exudates and Dry-Eye-Syndromes

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between sleep (duration and quality) and symptoms of dry eye in Singapore Malay and Indian adults.. This was a prospective cross-sectional study. A total of 3303 subjects aged 40 years and above from two large population-based cohorts, the Singapore Malay Eye Study-2 (n = 1191, 2011-2013) and the Singapore Indian Eye Study-2 (n = 2112, 2013-2015), were included. The presence of symptoms of dry eye was defined as having at least one of six symptoms often or all the time. Sleep questionnaires included the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Berlin Questionnaire, STOP-bang questionnaire, and Insomnia Severity Index. Poor sleep quality was defined as meeting the respective questionnaire thresholds. General health questionnaires (including sleep duration) and standardized ocular and systemic tests were also used.. Of 3303 participants, 6.4% had excessive sleepiness, 20.5% had high risk for sleep apnea, 2.7% had clinical insomnia, and 7.8% had <5 hours of sleep. These sleep factors were associated with symptoms of dry eye. After adjusting for relevant demographic, medical, and social factors, the following were associated with higher odds of symptoms of dry eye: excessive sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale: odds ratio [OR] = 1.77 [1.15-2.71]), high risk of sleep apnea (Berlin Questionnaire: OR = 1.55 [1.17-2.07], STOP-Bang Questionnaire: OR = 2.66 [1.53-4.61]), clinical insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index: OR = 3.68 [2.17-6.26]) and <5 hours of sleep (OR = 1.73 [1.17-2.57], reference sleep duration 5-9 hours). Sleep apnea, insomnia, and sleep duration were each shown to be independently associated with symptoms of dry eye.. Short sleep duration and poor quality are both significantly and independently associated with symptoms of dry eye.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dry Eye Syndromes; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; India; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Polysomnography; Prospective Studies; Singapore; Sleep; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Tears; Time Factors

To evaluate the incidence of symptomatic dry eye disease (SDED) and associated risk factors in a well-characterized cohort of ethnic Malays in Singapore.. We included 1682 participants (mean age [SD]: 57 [10]years; 55.4% female) without SDED from the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES), a population-based longitudinal study with baseline examination (SiMES-1) conducted between 2004 and 2006, and follow-up examination (SiMES-2) conducted between 2010 and 2013. SDED was considered to be present if a participant answered "often" or "all the time" to any of the six questions from the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study dry eye questionnaire. Age-standardized incidence of SDED was calculated as the crude 6-year cumulative incidence standardized to Singapore's population census. Gender-stratified multivariable log-binomial regression models were utilized to determine the independent risk factors of incident SDED.. At the 6-year follow-up, 86 of 1682 participants had developed SDED, which was equivalent to an age-standardized 6-year incidence of 5.1% (95% CI 4.1-6.4%). There were no differences in the incidence of SDED between men and women (P = 0.9). Multivariable models revealed that presence of glaucoma and poorer self-rated health were independently associated with incident SDED in men (P = 0.003 and 0.03, respectively), while contact lens wear (P = 0.002), history of thyroid disease (P = 0.03), and having had cataract surgery (P = 0.02) were predictive of incident SDED in women.. One in twenty adult Malays developed SDED over a 6-year period. Risk factors for incident SDED were different between men and women. Future studies and public health interventions should consider this gender-specific difference in risk factors.

Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Dry Eye Syndromes; Female; Humans; Incidence; Longitudinal Studies; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Singapore

The purpose of this study was to survey the attitudes of optometrists and ophthalmologists, located in a number of different countries, towards diagnostic tests and therapies for dry eye disease.. A web-based questionnaire was used to survey attitudes using forced-choice questions and Likert scales.. Sixty-one respondents (23 ophthalmologists and 38 optometrists) reported a wide range of patient dry eye symptoms. A large variation in use of diagnostic tests was noted. Patient symptoms and fluorescein staining were reported to be significantly more valuable and more frequently performed than any other test. Artificial tear supplements and improved lid hygiene were the preferred therapeutic options selected by the entire group. The results demonstrated a wide variation in attitudes in relation to satisfaction with the range of available diagnostic and therapeutic options.. This study indicates that the interest for the issue of dry eye is relatively limited amongst eye professionals, as demonstrated by the poor participation in the questionnaire.

Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Dry Eye Syndromes; Egypt; Europe; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Hygiene; Malaysia; New Zealand; Ophthalmic Solutions; Ophthalmology; Optometry; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Surveys and Questionnaires

Two hundred outpatients (115 females and 85 males) attending the University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC) eye clinic, aged 20 years and above and without any ocular surface disorder were recruited for this study. Their tear film status was determined subjectively by their symptoms and quantitatively by the cotton thread test, Schirmer's test, marginal tear film meniscus assessment, fluorescein corneal staining and tear break-up time. Dry eye was considered present if at least one symptom was experienced often or always, within the past 3 months. Dry eye was also considered present if one of these tests was positive; Schirmer's test < 5 mm, Phenol red thread (PRT) test < 10 mm and tear film breakup time (BUT) < 8 seconds. The prevalence of dry eye in this sample population as defined by presence of symptoms and an abnormal test result is 14.5%. Presence of dry eye as detected by clinical testing is higher in the Chinese race (p < 0.01), in the group 40-59 years (p = 0.024). There is no difference between females and males. A lower BUT score was more strongly associated with presence of dry eye symptoms (p = 0.02). Elderly patients have a lower BUT and Schirmer's score. There is lack of agreement between PRT and Schirmer's test, although both are measures of tear quantity.

Topics: Academic Medical Centers; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Dry Eye Syndromes; Female; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence

The aim of the study was to determine the spectrum of clinical ocular involvement in patients with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who have no ocular symptoms. Patients with a diagnosis of SLE based on the 1982 revised American College of Rheumatology criteria and with no ocular complaints were recruited from the SLE clinic. Clinical data regarding their systemic disease and disease activity were recorded and a full ophthalmic examination carried out. 52 patients of mixed ethnicity comprising of 75% Chinese, 19% Malays and 6% Indian patients were recruited. Of these, 51 (98%) were female with a mean age of 34+/-11 (range 16-74 y). 16 (31%) patients had dry eyes while corticosteroid induced glaucoma and cataract was detected in 1 (2%) and 7 (14%) patients, respectively. No patients were found to have sight-threatening ocular conditions such as cotton wool spots, vasculitis, optic neuropathy or uveitis. Patients with clinically inactive disease were found not to have sight-threatening ocular diseases that are known to be associated with SLE. Although they have no ocular complaints, nearly one-third of these patients have dry eyes. Ocular examination may be unnecessary when the disease is clinically inactive and in the absence of ocular symptoms.

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Cataract; China; Dry Eye Syndromes; Ethnicity; Eye Diseases; Female; Glaucoma; Humans; India; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged