ethyl acetate has been researched along with Inflammation in 37 studies
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 2 (5.41) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 2 (5.41) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 20 (54.05) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 13 (35.14) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
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Abbas Bukhari, SN; Akram, M; Alamgeer, -; Hadal Alotaibi, N; Hussain Asim, M; Ikram, J; Muhammad Irfan, H; Niazi, ZR; Qasim, S; Saad Alharbi, K | 1 |
Chang, CI; Chen, PC; Huang, SY; Liu, HL; Lo, YH; Wen, ZH; Yao, ZK | 1 |
Leelapornpisid, P; Leelapornpisid, W; Poomanee, W; Salamon, I; Trakoolpua, K | 1 |
Tan, D; Tang, LD; Wang, JY; Yuan, Y; Zhang, L | 1 |
Felipetto, N; Flores, EMM; Krause, A; Krause, LMF; Lima, VB; Machado, AK; Mezzomo, NF; Peroza, LR; Santos, D; Schaffer, LF; Viana, AR; Zago, AM | 1 |
Apisawetakan, S; Chaithirayanon, K; Itharat, A; Nobsathian, S; Pranweerapaiboon, K; Sobhon, P | 1 |
Chaichanawongsaroj, N; Kato, Y; Kubota, T; Nemidkanam, V | 1 |
Baali, F; Bedjou, F; Deghima, A; Gómez-Mejía, E; León-González, ME; Madrid, Y; Righi, N; Rosales-Conrado, N | 1 |
Araya, H; Begum, SA; Danaraj, J; Fujimoto, Y; Hira, K; Kulkarni, OP; Nessa, S; Pal, PP; Shaik, AB | 1 |
Hu, TJ; Hu, WY; Jia, NN; Li, JC; Ren, CZ; Shi, J; Wei, YY; Xie, YH | 1 |
Makinde, EA; Olatunji, OJ; Zhao, LL | 1 |
He, K; Jiang, S; Lin, L; Tian, H; Yu, F; Zeng, Y; Zhang, Z | 1 |
He, S; Huang, Y; Qiu, L; Wu, X; Xie, J; Xie, Y; Xu, H; Zhang, Q; Zou, L | 1 |
Binil, E; Helen, LR; Jayesh, K; Latha, MS; Vysakh, A | 1 |
Amado, CAB; Barbosa, MMC; Comar, JF; de Mello, JCP; Fortunato, MC; Longhini, R; Natali, MRM; Vicentini, FA | 1 |
Bouassida, KZ; Makni, S; Rezgui, F; Tounsi, S; Trigui, M | 1 |
He, JF; Jin, DX; Luo, XG; Zhang, KQ; Zhang, TC | 1 |
Jolayemi, AT; Ojewole, JA | 1 |
Djomeni, PD; Dongmo, AB; Fotso, AF; Kouam, SF; Longo, F; Savineau, JP; Spiteller, M | 1 |
Hu, H; Li, H; Li, W; Li, Y; Mu, Q; Niu, X; Yao, H | 1 |
Baek, NI; Bang, MH; Cho, YW; Chung, HG; Chung, KS; Lee, KT; Shin, JS; Yun, CH | 1 |
Chumark, P; Kooltheat, N; Laytragoon-Lewin, N; Potup, P; Sranujit, RP; Usuwanthim, K | 1 |
Chang, YS; Chien, TM; Deng, JS; Ho, YL; Hsieh, PC; Huang, GJ; Huang, SS | 1 |
Bose, S; Chin, YW; Cho, J; Kim, YM; Moniruzzaman, M | 1 |
Achtak, H; Badou, A; El Azhary, K; El Hou, A; El Khachibi, M; Habti, N; Moutia, M; Nadifi, S; Tabyaoui, I; Tahiri Jouti, N | 1 |
Cheng, P; Geng, Y; Lu, ZM; Shi, JS; Xu, HY; Xu, ZH; Zhu, S | 1 |
Garjani, A; Maddah, N; Maleki-Dizaji, N; Mehmani, F; Nazemiyeh, H | 1 |
Choi, JW; Heo, SK; Ko, CH; Park, SD; Yi, HS; Yun, HJ | 1 |
Chao, WW; Chen, ML; Hong, YH; Lin, BF | 1 |
Corbett, CE; Fávero, OA; Lago, JH; Laurenti, MD; Melo, AS; Passero, LF; Romoff, P; Toyama, DO; Toyama, MH; Zalewski, CA | 1 |
Han, JH; Jeong, SJ; Khil, JH; Kim, JT; Kim, SH; Koh, W; Lee, EO; Lee, HJ; Lee, SJ | 1 |
Maity, S; Mazumder, UK; Mishra, ML; Pal, D; Sannigrahi, S | 1 |
Battu, GR; Chandra Shekar, KB; Parimi, R | 1 |
Ahn, KS; Choi, SH; Jang, HJ; Jung, SH; Kim, C; Kim, JY; Kim, SH; Kim, SM; Lee, EJ; Nam, D; Shim, BS | 1 |
de Paula, CA; de Souza Filho, JD; de Souza, MR; Grabe-Guimarães, A; Pereira de Resende, ML; Saúde-Guimarães, DA | 1 |
Lin, CC; Lin, CH | 1 |
Lipsky, PE; Ma, L; Mao, Y; Tao, X | 1 |
37 other study(ies) available for ethyl acetate and Inflammation
Article | Year |
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Ethyl-acetate extract of tara mira (Eruca sativa) alleviates the inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis in rats.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Carrageenan; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fabaceae; Female; Formaldehyde; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solvents | 2021 |
The anti-inflammatory properties of ethyl acetate fraction in ethanol extract from Sarcodia suiae sp. alleviates atopic dermatitis-like lesion in mice.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cytokines; Dermatitis, Atopic; Dinitrochlorobenzene; Ethanol; Inflammation; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Plant Extracts; Rhodophyta; Skin | 2022 |
Ameliorative Effect of Bouea macrophylla Griffth Seed Extract Against Bacteria-Induced Acne Inflammation: in vitro study.
Topics: Acetates; Anacardiaceae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Cosmeceuticals; Ellagic Acid; Flavonoids; Humans; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Nitric Oxide; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Propionibacterium acnes | 2022 |
[Effects of triterpenoid and iridoid of Eucommiae Cortex on collagen-induced arthritis in rats].
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cytokines; Ethanol; Humans; Inflammation; Iridoids; Plant Extracts; Rats; Triterpenes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2022 |
Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Harpagophytum procumbens Prevents Oxidative Stress In Vitro and Amphetamine-Induced Alterations in Mice Behavior.
Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Harpagophytum; Inflammation; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts | 2023 |
An ethyl-acetate fraction of Holothuria scabra modulates inflammation in vitro through inhibiting the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines via NF-κB and JNK pathways.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Biological Products; Cell Line; Cytokines; Dinoprostone; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli; Holothuria; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; RAW 264.7 Cells; Sea Cucumbers; Signal Transduction; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2020 |
Ethyl acetate extract of Kaempferia parviflora inhibits Helicobacter pylori-associated mammalian cell inflammation by regulating proinflammatory cytokine expression and leukocyte chemotaxis.
Topics: Acetates; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Cytokines; Helicobacter pylori; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Plant Extracts; Thailand; THP-1 Cells; Zingiberaceae | 2020 |
Anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts from Ranunculus macrophyllus Desf. and their phenolic profile.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Acetates; Algeria; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Ranunculus | 2021 |
Halodule pinifolia (Seagrass) attenuated lipopolysaccharide-, carrageenan-, and crystal-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines: mechanism and chemistry.
Topics: Acetates; Alismatales; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Carrageenan; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Methanol; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Plant Extracts | 2021 |
Ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L. modulates pseudorabies virus-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells via the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Flavonoids; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Mice; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Polygonum; Rabbits; Rodent Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases | 2020 |
Protective effects of ethyl acetate extract from Shorea roxburghii against diabetes induced testicular damage in rats.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Catalase; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Dipterocarpaceae; Glutathione Peroxidase; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Male; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Rats; Spermatozoa; Superoxide Dismutase; Testis; Testosterone | 2021 |
Ethyl acetate fraction from Nymphaea hybrida Peck modulates inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and acute inflammation murine models.
Topics: Acetates; Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Calcium; Capillary Permeability; Carrageenan; Cell Survival; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cytokines; Dinoprostone; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Nymphaea; Otitis; Plant Extracts; RAW 264.7 Cells; Xylenes | 2021 |
The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethyl acetate extract of Viburnum taitoense Hayata.
Topics: Acetates; Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Behavior, Animal; Carrageenan; China; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Flavonoids; Formaldehyde; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RAW 264.7 Cells; Terpenes; Viburnum | 2021 |
Ethyl acetate fraction of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. fruits inhibits proinflammatory mediators via down regulating nuclear factor-κB in LPS stimulated Raw 264.7 cells.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Down-Regulation; Fruit; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Mice; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Plant Extracts; RAW 264.7 Cells; Reactive Oxygen Species; Terminalia; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2017 |
Treatment with Trichilia catigua ethyl-acetate fraction improves healing and reduces oxidative stress in TNBS-induced colitis in rats.
Topics: Acetates; Administration, Oral; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Colitis; Colon; Inflammation; Male; Meliaceae; Myenteric Plexus; Neurons; Oxidative Stress; Peroxidase; Plant Extracts; Rats, Wistar; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; Wound Healing | 2018 |
Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. ethyl acetate fractions effects on inflammation and oxidative stress markers in carrageenan induced paw oedema in mice.
Topics: Acetates; Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Carrageenan; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Inflammation; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Pain; Plant Extracts; Rumex | 2019 |
EtOAc extract of H. attenuatum Choisy inhibits inflammation by suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and modulating the gut microbiota.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Colitis, Ulcerative; Cytokines; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hypericum; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; RAW 264.7 Cells; Signal Transduction | 2019 |
Comparative anti-inflammatory properties of Capsaicin and ethyl-aAcetate extract of Capsicum frutescens linn [Solanaceae] in rats.
Topics: Acetates; Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Capsaicin; Capsicum; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Inflammation; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Preparations; Random Allocation; Rats; Solanaceae | 2013 |
Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate fraction of Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae).
Topics: Acetates; Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Asteraceae; Bidens; Chalcones; Flavonoids; Inflammation; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; Pain; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Quercetin; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2014 |
The anti-inflammatory effects of Caragana tangutica ethyl acetate extract.
Topics: Acetates; Acute Lung Injury; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Caragana; Cyclooxygenase 2; Dinoprostone; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Inflammation; Male; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Mice; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 2014 |
Standardized ethyl acetate fraction from the roots of Brassica rapa attenuates the experimental arthritis by down regulating inflammatory responses and inhibiting NF-κB activation.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Base Sequence; Brassica rapa; Cell Line; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; DNA Primers; Inflammation; Macrophages; Male; Mice; NF-kappa B; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | 2014 |
An ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera Lam. Inhibits human macrophage cytokine production induced by cigarette smoke.
Topics: Acetates; Gene Expression; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Lung; Lung Diseases; Macrophages; Moringa oleifera; Neutrophils; NF-kappa B; Nicotiana; Plant Exudates; Signal Transduction; Smoke; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2014 |
Acanthopanax trifoliatus inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Acetates; Acute Lung Injury; Animals; Cell Count; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cytokines; Eleutherococcus; I-kappa B Proteins; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Plant Extracts; RAW 264.7 Cells | 2015 |
The ethyl acetate fraction from Physalis alkekengi inhibits LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators in BV2 cells and inflammatory pain in mice.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cells, Cultured; Edema; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-6; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Microglia; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Physalis; Plant Extracts; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Reactive Oxygen Species; Signal Transduction; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2016 |
Anti-inflammatory potential of Capparis spinosa L. in vivo in mice through inhibition of cell infiltration and cytokine gene expression.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Capparis; Cytokines; Dermatitis, Contact; Dinitrofluorobenzene; Female; Gene Expression; Genotype; Hexanes; Inflammation; Methanol; Mice; Plant Extracts | 2017 |
Bioassay-guided fractionation of ethyl acetate extract from Armillaria mellea attenuates inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated BV-2 microglia.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Armillaria; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Microglia; Neuroprotective Agents; Plant Extracts | 2017 |
Screening of extracts and fractions from aerial parts of Stachys schtschegleevii Sosn. for anti-inflammatory activities.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Carrageenan; Chloroform; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Inflammation; Male; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solvents; Stachys; Time Factors | 2008 |
Ethylacetate extract from Draconis Resina inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages via suppression of ROS production.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Aorta; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Chemical Fractionation; Dracaena; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Medicine, Korean Traditional; Mice; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Nitric Oxide; Plant Extracts; Reactive Oxygen Species; Resins, Plant | 2010 |
Ethyl acetate extracts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) sprouts inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Cytokines; Genes, Reporter; In Vitro Techniques; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Medicago sativa; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Plant Extracts; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2009 |
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of derivatives from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Baccharis; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Ethanol; Inflammation; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Methylene Chloride; Phospholipases A2, Secretory; Phytotherapy; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2011 |
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl acetate fraction of Polygonum cuspidatum in experimental animals.
Topics: Acetates; Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis, Experimental; C-Reactive Protein; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Edema; Fallopia japonica; Freund's Adjuvant; Inflammation; Medicine, Korean Traditional; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Pain Measurement; Phytotherapy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Rheumatoid Factor; Serotonin | 2012 |
Flavonoids of Enhydra Fluctuans exhibits analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in different animal models.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Asteraceae; Disaccharides; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Flavones; Flavonoids; Glucosides; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Phytotherapy; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2011 |
In vivo and in vitro pharmacological activity of Aristolochia tagala (syn: Aristolochia acuminata) root extracts.
Topics: Acetates; Alkanes; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Aristolochia; Calcimycin; Calcium Ionophores; Carrageenan; Cell Line; Dinoprostone; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Female; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Leukotriene B4; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors | 2011 |
Inhibition of LPS-induced inflammatory biomarkers by ethyl acetate fraction of Patrinia scabiosaefolia through suppression of NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Cyclooxygenase 2; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; Gene Expression; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Lipopolysaccharides; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Male; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Patrinia; Phosphorylation; Plant Extracts; Spleen; Transcription Factor RelA; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2012 |
Pharmacological basis for use of Lychnophora trichocarpha in gouty arthritis: anti-hyperuricemic and anti-inflammatory effects of its extract, fraction and constituents.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis, Gouty; Asteraceae; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Hyperuricemia; Inflammation; Liver; Male; Mice; Oxonic Acid; Phytotherapy; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Solvents; Uric Acid; Xanthine Oxidase | 2012 |
Pharmacological and pathological studies on Taiwan folk medicine (IX): The hepatoprotective effect of the methanolic extract from echinops grijisii.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Acetates; Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Biopsy; Butanols; Carbon Tetrachloride; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chloroform; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Inflammation; Liver Diseases; Methanol; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1993 |
Suppression of carrageenan-induced inflammation in vivo by an extract of the Chinese herbal remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Carrageenan; Cell Line; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Dinoprostone; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Exudates and Transudates; Indicators and Reagents; Inflammation; Isoenzymes; Leukocyte Count; Male; Membrane Proteins; Nitrites; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; RNA, Messenger; Spleen; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 1999 |