TTH	1
Huong, LNP	1
Wolbers, M	1
Mejia-Chew, C	1
Sung, A	1
Larson, L	1
Powderly, WG	11
Spec, A	1
Weerasekera, A	1
Croitor-Sava, AR	1
Sorrell, TC	2
Deng, X	1
Gan, Q	1
Kitonsa, J	2
Nsubuga, R	1
Mayanja, Y	2
Kiwanuka, J	2
Onyango, M	1
Anywaine, Z	2
Ggayi, AB	2
Kibengo, FM	1
Kaleebu, P	2
Day, J	3
Vidal, JE	2
de Albuquerque Moraes, C	1
de Siqueira, REB	1
Miranda, NFB	1
Marcusso, R	1
de Oliveira, ACP	1
Anjum, S	1
Dean, O	1
Kosa, P	1
Magone, MT	1
King, KA	1
Fitzgibbon, E	1
Kim, HJ	1
Zalewski, C	1
Murphy, E	1
Billioux, BJ	1
Chisholm, J	1
Brewer, CC	1
Krieger, C	1
Elsegeiny, W	1
Scott, TL	1
Wang, J	1
Hunsberger, S	1
Bennett, JE	1
Nath, A	1
Marr, KA	1
Bielekova, B	1
Wendler, D	1
Hammoud, DA	1
Williamson, P	1
Warrell, CE	1
Macrae, C	1
McLean, ARD	1
Wilkins, E	1
Ashley, EA	1
Smithuis, F	1
Tun, NN	1
Drain, PK	1
Galagan, SR	1
Govere, S	1
Krows, M	1
Thulare, H	1
Wallis, CL	1
Gosnell, BI	1
Moosa, MY	1
Celum, C	1
Bassett, IV	1
Bremer, M	1
Kadernani, YE	1
Wasserman, S	1
Wilkinson, RJ	1
Davis, AG	1
Ding, JZ	1
Torres, C	1
Concha-Velasco, F	1
González-Lagos, E	1
Seas, C	1
Bustamante, B	2
Frola, C	1
Guelfand, L	2
Blugerman, G	1
Szyld, E	1
Kaufman, S	1
Cahn, P	2
Sued, O	1
Pérez, H	1
de Carvalho Santana, R	1
Schiave, LA	1
Dos Santos Quaglio, AS	1
de Gaitani, CM	1
Martinez, R	1
Lahiri Mukhopadhyay, S	1
Bahubali, VH	1
Manjunath, N	1
Swaminathan, A	1
Maji, S	1
Palaniappan, M	1
Parthasarathy, S	1
Chandrashekar, N	2
Ming, DK	1
Johnson, KL	1
James, MD	1
Carrera-Justiz, S	1
Hatlen, TJ	2
Murphy, RA	2
Persichino, JG	1
Wirth, F	1
de Azevedo, MI	1
Pilla, C	1
Aquino, VR	2
Neto, GW	1
Goldani, LZ	2
Beyene, T	1
Zewde, AG	1
Balcha, A	1
Hirpo, B	1
Yitbarik, T	1
Gebissa, T	1
Pasquier, E	1
Kunda, J	1
De Beaudrap, P	1
Moosa, MS	1
Bongomin, F	1
Oladele, RO	1
Gago, S	2
Moore, CB	1
Richardson, MD	1
Abbas, H	1
CiFuentes Kottkamp, A	1
Abbas, N	1
Cindrich, R	1
Singh, M	1
Lofgren, S	2
Huppler Hullsiek, K	1
Heyderman, RS	7
Kouanfack, C	4
Chanda, D	4
Mfinanga, S	4
Lakhi, S	4
Lesikari, S	2
Chan, AK	3
Stone, N	2
Kalata, N	3
Karunaharan, N	2
Gaskell, K	2
Peirse, M	2
Ellis, J	1
Lontsi, S	1
Ndong, JG	1
Bright, P	2
Lupiya, D	2
Bradley, J	2
Adams, J	2
van der Horst, C	4
van Oosterhout, JJ	3
Sini, V	2
Mapoure, YN	2
Mwaba, P	4
Bicanic, T	9
Xu, L	1
Liao, J	1
Kuang, W	1
Zhu, C	1
Yi, H	1
Johnson, WJ	1
Blice, JP	1
Lee, KK	1
Uppar, A	1
Raj, ARP	1
Konar, S	1
Kandregula, S	1
Shukla, D	1
Somanna, S	1
Devi, BI	1
C, Y	1
Mosojane, KI	1
Sowash, M	1
Williams, VL	1
Kovarik, CL	1
Chimowa, T	1
King, I	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Randomized Trial of Tamoxifen Combined With Amphotericin B and Fluconazole for Cryptococcal Meningitis[NCT03112031]	Phase 2	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-10	Completed
Cryptococcal Antigen Screening Plus Sertraline[NCT03002012]	Phase 3	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-15	Terminated (stopped due to SAEs with n=1 serotonin syndrome, n=2 SAEs after sertraline interruption.)
Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy for Opportunistic Fungal Infections in AIDS Patients[NCT05153005]		600 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-04-01	Recruiting
A Multi-center, Prospective, Randomized Trial of Amphotericin B in the Initial Antifungal Therapy for Non-HIV Cryptococcal Meningitis Patients[NCT06178627]	Phase 4	250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-13	Enrolling by invitation
Adjunctive Sertraline for the Treatment of HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis[NCT01802385]	Phase 3	460 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-09	Completed
A Phase I/II Dose-Finding Study of High-Dose Fluconazole Treatment in AIDS-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis[NCT00885703]	Phase 1/Phase 2	168 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-16	Completed
A Phase II Randomized Trial of Amphotericin B Alone or Combined With Fluconazole in the Treatment of AIDS-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis[NCT00145249]	Phase 2	143 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-05-31	Completed
Randomized Control Trial of Early vs Delayed ART in the Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis.[NCT00830856]		54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
Trial for the Optimal Timing of HIV Therapy After Cryptococcal Meningitis[NCT01075152]	Phase 4	177 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
A Pilot Study of Fluconazole Plus Flucytosine for the Treatment of AIDS Patients With Acute Cryptococcal Meningitis.[NCT00002113]		64 participants	Interventional		Completed
Multi-center Comparison of Fluconazole (UK-49,858) and Amphotericin B as Treatment for Acute Cryptococcal Meningitis[NCT00000708]		120 participants	Interventional		Completed
Comparison of Fluconazole (UK-49,858) and Amphotericin B for Maintenance Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome[NCT00001017]	Phase 3	330 participants	Interventional		Completed
A Randomized Double Blind Protocol Comparing Amphotericin B With Flucytosine to Amphotericin B Alone Followed by a Comparison of Fluconazole and Itraconazole in the Treatment of Acute Cryptococcal Meningitis[NCT00000639]		400 participants	Interventional		Completed
Multicenter Comparison of Fluconazole (UK-49,858) and Amphotericin B as Maintenance Treatment for the Prevention of Relapse of Cryptococcal Meningitis in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome[NCT00002074]		0 participants	Interventional		Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"Cryptococcal meningitis free survival with retention-in-care through 6 months~Those who die of any cause are failures~Those developing symptomatic cryptococcal meningitis are failures~Those lost to follow up and unable to be tracked are considered failures" (NCT03002012)
Timeframe: 6 months

6-month Survival

All-Cause Premature Study Drug/Placebo Discontinuation

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Sertraline	11
Control	9

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Sertraline	11
Control	10

Number of participants whose study drug/placebo use was halted prematurely due to any cause through 6 months (NCT03002012)
Timeframe: 6 months

Cumulative Incidence of Symptomatic Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Sertraline	1
Control	0

Cumulative incidence of symptomatic cryptococcal meningoencephalitis through 6 months (NCT03002012)
Timeframe: 6 months

Number of Clinical Adverse Events (Grade 3-5)

Intervention	meningitis events (Number)
Sertraline	0
Control	1

Number of Clinical Adverse Events by Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Scale for Grade 3-5 events through 6 months (NCT03002012)
Timeframe: 6 months

Number of Laboratory Grade 3-5 Adverse Events

Intervention	number of grade 3-5 adverse events (Number)
Sertraline	4
Control	2

Number of Laboratory Grade 3-5 Adverse Events through 6 months as per the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) grading scale (NCT03002012)
Timeframe: 6 months

Adherence to Study Drug

Intervention	number of grade 3-5 adverse events (Number)
Sertraline	4
Control	1

Participants' percent adherence to study drug regiment by pharmacy medication counts, representing the percent of the total prescribed medication taken by participants. (NCT03002012)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Prevalence of Depression by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) Over Time

Intervention	Percent of total prescribed medication t (Median)
	Week 2	Week 4	Week 8	Week 12
Control	100	100	100	100
Sertraline	100	100	97	89

Prevalence of depression by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) over 6 months as measured at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. The PHQ-9 is a 9-item instrument for screening, diagnosing, monitoring, and measuring the severity of depression. Items are rated on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). Total score is a sum of 9 item scores (Range 0-27). Greater scores indicate greater depressive symptoms. PHQ-9 scores of: 0-4 Minimal/No depression; 5-9 Mild depression; 10-14 Moderate depression; 15-19 Moderate severe depression; 20-27 Severe depression. This endpoint reports the median (interquartile range) of the PHQ-9 scores over time. (NCT03002012)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Center for Epidemiologic Studies in Depression (CES-D) Scale

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	Week 4	Week 8	Week 12
Control	5	3	2
Sertraline	5	6	2

Center for Epidemiologic Studies in Depression (CES-D) scale at 14 weeks. CES-D scores are based on a 20 item survey with total scores ranging from 0 to 60. Higher scores suggest a greater presence of depressive symptoms. A CES-D score of 16 or higher is interpreted to indicate a risk for depression. (NCT01802385)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

Count of Participants With Cerebrospinal Fluid Sterility

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Placebo	16.6
Sertraline 400mg	13.2

Number of participants with sterile cerebrospinal fluid at 2 weeks (NCT01802385)
Timeframe: 14 days

Event Free Survival

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	90
Sertraline 400mg	101

Event free survival of composite events of: death,central nervous system (CNS) cryptococcal-related paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) or culture-positive relapse. (NCT01802385)
Timeframe: 18 weeks

Number of Participants Experiencing IRIS OR Relapse

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	116
Sertraline 400mg	103

Cumulative incidence of central nervous system (CNS) cryptococcal-related paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) or culture-positive relapse (NCT01802385)
Timeframe: 18 weeks

Quantitative Neurocognitive Performance Score (QNPZ-8)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	9
Sertraline 400mg	5

Quantitative neurocognitive performance Z-score (QNPZ-8) at 14 weeks. The QNPZ-8 is a mean score of testing of 8 neurocognitive domains. Eqach domain is scaled based on a Z-score where the mean = 0 for the HIV-negative Ugandan population, accounting for age and educational status. Each +1 unit is one standard deviation better than the population norm. Each -1 unit is one standard deviation worse than the population norm. (NCT01802385)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

Safety (Occurence of Adverse Events)

Intervention	score (Mean)
Placebo	-1.4
Sertraline 400mg	-1.3

Safety and tolerability of adjunctive sertraline (grade 4-5) adverse reactions (NCT01802385)
Timeframe: 18 weeks

Survival

Intervention	events (Number)
Placebo	121
Sertraline 400mg	141

18-week survival. The comparison will be between sertraline 400mg group and placebo (NCT01802385)
Timeframe: 18 weeks

Fungal Clearance as Determined by Early Fungicidal Activity of CDF

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	125
Sertraline 400mg	109

To determine whether adjunctive sertraline will lead to a faster rate of fungal clearance from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as measured by early fungicidal activity (EFA) of clearance of the Cryptococcus colony forming units (cfu) per mL of CSF per day, compared to standard therapy alone. (NCT01802385)
Timeframe: 14 days

Change in Log10 Quantitative CSF Culture Results

Intervention	-log10 CFU/ml/day (Mean)
	General Linear Regression	Mixed-Effects Regression
Placebo	0.47	0.33
Sertraline 400mg	.43	.33

"Change in quantitative CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) cultures.~Note: No further CSF specimens are drawn following a negative culture. Thus, only week 2 CSF cultures are considered in this analysis." (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Entry and Week 2

Kaplan Meier (KM) Proportion of Participant Mortality

Intervention	Log10 CFU/mL (Median)
Fluconazole 1200mg	-1.51
Fluconazole 1600mg	-2.51
Fluconazole 2000mg	-1.78
Ampho B	-2.81

Kaplan Meier Proportion of participants who died over study with 90% Confidence Intervals. (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week 24

Length of Hospitalization

Intervention	proportion of participants (Number)
Fluconazole 1200mg	0.41
Fluconazole 1600mg	0.30
Fluconazole 2000mg	0.36
Ampho B	0.24

Duration of first hospitalization in days starting at entry in safety population. (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week 10

Number of Participants Who Discontinued Study-provided High Dose Fluconazole or Ampho B

Intervention	Days (Median)
Fluconazole 1200mg	15
Fluconazole 1600mg	17.5
Fluconazole 2000mg	18
Ampho B	18.5

"Discontinuation of study-provided high dose fluconazole at or by week 10 Discontinuation of study-provided ampho B at or by week 2~Discontinuation includes discontinuing for any reason, including progression of symptoms, death, etc." (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week10

Number of Participants With CNS IRIS

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Stage 1, Fluconazole 1200mg	14
Stage 1, Fluconazole 1600mg	11
Stage 1, Fluconazole 2000mg	11
Stage 1, Ampho B	6
Stage 2, Fluconazole 1600mg	12
Stage 2, Fluconazole 2000mg	13
Stage 2, Ampho B	6

Number of participants who were diagnosed with CNS immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week 24

Number of Participants With Progression of Symptoms

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fluconazole 1200mg	1
Fluconazole 1600mg	0
Fluconazole 2000mg	0
Ampho B	1

"Progression of symptoms is defined as:~Died (including early deaths)~Discontinued Fluconazole and started ampho B~Had a positive cryptococcal culture at week 10~Microbiological Failure (i.e., relapse of CM)~Complication of CM (e.g., obstructive hydrocephalus or vascular complications such as venous or arterial thrombosis)~CM IRIS causing increased inflammation after ART exposure~New CNS Ol (e.g., toxoplasmosis, PML, CNS lymphoma)~Possibly related to CM but mechanism indeterminate~Other defined complication unrelated to CM" (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week 24

Number of Participants With Grade 3 and 4 Adverse Events

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fluconazole 1200mg	14
Fluconazole 1600mg	21
Fluconazole 2000mg	24
Ampho B	19

"Occurrence of grade 3 (severe) and 4 (life-threatening) sign and symptoms events (as defined by FSTRF Appendix 29)~Occurrence of grade 3 (severe) and 4 (life-threatening) laboratory events (as defined by FSTRF Appendix 76)~See DAIDS AE Grading table V1.0" (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week 24

Results of Functional Status Evaluation

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Sign/Symptom Events	Laboratory Events
Ampho B	24	30
Fluconazole 1200mg	16	12
Fluconazole 1600mg	23	27
Fluconazole 2000mg	32	26

"Functional assessment of work status and ability. Consists of 2 measures: 1) Does participants have full time work status 2) Does participant have functional ability to work.~The measure from 6 week before enrollment will be referred to as 'baseline'." (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured 6 weeks before enrollment, at study entry, at Week 10, and at Week 24

Categorized Quantitative Culture Results

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Baseline Had full time work status	Entry Had full time work status	Week 10 Had full time work status	Week 24 Had full time work status	Baseline Had functional ability to work	Entry Had functional ability to work	Week 10 Had functional ability to work	Week 24 Had functional ability to work
Ampho B	42	9	13	22	38	7	15	24
Fluconazole 1200mg	18	3	3	7	16	1	4	7
Fluconazole 1600mg	41	9	16	18	41	8	18	19
Fluconazole 2000mg	36	8	9	17	32	3	9	16

Count of participants who were CM negative (had no cryptococcal growth), CM negative after switching treatment (switched from Fluconazole to Ampho B or vice versa and later became CM negative), CM positive, Died, Lost to follow-up. Note: CM positive means continued to have cryptococcal growth. (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: At entry, Week 2, and Week 10

Results of the Neurological Examination

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Week 072337496	Week 072337498	Week 072337499	Week 072337497	Week 272337496	Week 272337497	Week 272337498	Week 272337499	Week 1072337496	Week 1072337497	Week 1072337498	Week 1072337499
	CM Negative after switching treatment	Died	Lost to Follow-up	CM Positive	CM Negative
Fluconazole 1200mg	20
Fluconazole 1600mg	45
Fluconazole 2000mg	43
Ampho B	46
Fluconazole 1200mg	0
Fluconazole 2000mg	0
Ampho B	0
Fluconazole 1600mg	0
Fluconazole 1200mg	12
Fluconazole 1600mg	27
Fluconazole 2000mg	27
Ampho B	29
Fluconazole 1600mg	12
Fluconazole 2000mg	10
Ampho B	13
Fluconazole 1200mg	5
Fluconazole 1600mg	6
Fluconazole 2000mg	6
Ampho B	4
Fluconazole 1200mg	3
Fluconazole 1600mg	4
Fluconazole 2000mg	3
Ampho B	2
Fluconazole 1200mg	8
Fluconazole 1600mg	24
Fluconazole 2000mg	22
Ampho B	37
Fluconazole 1200mg	1
Fluconazole 2000mg	5
Fluconazole 1600mg	10
Fluconazole 2000mg	12
Ampho B	5
Fluconazole 1600mg	3
Fluconazole 2000mg	1
Ampho B	1

Results from Glasgow Coma Score, which provides assessment of impairment of conscious level in response to defined stimuli. Min score of 0 and max score of 15 (no mental impairment). (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured at study entry, Week 2, and Week 10

Mean Change in Neurological Exam Score From Baseline - Day 14

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Week 072337496	Week 072337497	Week 072337498	Week 072337499	Week 272337496	Week 272337497	Week 272337498	Week 272337499	Week 1072337497	Week 1072337498	Week 1072337496	Week 1072337499
	Score = 15	Score < 15
Fluconazole 1200mg	5
Fluconazole 1600mg	5
Fluconazole 2000mg	5
Ampho B	1
Fluconazole 1200mg	17
Fluconazole 1600mg	45
Fluconazole 2000mg	42
Ampho B	47
Fluconazole 1200mg	2
Fluconazole 1600mg	4
Fluconazole 2000mg	4
Ampho B	5
Fluconazole 1200mg	15
Fluconazole 1600mg	38
Fluconazole 2000mg	36
Ampho B	38
Fluconazole 1200mg	1
Fluconazole 1600mg	1
Fluconazole 2000mg	1
Ampho B	0
Fluconazole 1200mg	11
Fluconazole 1600mg	33
Fluconazole 2000mg	26
Ampho B	34

Neurological assessment by Mini-mental Status Exam (MMSE). This is collected as a continuous variable with values from 0-30; where lower scores indicate greater impairment. (NCT00145249)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 14

Mean Change in Neurological Exam Score From Baseline - Day 168

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
AmphoB Standard	0.5
AmphoB+Fluc400	2.1
AmphoB + Fluc800	3.5

Mean Change in Neurological Exam Score From Baseline - Day 42

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
AmphoB Standard	2.0
AmphoB+Fluc400	2.8
AmphoB + Fluc800	4.4

Mean Change in Neurological Exam Score From Baseline - Day 70

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
AmphoB Standard	1.6
AmphoB+Fluc400	1.8
AmphoB + Fluc800	3.3

Mean Days of Hospitalization

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
AmphoB Standard	1.5
AmphoB+Fluc400	2.2
AmphoB + Fluc800	4.2

Mean days of hospitalization. Includes days subject was hospitalized prior to study enrollment for current hospital stay. (NCT00145249)
Timeframe: 7, 14, 42, and 70 days

Number of Deaths

Intervention	Days (Mean)
	Day 7	Day 14	Day 42	Day 70
AmphoB + Fluc800	8.1	13.6	16.5	16.6
AmphoB Standard	8.9	15.4	16.3	16.7
AmphoB+Fluc400	8.8	15.1	17.4	20.1

"Number of deaths occurring on study.~Day = Day relative to the first dose of study drug." (NCT00145249)
Timeframe: 14, 42, and 70 days

Number of Dose-limiting Toxicities Attributed to Treatment Regimens

Intervention	Subjects (Number)
	All Deaths	Day 1-14	Day 15-42	Day 43-70	Day >70
AmphoB + Fluc800	9	1	1	5	2
AmphoB Standard	10	3	3	1	3
AmphoB+Fluc400	8	2	2	2	2

"Events are reported by MedDRA Preferred Term.~Dose limiting toxicities include events that resulted in study drug being adjusted, interrupted, or discontinued." (NCT00145249)
Timeframe: Day 100

Number of Grade 3-5 Adverse Experiences That Are Definitely or Probably Related to Study Drug

Intervention	Events (Number)
	All Events	Blood creatinine increased	Creatinine renal clearance decreased	Creatinine renal clearance increased	Renal failure	Renal failure acute	Azotaemia	Renal impairment	Nausea	Vomiting	Drug intolerance	Chills	Neutropenia	Hepatitis acute	Pneumonia	Dehydration	Respiratory failure
AmphoB + Fluc800	14	1	2	2	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1
AmphoB Standard	6	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
AmphoB+Fluc400	7	1	1	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0

"Events are reported by MedDRA Preferred Term.~Grade 3 - Severe. Incapacitating; inability to perform usual activities and daily tasks; significantly affects clinical status; requires therapeutic intervention.~Grade 4 - Life-threatening. AE is life-threatening.~Grade 5 - Death. AE causes death." (NCT00145249)
Timeframe: Day 100

Number of Subjects Meeting the Key Efficacy Endpoint of Treatment Success

Intervention	Events (Number)
	Hypomagnesaemia	Hypokalaemia	Anaemia	Drug intolerance	Creatinine renal clearance increased	Psychotic disorder
AmphoB + Fluc800	0	1	0	0	1	1
AmphoB Standard	2	0	1	1	0	0
AmphoB+Fluc400	1	0	1	0	0	0

Treatment success is defined as a composite of the 3 mycologic and clinical measures: CSF culture conversion; neurologically stable or improved; and alive (NCT00145249)
Timeframe: 14, 42, and 70 days

Number of Subjects Reporting Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)

Intervention	Subjects (Number)
	Day 14 - Success	Day 42 - Success	Day 70 - Success
AmphoB + Fluc800	22	33	32
AmphoB Standard	19	33	33
AmphoB+Fluc400	13	35	36

"Number of subjects reporting immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) following treatment.~Day = Day relative to first dose of study drug" (NCT00145249)
Timeframe: 14, 42, and 70 days

Number of Subjects With Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Culture Conversion at Multiple Time Points

Intervention	Subjects (Number)
	Day 1 through 70	Day 1-14	Day 15-42	Day 43-70
AmphoB + Fluc800	1	0	0	1
AmphoB Standard	2	0	1	1
AmphoB+Fluc400	0	0	0	0

Number of subjects that have a negative fungal culture at Baseline, Day 14, Day 42, and Day 70. (NCT00145249)
Timeframe: Baseline, 14, 42, and 70 days

46-week Survival

Intervention	Subjects (Number)
	Baseline - Negative	Day 14 - Negative	Day 42 - Negative	Day 70 - Negative
AmphoB + Fluc800	0	22	36	38
AmphoB Standard	0	20	35	36
AmphoB+Fluc400	0	13	37	39

46-week survival by time-to-event analysis of all subjects enrolled (NCT01075152)
Timeframe: 46 weeks

Antiretroviral Therapy Tolerability

Intervention	participants (Number)
Earlier HIV Therapy	41
Deferred HIV Therapy	29

Incidence of antiretroviral therapy interruption by >=3 consecutive days (NCT01075152)
Timeframe: 26 weeks

HIV-1 Viral Suppression

Intervention	participants (Number)
Earlier HIV Therapy	5
Deferred HIV Therapy	1

HIV-1 virologic suppression to <400 copies/mL at 26-weeks after enrollment (NCT01075152)
Timeframe: 26 weeks

Incidence of Cryptococcal-relapse

Intervention	participants (Number)
Earlier HIV Therapy	43
Deferred HIV Therapy	49

Incidence of culture positive cryptococcal meningitis relapse (NCT01075152)
Timeframe: 46 weeks

Incidence of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

Intervention	participants (Number)
Earlier HIV Therapy	2
Deferred HIV Therapy	8

Incidence of cryptococcal-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome through 46 weeks after enrollment. (NCT01075152)
Timeframe: 46 weeks

Mortality

Intervention	participants (Number)
Earlier HIV Therapy	17
Deferred HIV Therapy	9

Intention to treat analysis of 26 week survival of all subjects enrolled. Reported below are the numbers of participants who died by Week 26. (NCT01075152)
Timeframe: 26 weeks from study entry

Safety of ART Initiation

Intervention	participants (Number)
Earlier HIV Therapy	40
Deferred HIV Therapy	27

Incidence of Adverse Events (Grade 3,4,5) through 46-weeks, as defined by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS toxicity classification scale, version 2009. (NCT01075152)
Timeframe: 46 weeks

Karnofsky Functional Status

Intervention	participants (Number)
Earlier HIV Therapy	73
Deferred HIV Therapy	75

"Functional status via Karnofsky performance status score at 4, 26, 46 weeks.~Karnofsky Scale:~100 - Normal; no complaints; no evidence of disease. 90 - Able to carry on normal activity; minor signs or symptoms of disease. 80 - Normal activity with effort; some signs or symptoms of disease. 70 - Cares for self; unable to carry on normal activity or to do active work. 60 - Requires occasional assistance, but is able to care for most of his personal needs.~50 - Requires considerable assistance and frequent medical care. 40 - Disabled; requires special care and assistance. 30 - Severely disabled; hospital admission is indicated although death not imminent.~20 - Very sick; hospital admission necessary; active supportive treatment necessary.~10 - Moribund; fatal processes progressing rapidly. 0 - Dead" (NCT01075152)
Timeframe: 46 weeks

Microbiologic Clearance

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	4 weeks	26 weeks	46 weeks
Deferred HIV Therapy	70	93	95
Earlier HIV Therapy	70	93	92

Microbiologic clearance of cryptococcus as measured by serial quantitative cryptococcal cultures collected at diagnosis through 14 days of amphotericin therapy. The early fungicidal activity (EFA) of the rate of clearance is expressed as log10 colony forming units (CFU) of Cryptococcus neoformans per mL of CSF per day. (NCT01075152)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Percentage of Participants, Per CSF WBC Subgroup, Who Died by Week 26

Intervention	log10 CFU/mL/day (Mean)
	EFA by mixed effects model	EFA by linear regression
Deferred HIV Therapy	-0.31	-0.35
Earlier HIV Therapy	-0.31	-0.39

Percentage of Participants who died by week 26 based on CSF white blood cell (WBC) count at study entry (time of randomization at a median of 8 days of anti-fungal therapy). (NCT01075152)
Timeframe: 26 weeks

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	CSF WBC <5 /mcl (n=33, 31)	CSF WBC >5/mcL (n=42, 40)
Deferred HIV Therapy	16.1	45
Earlier HIV Therapy	48.5	40.5

Article	Year
Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis: How Have We Got Here and Where are We Going? Drugs, 2022, Volume: 82, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Fluconazole; Flucytosine; Glucocorticoids; HIV Infections;	2022
An updated systematic review of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis treatment strategies. HIV medicine, 2023, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fluconazole; Flucytosine; HIV Infectio	2023
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis with Actinomyces odontolyticus sepsis: a case report and literature review. BMC infectious diseases, 2023, Jun-27, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Actinomyces; Actinomycosis; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Cryptococcus neoformans; Fluconazole;	2023
New Insights Into Cryptococcus Spp. Biology and Cryptococcal Meningitis. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 2019, 10-31, Volume: 19, Issue:10 Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cryptococcus; Drug Therapy	2019
Cryptococcosis in pregnancy and the postpartum period: Case series and systematic review with recommendations for management. Medical mycology, 2020, Apr-01, Volume: 58, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cryptococcus neoform	2020
Mortality from HIV-associated meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2020, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Aged; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Female; Fluconazole; HIV	2020
Strategies for the diagnosis and management of meningitis in HIV-infected adults in resource limited settings. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2021, Volume: 22, Issue:15 Topics: Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antifungal Agents; Fluconazole; HIV Infections; Humans	2021
Long-term Mortality and Disability in Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Systematic Literature Review. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2018, 03-19, Volume: 66, Issue:7 Topics: Antifungal Agents; Australia; Cryptococcus gattii; Cryptococcus neoformans; Disabled Persons; Flucon	2018
A systematic review of fluconazole resistance in clinical isolates of Cryptococcus species. Mycoses, 2018, Volume: 61, Issue:5 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antifungal Agents; Cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus neoformans; D	2018
Impact of Routine Cryptococcal Antigen Screening and Targeted Preemptive Fluconazole Therapy in Antiretroviral-naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Adults With CD4 Cell Counts <100/μL: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019, 02-01, Volume: 68, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antifungal Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Chemoprevention; Female; Fl	2019
Early versus delayed antiretroviral treatment in HIV-positive people with cryptococcal meningitis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 07-24, Volume: 7 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Anti-HIV Agents; Antifungal Agents; Cause of	2018
Treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 07-25, Volume: 7 Topics: Acetazolamide; Acute Disease; Adult; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Developing Countries; Drug A	2018
Leave no one behind: response to new evidence and guidelines for the management of cryptococcal meningitis in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2019, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Africa; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Coinfection; Cryptococcus neoformans; Developing Countrie	2019
Recent advances in managing HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. F1000Research, 2019, Volume: 8 Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Fluconazole; Flucytosine; HIV Infections; Humans; Meningitis, Cry	2019
Flucytosine and cryptococcosis: time to urgently address the worldwide accessibility of a 50-year-old antifungal. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2013, Volume: 68, Issue:11 Topics: Africa; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Asia; Fluconazole;	2013
Comparison of flucytosine and fluconazole combined with amphotericin B for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 2014, Volume: 33, Issue:8 Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Coinfection; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fluconazole; Flucytosine;	2014
[Cryptococcal meningitis]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 2015, Volume: 159 Topics: Adult; Aged; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Cryptococcus neoformans; Female; Fluconazole; Flucyt	2015
Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii Infection in HIV-Seronegative Patients from Northeast India: Report of Two Cases with Review of Literature. Mycopathologia, 2016, Volume: 181, Issue:3-4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Base Sequence; Cryptococcus neoformans; Dermat	2016
Physiological Differences in Cryptococcus neoformans Strains Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2017, Volume: 61, Issue:3 Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Cryptococcus neoformans; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fluconazole; Fu	2017
Recent advances in AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis treatment with an emphasis on resource limited settings. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 2017, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Anti-HIV	2017
Treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in HIV infected adults, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2008, Oct-08, Issue:4 Topics: Acetazolamide; Acute Disease; Adult; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Antihypertensive Agents; Dev	2008
Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in resource limited settings. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 2009, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Developing Countries; Fluc	2009
New insights in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. Current HIV/AIDS reports, 2012, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifunga	2012
Cryptococcal meningitis and sarcoidosis. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 2002, Volume: 34, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Brain; Cryptococcus neoformans; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Meningitis, Cryptococcal; Predni	2002
Cerebral infarction related to cryptococcal meningitis in an HIV-infected patient: case report and literature review. The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, 2004, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Cerebral Infarction	2004
Cryptococcal meningitis. British medical bulletin, 2004, Volume: 72 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination;	2004
Cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent child: a case report and literature review. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 2004, Volume: 35, Issue:4 Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Child, Preschool; Cryptococcus neoformans; Female; Fluconazole; H	2004
Antifungal interventions for the primary prevention of cryptococcal disease in adults with HIV. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2005, Jul-20, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antifungal Agents; Cryptococcosis; Fluconazole; Humans	2005
Lumbar drainage for control of raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure in cryptococcal meningitis: case report and review. The Journal of infection, 2005, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Cerebrospinal Fluid	2005
Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: report of four cases in three patients and review of the literature. The Journal of infection, 2005, Volume: 51, Issue:5 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; An	2005
Cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. Hospital practice (Office ed.), 1993, Oct-15, Volume: 28, Issue:10 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Carbon; Coloring Agents	1993
The role of azoles in the treatment and prophylaxis of cryptococcal disease in HIV infection. AIDS (London, England), 1994, Volume: 8, Issue:5 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Cryptococcosis; Fluconazole; Fungemia; Humans	1994
Management of systemic manifestations of fungal disease in patients with AIDS. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1994, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Pt 2 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Amphotericin B; Coccidioidomycosis; Cryptococcosis; Drug Therapy	1994
Cryptococcal meningitis and AIDS. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1993, Volume: 17, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Disease; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Clinical Tr	1993
Recent advances in the management of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1996, Volume: 22 Suppl 2 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic;	1996
Recent advances in the management of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1996, Volume: 22 Suppl 2 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic;	1996
Recent advances in the management of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1996, Volume: 22 Suppl 2 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic;	1996
Recent advances in the management of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1996, Volume: 22 Suppl 2 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic;	1996
[High-dose therapy with fluconazole > or = 800 mg/day. Review]. Mycoses, 1997, Volume: 40 Suppl 1 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Dose-Respo	1997
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[The efficacy of sequential treatment with amphotericin B-fluorocytosine and fluconazole in cryptococcal meningitis not associated with AIDS]. Revista clinica espanola, 1999, Volume: 199, Issue:7 Topics: Aged; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Drug Therapy, Combin	1999
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fluconazole and Cerebral Cryptococcosis