exudates and Orthomyxoviridae-Infections

Topics: Animals; Asia; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Hantavirus Infections; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Hong Kong; Humans; Malaysia; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxovirinae; RNA Virus Infections; Sudan; Swine

Equine influenza is a major cause of respiratory infections in horses and can spread rapidly despite the availability of commercial vaccines. In this study, we carried out molecular characterization of Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) isolated from the Malaysian outbreak in 2015 by sequencing of the HA and NA gene segments using Sanger sequencing. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of HA and NA were compared with representative Florida clade 1 and clade 2 strains using phylogenetic analysis. The Florida clade 1 viruses identified in this outbreak revealed numerous amino acid substitutions in the HA protein as compared to the current OIE vaccine strain recommendations and representative strains of circulating Florida sub-lineage clade 1 and clade 2. Differences in HA included amino acids located within antigenic sites which could lead to reduced immune recognition of the outbreak strain and alter the effectiveness of vaccination against the outbreak strain. Detailed surveillance and genetic information sharing could allow genetic drift of equine influenza viruses to be monitored more effectively on a global basis and aid in refinement of vaccine strain selection for EIV.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acid Substitution; Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; Horse Diseases; Horses; Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype; Malaysia; Nasopharynx; Neuraminidase; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Sequence Alignment; Vaccination; Viral Proteins

Topics: Animals; Cyprinidae; Fish Diseases; Malaysia; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Tilapia

Following a series of H5N1 cases in chickens and birds in a few states in Malaysia, there was much interest in the influenza A viruses subtypes that circulate among the local pig populations. Pigs may act as a mixing vessel for avian and mammal influenza viruses, resulting in new reassorted viruses. This study investigated the presence of antibodies against influenza H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in pigs from Peninsular Malaysia using Herdcheck Swine Influenza H1N1 and H3N2 Antibody Test Kits. At the same time, the presence of influenza virus was examined from the nasal swabs of seropositive pigs by virus isolation and real time RT-PCR. The list of pig farms was obtained from the headquarters of the Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia, and pig herds were selected randomly from six of 11 states in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 727 serum and nasal swab samples were collected from 4- to 6-month-old pigs between May and August 2005. By ELISA, the seroprevalences of swine influenza H1N1 and H3N2 among pigs were 12.2% and 12.1% respectively. Seropositivity for either of the virus subtypes was detected in less than half of the 41 sampled farms (41.4%). Combination of both subtypes was detected in 4% of all pigs and in 22% of sampled farms. However, no virus or viral nucleic acid was detected from nasal samples. This study identified that the seropositivity of pigs to H1N1 and H3N2 based on ELISA was significantly associated with factors such as size of farm, importation or purchase of pigs, proximity of farm to other pig farms and the presence of mammalian pets within the farm.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Cross-Sectional Studies; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Influenza A virus; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype; Malaysia; Male; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Risk Factors; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Swine; Swine Diseases; Zoonoses

Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Bird Diseases; Ducks; Influenza A virus; Malaysia; Orthomyxoviridae Infections