fibrin and Central-Nervous-System-Diseases

The plasminogen activation (PA) system consists in a group of proteases and protease inhibitors regulating the activation of the zymogen plasminogen into its proteolytically active form, plasmin. Here, we give an update of the current knowledge about the role of the PA system on different aspects of neuroinflammation. These include modification in blood-brain barrier integrity, leukocyte diapedesis, removal of fibrin deposits in nervous tissues, microglial activation and neutrophil functions. Furthermore, we focus on the molecular mechanisms (some of them independent of plasmin generation and even of proteolysis) and target receptors responsible for these effects. The description of these mechanisms of action may help designing new therapeutic strategies targeting the expression, activity and molecular mediators of the PA system in neurological disorders involving neuroinflammatory processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.

Topics: Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Central Nervous System Diseases; Fibrin; Fibrinolysin; Humans; Inflammation; Leukocytes; Microglia; Plasminogen; Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Ordered gelation under spin-coating conditions, as reported here, is a suitable method to order cells in biogels. Cell ordering is of great importance for functional repair of central nervous system (CNS) injuries, because therapies must include strategies to bridge chystic gaps and facilitate axon growth towards its target. Organized biocompatible and biodegradable substrates may be used for this purpose, to supply trophic support and provide directional cues for neuronal process outgrowth. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM), confirmed that fibrils in kappa-carrageenan/chitosan and fibrin hydrogels prepared under spin-coating conditions, were longitudinally arranged. The cell model was conveniently tested using rat C6 glioma cells. C6 cells were distributed regularly in fibrin gels formed under centrifugal force. The ability of ordered fibrin scaffolds to promote uniform distribution of transplanted cells, was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy.

Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Carrageenan; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Central Nervous System Diseases; Chitosan; Fibrin; In Vitro Techniques; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Temperature

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Central Nervous System Diseases; Fibrin; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Rectal Neoplasms

Using selectively immunological methods, it was possible, through FSP determination, for plasmin activities and plasminogen concentrations to be occasionally and exclusively detected in inflammatorily altered liquores and in bloody liquores, respectively. Thus, bloody cerebrospinal fluid, in contrast with inflammatorily altered liquor, usually shows free fibrinolytic activity, so that antifibrinolytic therapy of intracranial aneurysmal hemorrhage is pathophysiologically justifiable.

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Chronic Disease; Fibrin; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Fibrinogen; Fibrinolysin; Hemorrhage; Humans; Inflammation; Plasminogen

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anemia, Hemolytic; Anuria; Blood Cell Count; Blood Coagulation Factors; Blood Transfusion; Central Nervous System Diseases; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Fibrin; Hematuria; Hemoglobins; Hemolysis; Heparin; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Infant; Kidney; Kidney Glomerulus; Peritoneal Dialysis; Thrombocytopenia

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Child; Encephalitis; Fibrin; Hematoma; Hematoma, Subdural; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Intracranial Embolism; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis; Meningitis; Pathology