ethionamide and Tuberculosis--Pulmonary

The World Health Organization (WHO) End TB Strategy stresses universal access to drug susceptibility testing (DST). DST determines whether Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria are susceptible or resistant to drugs. Xpert MTB/XDR is a rapid nucleic acid amplification test for detection of tuberculosis and drug resistance in one test suitable for use in peripheral and intermediate level laboratories. In specimens where tuberculosis is detected by Xpert MTB/XDR, Xpert MTB/XDR can also detect resistance to isoniazid, fluoroquinolones, ethionamide, and amikacin.. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/XDR for pulmonary tuberculosis in people with presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis (having signs and symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis, including cough, fever, weight loss, night sweats). To assess the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/XDR for resistance to isoniazid, fluoroquinolones, ethionamide, and amikacin in people with tuberculosis detected by Xpert MTB/XDR, irrespective of rifampicin resistance (whether or not rifampicin resistance status was known) and with known rifampicin resistance.. We searched multiple databases to 23 September 2021. We limited searches to 2015 onwards as Xpert MTB/XDR was launched in 2020.. Diagnostic accuracy studies using sputum in adults with presumptive or confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. Reference standards were culture (pulmonary tuberculosis detection); phenotypic DST (pDST), genotypic DST (gDST),composite (pDST and gDST) (drug resistance detection).. Two review authors independently reviewed reports for eligibility and extracted data using a standardized form. For multicentre studies, we anticipated variability in the type and frequency of mutations associated with resistance to a given drug at the different centres and considered each centre as an independent study cohort for quality assessment and analysis. We assessed methodological quality with QUADAS-2, judging risk of bias separately for each target condition and reference standard. For pulmonary tuberculosis detection, owing to heterogeneity in participant characteristics and observed specificity estimates, we reported a range of sensitivity and specificity estimates and did not perform a meta-analysis. For drug resistance detection, we performed meta-analyses by reference standard using bivariate random-effects models. Using GRADE, we assessed certainty of evidence of Xpert MTB/XDR accuracy for detection of resistance to isoniazid and fluoroquinolones in people irrespective of rifampicin resistance and to ethionamide and amikacin in people with known rifampicin resistance, reflecting real-world situations. We used pDST, except for ethionamide resistance where we considered gDST a better reference standard.. We included two multicentre studies from high multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis burden countries, reporting on six independent study cohorts, involving 1228 participants for pulmonary tuberculosis detection and 1141 participants for drug resistance detection. The proportion of participants with rifampicin resistance in the two studies was 47.9% and 80.9%. For tuberculosis detection, we judged high risk of bias for patient selection owing to selective recruitment. For ethionamide resistance detection, we judged high risk of bias for the reference standard, both pDST and gDST, though we considered gDST a better reference standard. Pulmonary tuberculosis detection - Xpert MTB/XDR sensitivity range, 98.3% (96.1 to 99.5) to 98.9% (96.2 to 99.9) and specificity range, 22.5% (14.3 to 32.6) to 100.0% (86.3 to 100.0); median prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis 91.3%, (interquartile range, 89.3% to 91.8%), (2 studies; 1 study reported on 2 cohorts, 1228 participants; very low-certainty evidence, sensitivity and specificity). Drug resistance detection People irrespective of rifampicin resistance - Isoniazid resistance: Xpert MTB/XDR summary sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence interval (CI)) were 94.2% (87.5 to 97.4) and 98.5% (92.6 to 99.7) against pDST, (6 cohorts, 1083 participants, moderate-certainty evidence, sensitivity and specificity). - Fluoroquinolone resistance: Xpert MTB/XDR summary sensitivity and specificity were 93.2% (88.1 to 96.2) and 98.0% (90.8 to 99.6) against pDST, (6 cohorts, 1021 participants; high-certainty evidence, sensitivity; moderate-certainty evidence, specificity). People with known rifampicin resistance - Ethionamide resistance: Xpert MTB/XDR summary sensitivity and specificity were 98.0% (74.2 to 99.9) and 99.7% (83.5 to 100.0) against gDST, (4 cohorts, 434 participants; very low-certainty evidence, sensitivity and specificity). - Amikacin resistance: Xpert MTB/XDR summary sensitivity and specificity were 86.1% (75.0 to 92.7) and 98.9% (93.0 to 99.8) against pDST, (4 cohorts, 490 participants; low-certainty evidence, sensitivity; high-certainty evidence, specificity). Of 1000 people with pulmonary tuberculosis, detected as tuberculosis by Xpert MTB/XDR: - where 50 have isoniazid resistance, 61 would have an Xpert MTB/XDR result indicating isoniazid resistance: of these, 14/61 (23%) would not have isoniazid resistance (FP); 939 (of 1000 people) would have a result indicating the absence of isoniazid resista. Review findings suggest that, in people determined by Xpert MTB/XDR to be tuberculosis-positive, Xpert MTB/XDR provides accurate results for detection of isoniazid and fluoroquinolone resistance and can assist with selection of an optimised treatment regimen. Given that Xpert MTB/XDR targets a limited number of resistance variants in specific genes, the test may perform differently in different settings. Findings in this review should be interpreted with caution. Sensitivity for detection of ethionamide resistance was based only on Xpert MTB/XDR detection of mutations in the inhA promoter region, a known limitation. High risk of bias limits our confidence in Xpert MTB/XDR accuracy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Xpert MTB/XDR's impact will depend on its ability to detect tuberculosis (required for DST), prevalence of resistance to a given drug, health care infrastructure, and access to other tests.

Topics: Adult; Amikacin; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ethionamide; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

One of the first approaches undertaken in the quest for antitubercular compounds was that of understanding the mechanism of action of old drugs and proposing chemical modifications or other strategies to improve their activity, generally lost to the mechanisms of resistance developed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A leading case was the work carried out on a set of compounds with proven activity on the essential pathway of the synthesis of mycolic acids. As a result, different solutions were presented, improving the activity of those inhibitors or producing novel compounds acting on the same molecular target(s), but avoiding the most common resistance strategies developed by the tubercle bacilli. This review focuses on the activity of those compounds, developed following the completion of the studies on several of the classic antitubercular drugs.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Design; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycolic Acids; Phenylthiourea; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Cases of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with tuberculosis have been reported, however, in most of these cases, tuberculosis disease is miliary or severe. Here we report the first case of SIADH induced by ethionamide (TH). The case is a 76 year-old woman. She noticed cough in April 2004 and chest X-ray showed infiltrative shadows on the right upper lung field. Sputum examination revealed positive for TB-PCR, and she was referred to our hospital. Treatment was started with the combination of isoniazid (INH), rifampicin and ethambutol, however susceptibility test showed the bacilli were resistant to INH, then INH was replaced by TH on day 59. Loss of appetite developed 4 days later, the level of consciousness dropped to Japan Coma Scale II-20, and the Na concentration decreased to 113 mEq/l 6 days later. We made the diagnosis of SIADH based on the diagnostic criteria. She recovered from SIADH by the replacement of TH with SM, the restriction of water intake, and the loading of Na. Judging from the coincidence of the administration of TH and the onset of SIADH, no recurrence of SIADH after the cessation of TH, the mildness of tuberculosis, and the onset of SIADH in an already recovered case, we thought that SIADH in this case was causedly TH. Not only adrenal insufficiency but also SIADH should be considered when patients with tuberculosis show hyponatremia, and drugs on use should be reviewed as the possible cause of SIADH.

Topics: Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Hyponatremia; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The optimization of the therapy of lung tuberculosis and asthma bronchiale was supported since 1955 by clinical-pharmacological investigations. The prerequisites therefore--using highly specific methods of distribution and quantification in biological material till to the synthesis of 3H-INH and 3H-RMP were introduced step by step. The investigations--in most cases estimations of the nonbiotransformated part of antituberculotic drugs and theophylline had following purposes: security of the necessary dose especially in the case of INH (hereditary INH-polymorphismus), proof of a sufficient permeation of INH and RMP in the tuberculous kidney, control of the usefulness or uselessness of the INH-depot-preparations, relations between the concentration in the serum and dose respectively of the appearance of side effects, estimation of bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters during the development of an useful retard-preparation of theophylline.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Asthma; Biotransformation; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Rifampin; Theophylline; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The use of high-dose isoniazid in retreatment regimens for tuberculosis, despite acquired isoniazid resistance, could possibly improve therapeutic results if all or part of the organisms were resistant to only low concentrations of that drug. Furthermore, organisms resistant to low concentrations of isoniazid have been shown, on occasion, to be resistant to 2 of the retreatment drugs, ethionamide and pyrazinamide, whereas higher degrees of isoniazid resistance are associated with susceptibility to these drugs. Use of high-dose isoniazid might improve results in retreatment with ethionamide and pyrazinamide by eliminating any organisms with low degrees of isoniazid resistance that have associated ethionamide and pyrazinamide resistance. Two clinical trials concerning this topic have been reported. A controlled retreatment trial with various combinations of ethionamide, cycloserine, and pyrazinamide with and without conventional "low" doses of isoniazid (300 mg per day) showed no benefit when isoniazid was added. However, a noncontrolled trial using ethionamide and pyrazinamide with and without high doses of isoniazid, 1 to 1.5 g per day, showed marked benefit with the added isoniazid. In view of these conflicting data, the use of high-dose isoniazid in retreatment regimens needs further study, which could probably be carried out in the developing countries.

Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; BCG Vaccine; Child, Preschool; China; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Health Education; Hong Kong; Hospitalization; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Racial Groups; Research; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Peptides; Pyrazinamide; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tuberculosis, Urogenital; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Isoniazid; Phenylthiourea; Rabbits; Solubility; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tuberculosis, Renal

Topics: Adolescent; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Cycloserine; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Child, Preschool; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Mice; Models, Biological; Phenazines; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Nervous System Diseases; Neurology; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

South African guidelines recommend protease-inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) with lopinavir-ritonavir for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children <36 months of age. We investigated factors associated with viral suppression and mortality among young children initiating ART.. Treatment-naive, ART-eligible, HIV-infected children (aged 6-104 weeks) were enrolled in an ART strategies trial in South Africa and initiated protease-inhibitor-based ART. Mortality and the probability of viral suppression (defined as HIV RNA load of <400 copies/mL) by 39 weeks after ART initiation were investigated.. Of 254 children who initiated ART, 99 (39%) were cotreated for tuberculosis during follow-up. The mortality rate was 14%. Factors predicting mortality were lower pre-ART weight-for-age z score and higher HIV RNA load. By 39 weeks, 84% of surviving children achieved viral suppression. Children who were not cotreated for tuberculosis were more likely to achieve viral suppression (94.8%) than were children who were receiving cotreatment at ART initiation (74.2%) or who started tuberculosis cotreatment after ART initiation (51.6%; P < .001). Other factors predicting lower probability of viral suppression were lower pre-ART weight- and length-for-age z score, higher HIV RNA load, and World Health Organization disease stage.. High rates of viral suppression can be achieved among infants and young children who initiate protease-inhibitor-based ART. Cotreatment for tuberculosis reduced viral suppression. How best to treat HIV-infected children who require tuberculosis treatment warrants urgent investigation.

Topics: Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antitubercular Agents; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Female; HIV; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Lopinavir; Male; Pyrimidinones; Rifampin; Ritonavir; RNA, Viral; South Africa; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viral Load

Tuberculosis (TB) is increasing in the world and drug-resistant (DR) disease beckons new treatments.. To evaluate the action of interferon (IFN) gamma as immunoadjuvant to chemotherapy on pulmonary DR-TB patients, a pilot, open label clinical trial was carried out in the Cuban reference ward for the management of this disease. The eight subjects existing in the country at the moment received, as in-patients, 1 x 10(6) IU of recombinant human IFN gamma intramuscularly, daily for one month and then three times per week up to 6 months as adjuvant to the indicated chemotherapy, according to their antibiograms and WHO guidelines. Sputum samples collection for direct smear observation and culture as well as routine clinical and thorax radiography assessments were done monthly.. Sputum smears and cultures became negative for acid-fast-bacilli before three months of treatment in all patients. Lesion size was reduced at the end of 6 months treatment; the lesions disappeared in one case. Clinical improvement was also evident; body mass index increased in general. Interferon gamma was well tolerated. Few adverse events were registered, mostly mild; fever and arthralgias prevailed.. These data suggest that IFN gamma is useful and well tolerated as adjunctive therapy in patients with DR-TB. Further controlled clinical trials are encouraged.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adult; Amikacin; Antitubercular Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pilot Projects; Pyrazinamide; Radiography; Recombinant Proteins; Rifampin; Sputum; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Department of tuberculosis and chest diseases of a tertiary referral tuberculosis institute in New Delhi, India.. To study the efficacy and safety of sparfloxacin, in combination with kanamycin (for the initial 3-4 months) and ethionamide, in multidrug-resistant (MDR) pulmonary tuberculosis patients.. Prospective, uncontrolled study of nine patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who had received adequate anti-tuberculosis treatment with first-line drugs, including supervised category II treatment regimen as per World Health Organization guidelines for 5 months, and were still sputum smear acid-fast bacilli positive. It was planned to give them kanamycin (initial 3-4 months), ethionamide and sparfloxacin for 2 years.. All nine patients achieved sputum conversion within 6 months. Seven patients converted within 3.5 months, two of these within 1 month. All patients reported improvement in clinical symptoms, and chest X-ray improved in seven patients. Four patients developed mild to moderate phototoxicity. Eight patients have completed treatment for an average of 19 months (range 15-24 months), and are still under follow-up. One patient defaulted after 7 months of treatment.. In MDR-TB patients, sparfloxacin, along with other anti-tuberculosis drugs, appears to be effective and safe. Mild to moderate phototoxicity is common. However, the long-term results, including relapses, are still awaited.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Culture Media; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prospective Studies; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

A clinical study about the efficacy of rifapentine in the treatment and 3 years' follow up on initial pulmonary tuberculous patient. Altogether 267 patients of initial pulmonary tuberculosis with positive smears were randomly divided into 3 groups; Group I with DL473 twice-weekly (2HE+L2/7H2L2), Group IIARFp twice-weekly (2HE+R2/7H2R2) and Group IIBRFP daily (2HRE/7HR) for controls. Results are: the conversion rate to smear negative are 96.0%, 96.4% and 97.1% respectively (P > 0.05); the sputum conversion rate by cultures are 98.0%, 95.7% and 96.4% respectively (P > 0.05). From X-Ray pictures, the treatment effect of Group I are similar to that of Group IIB. But in Group I with less side action were observed. The relapse rate of the three groups are 2.6%, 3.8% and 3.1% respectively (P > 0.05). From this investigation, we can draw a conclusion that the twice-weekly of rifapentine has at least an effect similar to rifampicin given daily. Further investigation of DL473 once weekly will soon be followed.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; India; Isonicotinic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Prothionamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

In a controlled clinical trial in Hong Kong, 575 Chinese adults with smear-positive isoniazid-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis, who had previously been treated with first-line chemotherapy, were allocated at random to regimens of rifampicin plus ethambutol daily (ER7), twice-weekly (ER2), once-weekly (ER1), or daily for 2 months and then once-weekly (ER7ER1), or to a standard retreatment regimen of daily ethionamide plus pyrazinamide plus cycloserine (EtZC). The ER7 patients were allocated to 12 or 18 months of chemotherapy, and the remainder to 18 months. As assessed at 18 months, a favourable response was achieved in 87 per cent of 91 ER7 patients, 79 per cent of 84 ER2, 81 per cent of 53 ER1, 87 per cent of 62 ER7ER1, and in 88 per cent of 68 EtZC patients (93 per cent of 59 EtZC patients if those with ethionamide-resistant strains pretreatment are excluded). As assessed at 18 and 30 months the ER7 regime was as effective as the control EtZC regimen, and 18 months of chemotherapy on the ER7 regimen conferred no benefit over 12 months. No patient on either regimen relapsed after 18 months. Adverse reactions were uncommon on the daily rifampicin regimen but relatively common on the intermittent and control regimens. The commonest reaction to the intermittent regimens was the 'flu' syndrome, which was associated with the presence of circulating rifampicin-dependent antibodies (P less than 0-001).

Topics: Antibody Formation; Body Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Fever; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

In a controlled trial in Hong Bong, 575 Chinese patients with pulmonary tuberculosis whose treatment with first-line regimens had failed were allocated at random to the following retreatment regimens of chemotherapy. (1) Rifampicin plus ethambutol daily (ER7). (2) Rifampicin plus ethambutol twice a week (ER2). (3) Rifampicin plus ethambutol once a week (ER1). (4) Rifampicin plus ethambutol daily for 2 months and then once a week (ER7ER1). (5) Ethionamide plus pyrazinamide plus cycloserine daily for 6 months and then ethionamide plus pyrazinamide daily (EtZC), as a control regimen. Answers to a questionnaire on allergic disease, the results of prick tests with standard allergens, ABO blood grouping, size of tuberculin response during chemotherapy, and a rifampicin patch test showed no associations with the occurrence of adverse reactions to daily or intermittent rifampicin. Mantoux testing during chemotherapy provided no evidence of an immunosuppressive effect of rifampicin. Mean platelet counts at 12 months were significantly lower than those at 3 months on the two once-weekly regimens (ER1, ER7ER1) and on the control regimen (EtZC), although still within normal limits. At 3 months, but not at 12 months, mean platelet counts on the two once-weekly regimens were significantly lower 6 hr after a dose of the regimen than they were before the dose.

Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Blood Cell Count; China; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Hong Kong; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Hong Kong; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pyrazinamide; Radiography; Rifampin; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Body Weight; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Isoniazid; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Rifampin; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Electronic Data Processing; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Isoniazid; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Amides; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Placebos; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Age Factors; Aminosalicylic Acids; Body Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Isoniazid; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Finland; Humans; Rifampin; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Antitubercular Agents; Body Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Headache; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Male; Mathematics; Placebos; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamin B Complex; Vomiting

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Placebos; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Peptides; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Diabetes Mellitus; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Pregnancy; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aged; Amides; Antitubercular Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Nervous System Diseases; Skin Diseases; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; United States; United States Public Health Service; Viomycin; Vision, Ocular

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Phenylthiourea; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Ethionamide; Humans; Ketones; Male; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; International Cooperation; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Culture Media; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Isonicotinic Acids; Radiography; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Prospective Studies; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Carbohydrates; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The WHO-endorsed shorter-course regimen for MDR-TB includes high-dose isoniazid. The pharmacokinetics of high-dose isoniazid within MDR-TB regimens has not been well described.. To characterize isoniazid pharmacokinetics at 5-15 mg/kg as monotherapy or as part of the MDR-TB treatment regimen.. We used non-linear mixed-effects modelling to evaluate the combined data from INHindsight, a 7 day early bactericidal activity study with isoniazid monotherapy, and PODRtb, an observational study of patients on MDR-TB treatment including terizidone, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin, kanamycin, ethionamide and/or isoniazid.. A total of 58 and 103 participants from the INHindsight and PODRtb studies, respectively, were included in the analysis. A two-compartment model with hepatic elimination best described the data. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genotype caused multi-modal clearance, and saturable first-pass was observed beyond 10 mg/kg dosing. Saturable isoniazid kinetics predicted an increased exposure of approximately 50% beyond linearity at 20 mg/kg dosing. Participants treated with the MDR-TB regimen had a 65.6% lower AUC compared with participants on monotherapy. Ethionamide co-administration was associated with a 29% increase in isoniazid AUC.. Markedly lower isoniazid exposures were observed in participants on combination MDR-TB treatment compared with monotherapy. Isoniazid displays saturable kinetics at doses >10 mg/kg. The safety implications of these phenomena remain unclear.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is an increasing healthcare challenge. Drug regimen building demands the use of different therapeutic groups, many of which harbor neurotoxicity as a side-effect, whether central or peripheral. Peripheral neuropathy is a major concern as it tends to be severe and usually irreversible. Anti-tubercular drugs that may contribute to peripheral neuropathy include INH, ethambutol, linezolid, cycloserine and para-amino salicylic acid. This potential adverse effect must be balanced against the intrinsically grave prognosis that drug resistant tuberculosis harbors. We present such a clinically challenging case of a 25 years-old female with extremely drug resistant tuberculosis whose treatment necessitated the use of several neurotoxic anti-tubercular drugs, leading to severe sensory peripheral neuropathy who did not improve despite the withdrawal of culprit drugs. She developed positive and negative sensory symptoms in both lower limbs. Nerve conduction studies were suggestive of sensory neuropathy affecting both lower limbs. Alternate causes of peripheral neuropathy including HIV, vasculitis, B12 deficiency and diabetes were ruled out. Despite drug withdrawal, the patient did not improve significantly. This case emphasizes the irreversibility of anti-tubercular therapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, demanding more rigorous clinical screening for the same while managing such patients.

Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Cycloserine; Deprescriptions; Diarylquinolines; Ethionamide; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Linezolid; Neural Conduction; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Pyrazinamide; Pyridoxine; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Aminoglycosides are known to cause electrolyte disturbances. Approximately 8-26% of patients who receive an aminoglycoside for several days develop mild renal impairment that is almost always reversible (Brunton et al., 2013). A 46 year old male with multi-drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with resistance to kanamycin is being presented, who was on injectable Capreomycin, Levofloxacin, Ethionamide, Cycloserine, pyrazinamide, linezolid and clofazamine for a period of four months. He presented to us with generalised weakness and pain in the lower limb muscles. Investigation revealed hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, hypocalceuria and hypocalcemia. This features mimic Gitelman's syndrome which is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting kidneys causing electrolyte disturbances. The drug was immediately withdrawn and electrolyte correction was given and the condition reversed gradually.

Topics: Alkalosis; Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Clofazimine; Cycloserine; Deprescriptions; Ethionamide; Gitelman Syndrome; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Hypokalemia; Levofloxacin; Linezolid; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance

Bedaquiline (BDQ) was approved for treatment of drug resistant TB (DR-TB) under Conditional Access Programme (CAP) of Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) and was also implemented in the National Institute of TB and Respiratory Diseases (NITRD). We present early efficacy and safety of BDQ containing regimens for DR-TB.. To ascertain the early efficacy and safety of Bedaquline containing regimens in treatment of DR-TB.. BDQ containing regimens along with other drugs were designed as per WHO recommendations for DR-TB patients. They were followed up for sputum smear and culture conversion, adverse events during the treatment.. A cohort of 290 DR-TB patients (Median age-29.77) were initiated on BDQ containing regimens. Of the available Sputum results, smear conversion was seen in 51% and 91% patients at the end of 1st week and 3rd month respectively. Similarly, 93% and 98% patients had culture conversion at the end of 3rd and 6th month respectively. 201 adverse events (AE) including 47 deaths were reported among 109 patients. QTc prolongation was seen in 29% patients but only 4 required discontinuation of BDQ. Lost to follow up of treatment was about 6%.. Bedaquiline along with an optimized background regimen has shown early sputum conversion in larger number of difficult to treat patients having additional resistance of second line drugs along with INH and Rifampicin. The regimen is feasible in programmatic conditions and is relatively safe.

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cardiotoxicity; Clofazimine; Cycloserine; Diarylquinolines; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electrocardiography; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; India; Linezolid; Male; Moxifloxacin; National Health Programs; Sputum; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Ethionamide is used to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The antimicrobial pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, the contribution of ethionamide to the multidrug regimen, and events that lead to acquired drug resistance (ADR) are unclear.. We performed a multidose hollow fiber system model of tuberculosis (HFS-TB) study to identify the 0-24 hour area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24) to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratios that achieved maximal kill and ADR suppression, defined as target exposures. Ethionamide-resistant isolates underwent whole-genome and targeted Sanger sequencing. We utilized Monte Carlo experiments (MCEs) to identify ethionamide doses that would achieve the target exposures in 10000 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. We also identified predictors of time-to-sputum conversion in Tanzanian patients on ethionamide- and levofloxacin-based regimens using multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS).. An AUC0-24/MIC >56.2 was identified as the target exposure in the HFS-TB. Early efflux pump induction to ethionamide monotherapy led to simultaneous ethambutol and isoniazid ADR, which abrogated microbial kill of an isoniazid-ethambutol-ethionamide regimen. Genome sequencing of isolates that arose during ethionamide monotherapy revealed mutations in both ethA and embA. In MCEs, 20 mg/kg/day achieved the AUC0-24/MIC >56.2 in >95% of patients, provided the Sensititre assay MIC was <2.5 mg/L. In the clinic, MARS revealed that ethionamide Sensititre MIC had linear negative relationships with time-to-sputum conversion until an MIC of 2.5 mg/L, above which patients with MDR-TB failed combination therapy.. Ethionamide is an important contributor to MDR-TB treatment regimens, at Sensititre MIC <2.5 mg/L. Suboptimal ethionamide exposures led to efflux pump-mediated ADR.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Levofloxacin; Monte Carlo Method; Mutation; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious cause of death worldwide. The use of ethionamide (ETH), a main second line anti-TB drug, is hampered by its severe side effects. Recently discovered "booster" molecules strongly increase the ETH efficacy, opening new perspectives to improve the current clinical outcome of drug-resistant TB. To investigate the simultaneous delivery of ETH and its booster BDM41906 in the lungs, we co-encapsulated these compounds in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), overcoming the bottlenecks inherent to the strong tendency of ETH to crystallize and the limited water solubility of this Booster. The efficacy of the designed formulations was evaluated in TB infected macrophages using an automated confocal high-content screening platform, showing that the drugs maintained their activity after incorporation in NPs. Among tested formulations, "green" β-cyclodextrin (pCD) based NPs displayed the best physico-chemical characteristics and were selected for in vivo studies. The NPs suspension, administered directly into mouse lungs using a Microsprayer®, was proved to be well-tolerated and led to a 3-log decrease of the pulmonary mycobacterial load after 6 administrations as compared to untreated mice. This study paves the way for a future use of pCD NPs for the pulmonary delivery of the [ETH:Booster] pair in TB chemotherapy.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; beta-Cyclodextrins; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nanoparticles; Oxadiazoles; Piperidines; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; RAW 264.7 Cells; Solubility; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

A 22 year-old lady with multi-drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis was on Kanamycin, Cycloserine, Ethionamide, Pyrazinamide and Moxifloxacin since more than two months. She presented with muscle cramps and carpopedal spasm. Investigation revealed hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. She also had hypomagnesemia, hypochloremia and hypocalciuria. Serum urea and creatinine levels were normal. Patient was treated with intravenous and oral potassium chloride. Kanamycin was stopped. Metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia improved gradually over one month. Biochemical parameters were like Gitelman's syndrome but it reversed with stoppage of Kanamycin. Gitelman-like syndrome with Kanamycin toxicity has not been reported in literature previously.

Topics: Adult; Alkalosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Hypokalemia; Kanamycin; Moxifloxacin; Muscle Cramp; Potassium; Pyrazinamide; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) constitutes a restricting factor for the effective treatment of TB worldwide. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of patients are the most effective strategy in the control of MDR-TB. Therefore, knowledge of drug resistance patterns of the MDR-TB clinical isolates are necessary in planning of an appropriate treatment regimen for the patient. The aims of this study were to detect the susceptibilities of MDR-TB isolates to second-line anti-TB drugs by E-test method, and to compare their results with Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) proportion method. A total of 122 MDR (resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin) Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) strains isolated from samples of patients with pulmonary TB were included in the study. The isolates were identified by conventional methods and first-line anti-TB drug susceptibility testing was performed by the proportion method using LJ medium. The susceptibilities of the isolates to second-line anti-TB drugs [kanamycin (KN), ofloxacin (OFL), ethionamid (ETN), linezolid (LIN)] were tested by proportion method on LJ medium and E-test method on Middlebrook 7H11 medium. For this purpose, E-test strips (bioMerieux, Fransa) of KN (0.016-256 mg/ml), OFL (0.02-32 mg/ml), ETN (0.016-256 mg/ml), and LIN (0.016-256 mg/ml) were used. The susceptibility tests were evaluated in 5., 7., and 10. days after application of the E-test strips, and proportion method on LJ medium was evaluated 28 days later. Second line-anti-TB drug susceptibility results were obtained in 5 to 10 days by E-test. Of the MDR MTC strains 98% (119/122) were susceptible to KN, OFL and LIN, while 2% (3/122) of the strains were resistant to KN and ETN. The correlation between E-test and LJ proportion method was estimated as 96% for KN and ETN, 98% for OFL, and 100% for LIN. When compared with LJ proportion method, the specificity of E-test in the detection of susceptibility to KN, OFL, ETN and LIN were 60%, 38%, 60%, and 100%, respectively, while the sensitivity was 100% for all drugs. Our results indicated that E-test method exhibited high sensitivity and specificity (100%) for LIN, so it may be used alone in susceptibility testing for this drug, however since the specificity is low (38%) for OFL it should be used together with the proportion method. In conclusion, E-test method might contribute for initiation of an early and effective anti-TB drug treatment and control of infection by rapid diagnosis in MDR-TB ca

Topics: Acetamides; Antitubercular Agents; Culture Media; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Linezolid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ofloxacin; Oxazolidinones; Reagent Strips; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Pellagra is a disorder characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and eventually death, resulting from a deficiency of niacin or its precursor tryptophan. Ethionamide (a second-line antituberculosis agent)-induced pellagra is rarely encountered in clinical practice. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with nicotinamide can prevent life-threatening complications. To date, only three cases have been reported. We report a 13-year-old girl presenting with ethionamide-induced pellagra that resolved after the administration of niacin.

Topics: Adolescent; Antitubercular Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Niacin; Pellagra; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Ethionamide (ETH) is an antibiotic used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) (MDR-TB), and its use may be limited with the emergence of resistance in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis population. ETH resistance in M. tuberculosis is phenomenon independent or cross related when accompanied with isoniazid (INH) resistance. In most cases, resistance to INH and ETH is explained by mutations in the inhA promoter and in the following genes: katG, ethA, ethR, mshA, ndh, and inhA. We sequenced the above genes in 64 M. tuberculosis isolates (n = 57 ETH-resistant MDR-TB isolates; n = 3 ETH-susceptible MDR-TB isolates; and n = 4 fully susceptible isolates). Each isolate was tested for susceptibility to first- and second-line drugs using the agar proportion method. Mutations were observed in ETH-resistant MDR-TB isolates at the following rates: 100% in katG, 72% in ethA, 45.6% in mshA, 8.7% in ndh, and 33.3% in inhA or its promoter. Of the three ETH-susceptible MDR-TB isolates, all showed mutations in katG; one had a mutation in ethA, and another, in mshA and inhA. Finally, of the four fully susceptible isolates, two showed no detectable mutation in the studied genes, and two had mutations in mshA gene unrelated to the resistance. Mutations not previously reported were found in the ethA, mshA, katG, and ndh genes. The concordance between the phenotypic susceptibility testing to INH and ETH and the sequencing was 1 and 0.45, respectively. Among isolates exhibiting INH resistance, the high frequency of independent resistance and cross-resistance with ETH in the M. tuberculosis isolates suggests the need to confirm the susceptibility to ETH before considering it in the treatment of patients with MDR-TB.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Catalase; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethionamide; Fimbriae Proteins; Genotype; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; NADH Dehydrogenase; Oxidoreductases; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Repressor Proteins; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Little is known about plasma drug concentrations relative to quantitative susceptibility in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). We previously described a TB drug activity (TDA) assay that determines the ratio of the time to detection of plasma-cocultured Mycobacterium tuberculosis versus control growth in a Bactec MGIT system. Here, we assess the activity of individual drugs in a typical MDR-TB regimen using the TDA assay. We also examined the relationship of the TDA to the drug concentration at 2 h (C2) and the MICs among adults on a MDR-TB regimen in Tanzania. These parameters were also compared to the treatment outcome of sputum culture conversion. Individually, moxifloxacin yielded superior TDA results versus ofloxacin, and only moxifloxacin and amikacin yielded TDAs equivalent to a -2-log killing. In the 25 patients enrolled on a regimen of kanamycin, levofloxacin, ethionamide, pyrazinamide, and cycloserine, the C2 values were found to be below the expected range for levofloxacin in 13 (52%) and kanamycin in 10 (40%). Three subjects with the lowest TDA result (<1.5, a finding indicative of poor killing) had significantly lower kanamycin C2/MIC ratios than subjects with a TDA of ≥1.5 (9.8 ± 8.7 versus 27.0 ± 19.1; P = 0.04). The mean TDAs were 2.52 ± 0.76 in subjects converting to negative in ≤2 months and 1.88 ± 0.57 in subjects converting to negative in >2 months (P = 0.08). In Tanzania, MDR-TB drug concentrations were frequently low, and a wide concentration/MIC range was observed that affected plasma drug activity ex vivo. An opportunity exists for pharmacokinetic optimization in current MDR-TB regimens, which may improve treatment response.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amikacin; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Kanamycin; Levofloxacin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Moxifloxacin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ofloxacin; Pyrazinamide; Sputum; Tanzania; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The Xpert® MTB/RIF assay detects the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its resistance to rifampicin (RMP) directly in sputum samples. Discrepant results were observed in a case of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis that was Xpert-resistant but phenotypically susceptible to RMP. Complementary investigations (repeat Xpert, Genotype®MTBDRplus assay and sequencing of the rpoB gene) revealed the presence of a silent mutation in the rpoB gene, leading to the conclusion of a false-positive Xpert result. As misinterpretation of Xpert results may lead to inappropriate treatment, the presence of rpoB mutations should be confirmed by sequencing the rpoB gene.

Topics: Aged; Amikacin; Amino Acid Sequence; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacterial Proteins; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Fluoroquinolones; Genotype; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Moxifloxacin; Mutation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phenotype; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The aim of the study was to elucidate the profile of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with second-line anti-tubercular treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis.. ADR profile of diagnosed drug-resistant tuberculosis cases on supervised second-line anti-tubercular drug regimen under Programmatic Management of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, were studied over two years' period. Adverse reactions were categorised into mild, moderate and severe types with subsequent systematic data-analysis.. Out of total 207 patients in the study, 81.16% reported with adverse drug reactions. Out of total 195 adverse events, 63.58%, 18.46% and 17.94% were of mild, moderate and severe types respectively. Gastrointestinal events, hepatitis, hearing impairment, arthralgia, psychosis, hypothyroidism, visual disturbances, giddiness, peripheral neuropathy, skin reactions, swelling or pain at injection site, anorexia and sleep disturbances were important amongst these. High proportion of drug and/or alcohol abuse was an important observation. The offending drug(s) had to be terminated in 12.08% of the patients.. Early detection, management and pharmaco-vigilance reporting of ADRs remain key factors in the management of drug-resistant tuberculosis with remarkable relevance of the need for early diagnosis and treatment of 'drug-sensitive tuberculosis', to prevent emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Arthralgia; Ataxia; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Cycloserine; Drug Eruptions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Hearing Loss; Humans; Hypothyroidism; India; Kanamycin; Levofloxacin; Male; Middle Aged; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Pyrazinamide; Severity of Illness Index; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vision Disorders; Young Adult

In Japan, the incidence of severe pediatric tuberculosis (TB) has decreased dramatically in recent years. However, children in Japan can still have considerable opportunities to contract TB infection from adult TB patients living nearby, and infants infected with TB may develop severe disseminated disease. A 3-month-old girl was admitted to our hospital with dyspnea and poor feeding. After admission, miliary TB and multiple brain tuberculomas were diagnosed. Anti-tuberculous therapy was initiated with streptomycin (SM), isoniazid (INH), rifampicin and pyrazinamide. Symptoms persisted after starting the initial treatment and mycobacterial cultures of gastric fluid remained positive. Drug sensitivity testing revealed the TB strain isolated on admission as completely resistant to INH and SM. Treatments with INH and SM were therefore stopped, and treatment with ethambutol and ethionamide was started in addition to rifampicin and pyrazinamide. After this change to the treatment regimen, symptoms and laboratory data gradually improved. The patient was treated with these four drugs for 18 months, and then pyrazinamide was stopped. After another 2 months, ethambutol was stopped. Treatment of tuberculosis was completed in 24 months. No adverse effects of these anti-TB drugs were observed. The patient achieved a full recovery without any sequelae. On the other hand, the infectious source for this patient remained unidentified, despite the extensive contact investigations. The incidence of drug-resistant TB is increasing in many areas of the world. Continuous monitoring for pediatric patients with drug-resistant TB is therefore needed.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Substitution; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pyrazinamide; Radiography, Thoracic; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculoma, Intracranial; Tuberculosis, Miliary; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

High mortality rates have been reported for patients co-infected with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) and HIV, but treatment outcomes have not been reported. We report treatment outcomes for adult XDR TB patients in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Initial data were obtained retrospectively, and outcomes were obtained prospectively during 24 months of treatment. A total of 114 XDR TB patients were treated (median 6 drugs, range 3-9 drugs); 82 (73%) were HIV positive and 50 (61%) were receiving antiretroviral therapy. After receiving treatment for 24 months, 48 (42%) of 114 patients died, 25 (22%) were cured or successfully completed treatment, 19 (17%) withdrew from the study, and 22 (19%) showed treatment failure. A higher number of deaths occurred among HIV-positive patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy and among patients who did not show sputum culture conversion. Culture conversion was a major predictor of survival but was poorly predictive (51%) of successful treatment outcome.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Cycloserine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Young Adult

India with a major burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) does not have national level data on this hazardous disease. Since 2006, emergence of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is considered a serious threat to global TB control. This study highlights the demographic and clinical risk factors associated with XDR-TB in Delhi.. The study was conducted during April 2007 to May 2010. Six hundred eleven MDR-TB suspects were enrolled from four tertiary care hospitals, treating TB patients in Delhi and the demographic details recorded. Sputum samples were cultured using rapid, automated liquid culture system (MGIT 960). Drug susceptibility testing (DST) for Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH) was performed for all positive M. tuberculosis (M.tb) cultures. All MDR-TB isolates were tested for sensitivity to second-line drugs [Amikacin (AMK), Capreomycin (CAP), Ofloxacin (OFX), Ethionamide (ETA)].. Of 611, 483 patients were infected with MDR M. tuberculosis (M.tb) strains. Eighteen MDR-TB isolates (3.7%) were XDR M.tb strains. Family history of TB (p 0.045), socioeconomic status (p 0.013), concomitant illness (p 0.001) and previous intake of 2(nd) line injectable drugs (p 0.001) were significantly associated with occurrence of XDR-TB. Only two of the patients enrolled were HIV seropositive, but had a negative culture for M. tuberculosis. 56/483 isolates were pre-XDR M. tuberculosis, though the occurrence of pre-XDR-TB did not show any significant demographical associations.. The actual incidence and prevalence rate of XDR-TB in India is not available, although some scattered data is available. This study raises a concern about existence of XDR-TB in India, though small, signaling a need to strengthen the TB control program for early diagnosis of both tuberculosis and drug resistance in order to break the chains of transmission.

Topics: Adult; Amikacin; Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Ethionamide; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Female; Humans; Incidence; India; Isoniazid; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ofloxacin; Prevalence; Rifampin; Risk Factors; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

To evaluate the frequency of drug resistance profiles of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolates of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, against both the first and the second line drugs.. An observational study.. The multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) ward of Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases (OICD), Karachi, from 1996 to 2006.. Culture proven MDR-TB cases (resistant to both isoniazid and Rifampicin) were retrospectively reviewed. Susceptibility testing was performed at the clinical laboratory of the Aga Khan University. Sensitivity against both first and second line anti-tuberculosis drugs was done. Susceptibility testing was performed using Agar proportion method on enriched middle brook 7H10 medium (BBL) for Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Streptomycin, Ethambutol, Ethionamide, Capreomycin and Ciprofloxacin. Pyrazinamide sensitivity was carried out using the BACTEC 7H12 medium. During the study period MTB H37Rv was used as control.. Out of total 577 patients, all were resistant to both Rifampicin and Isoniazid (INH). 56.5% isolates were resistant to all five first line drugs. Resistances against other first line drugs was 76.60% for Pyrazinamide, 73% for Ethambutol and 68.11% for Streptomycin. Five hundred and ten (88%) cases were MDR plus resistant to one more first line drug. Forty (07%) isolates were MDR plus Quinolone-resistant. They were sensitive to Capreomycin but sensitivity against Amikacin and Kanamycin were not tested.. There were high resistance rates in MDR-TB to remaining first line and second line drugs. Continuous monitoring of drug resistance pattern especially of MDR isolates and treatment in specialized centers is a crucial need for future TB control in Pakistan.

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pakistan; Pyrazinamide; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The value of susceptibility tests in guiding antituberculous therapy with second-line drugs remains controversial. We reanalyzed three reports regarding the relationship between in vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the clinical outcome of in-patients treated with these drugs at the Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires, during the sixties. These patients had been irregularly treated with a standard regimen consisting of isoniazid, streptomycin and PAS; they developed resistance to at least the first two drugs and persisted culture-positive. Susceptibility testing to ethionamide, cycloserine and kanamycin were performed by the proportion method on Löwenstein Jensen medium. Some level of resistance was detected among isolates from patients not previously treated with these drugs, that could be due to cross resistance with previously administered first line structural analogs. However, the studies evidenced significant association between resistance to ethionamide and cycloserine and prior treatment with these drugs. Increased resistance to all three drugs was detected within the first three months of treatment. In vitro resistance to ethionamide emerged earlier and was the most frequent followed by resistance to cycloserine and kanamycin. The low frequency of resistance to kanamycin could be related to the low dosage of this drug used at that time. Simultaneous resistance to the three agents, but not to two or one drug, appeared to be a marker of treatment failure. An apparent reversion of drug resistance was observed in near 6% of patients, for whom susceptibility tests were repeated on subsequent isolates, indicating this percentage of inconsistency in reproducibility of test results.

Topics: Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antitubercular Agents; Argentina; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Evidence-Based Medicine; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has become common all over the world, necessitating the inclusion of second-line drugs in treatment regimens. In the present study, the susceptibility of a selection of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in the Archangel oblast, Russia, to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs was analysed. Susceptibility testing of 77 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains was performed by the Bactec method using the following recommended drug concentrations: capreomycin 1.25 microg/ml; ethionamide 1.25 microg/ml; kanamycin 5 microg/ml; and ofloxacin 2 microg/ml. The majority of strains (92.2%) were resistant to ethionamide. High rates of drug resistance were also found for capreomycin (42.9%) and kanamycin (41.6%), while nearly all strains (98.7%) were susceptible to ofloxacin. The high rates of resistance to ethionamide, capreomycin, and kanamycin show the real burden of drug resistance in the region and pose a serious problem for the treatment of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ofloxacin; Russia; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

To determine the trend in changes in susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, including to second-line drugs, from patients with a history of previous anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment in a 'DOTS-Plus' programme.. A retrospective survey of centralised M. tuberculosis laboratory records of all culture-positive cases over an 8-year period. The drug susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the absolute concentration method. Isolates obtained from patients with a history of previous treatment were further analysed for trends of changes in susceptibility to first- and second-line drugs.. Of 1921 patients with a previous history of treatment and positive cultures, 1425 (74.2%) had isolates susceptible to all four first-line drugs, while 176 (9.2%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB). For the MDR-TB group, 101 (57.4%) isolates were sensitive to all second-line drugs, while 30 (17.0%) were resistant to three or more second-line drugs.. In a DOTS-Plus programme environment where there is strict control on use of second-line drugs, the prevalence of MDR-TB is low amongst retreatment cases and the prudent use of second-line drugs in a population with well functioning DOTS-Plus programme does not generate super-resistant strains. In circumstances where most retreatment strains are still susceptible and good laboratory support for detection of MDR cases is available, retreatment using first-line drugs is feasible.

Topics: Amikacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Communicable Disease Control; Cycloserine; Directly Observed Therapy; Drug Combinations; Ethionamide; Hong Kong; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ofloxacin; Population Surveillance; Program Evaluation; Recurrence; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

An Argentinean reference hospital specialising in infectious diseases.. To assess the outcomes of all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients referred to or diagnosed at Hospital Muñiz.. Clinical study for the period 1996-1999, with follow-up until June 2002.. One hundred and forty-one adult patients (52.5% female) with resistance to two to seven drugs were studied. Fifty patients (35.5%) had not been treated previously. The most frequently used second-line drugs were 5-F-quinolones, cycloserine and ethionamide in susceptibility based individually tailored three- to five-drug regimens. Hospital admission was associated with treatment success. Forty-five episodes of severe toxicity occurred. Treatment was successful in 51.8% of cases, but follow-up of 73 patients yielded 11.9% relapse. The mortality rate was 19.1% and default was 19.9%. Logistic regression analysis was statistically significant for treatment success in relation to patient admission, residence and resistance pattern.. The burden of MDR-TB in this setting--prolonged infection, treatment cost and difficulties, low rates of cure and treatment adherence and high rates of fatality and relapse--can be improved by strengthening TB control programme activities and fighting against poverty and HIV/AIDS.

Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Argentina; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Ethionamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Seronegativity; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Special; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prognosis; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

We report a chronic case of pulmonary tuberculosis in a Malagasy citizen from Antsohihy (West of Madagascar), who was infected with a multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium bovis strain. This is the first case reported of the isolation of such a strain in Madagascar.

Topics: Amikacin; Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Chronic Disease; Ciprofloxacin; Cough; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Madagascar; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mutation; Mycobacterium bovis; Ofloxacin; Patient Compliance; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Sputum; Treatment Failure; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Three US referral hospitals.. Determine the population pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of ethionamide (ETA) following multiple oral doses.. Fifty-five patients with tuberculosis (TB) participated. Patients received multiple oral doses of ETA as part of their treatment. They also received other anti-tuberculosis medications based upon in vitro susceptibility data. Serum samples were collected over 12 h post-dose, and concentrations were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Concentration-time data were analyzed using population methods.. ETA areas under the concentration-versus-time curve (AUCs) increased linearly with increasing oral doses from 250 to 1000 mg. Compared to the population pattern, delayed absorption was seen at least once in 15% of patients. ETA PK parameter estimates were independent of age, weight, height, gender, and creatinine clearance. TB patients appeared to have larger volumes of distribution (3.22 l/kg) and clearance values (1.88 l/h/kg) compared to previously studied healthy volunteers. This resulted in lower AUC values (3.95 mcg h/ml) in the TB patients. ETA displayed a short elimination half-life (1.94 h). The effect of different dosing strategies on calculated pharmacodynamic parameters was explored. Simulated doses of 250 mg BID to TID failed to achieve serum concentrations above the MIC.. ETA PK parameters differed between TB patients and healthy volunteers, possibly due to differences in the completeness of absorption. Doses of at least 500 mg appear to be required to achieve serum concentrations above the typical ETA MIC. Additional research is needed to determine the optimal dosing of ETA.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Drug Administration Schedule; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Risk Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

We present the first reported case of Mycobacterium szulgai pulmonary disease that needed surgical resection due to unsuccessful antimycobacterial chemotherapy. The patient was a non-immunocompromised 48-year-old male who presented with hemoptysis and whose sputum cultures repeatedly yielded M. szulgai. Antimycobacterial chemotherapy with isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RMP)/ethambutol (EMB) for three years had been unsuccessful, and subsequent chemotherapy with RMP, EMB, ethionamide and kanamycin had to be discontinued due to liver dysfunction. Surgical resection was finally performed, and resulted in a favorable outcome. Although M. szulgai pulmonary disease is usually well controlled by antimycobacterial chemotherapy alone, surgical treatment may be necessary in some cases.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Rifampin; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Side-effects of antitubercular drugs were evaluated in 662 patients with tuberculosis. Simultaneously 406 of them suffered of chronic alcoholism, 94 suffered of heavy drinking and 162 were not alcohol abusers. The frequency of side-effects in patients with tuberculosis was 31.5% and 56.4% in those with concomitant alcoholism. The latter showed more frequently negative responses to streptomycin. The latter showed more frequently negative responses to streptomycin, ethionamide, rifampycin and kanamycin. They developed toxic reactions that were three times more frequent than in those without alcohol abuse and were accompanied by exacerbation of diseases of the liver, stomach, heart, CNS, peripheral nervous system.

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Drug Hypersensitivity; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

To determine the prevalence of antituberculous drug resistance in Haiti, we conducted a 1-yr survey in a central district. From a bacillary positive (smear and/or culture positive) case rate of 80/100,000, there were 282 patients from whom Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured. Each isolate was packaged and delivered to Canada where speciation and drug susceptibility testing were performed. Reported resistances are those using the proportions method (Laboratory Center for Disease Control, Ottawa, Canada). Resistance to one or more drugs was found in 22% of isolates. Age was the most important predictor of resistance in Haiti; resistance rates for age groups less than 14, 14 to 29, 30 to 44, greater than or equal to 45 were 8, 19, 22, and 31%, respectively. In patients not known to have received antituberculous drugs in the past, resistances were isoniazid (19%), streptomycin (5%), ethambutol (2%), ethionamide (2%), rifampin (1%). We conclude that antituberculous drug resistance is prevalent in Haiti, especially in older age groups, and that in persons with no known antituberculous drug use in the past, resistance to isoniazid is significant.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Haiti; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

To increase the treatment efficacy in patients with extended destructive tuberculosis of the lungs, in the background of adequate combined therapy a number of pathogenetic agents such as methyluracil and glucocorticoids, as well as tuberculin or ultrasound were used. 339 patients were examined. In 320 of them the remote results of the treatment were studied. It was shown that the use of the combined pathogenetic therapy promoted a 19% increase in the frequency of recovery and marked improvement with a simultaneous decrease in the number of lethal outcomes. The remote results of the treatment (closing of the destructive cavities in 88.4 per cent of the patients) proved to be better than the immediate ones. The highest effects were stated in the new cases.

Topics: Adult; Ethionamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Recurrence; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Ultrasonic Therapy; Uracil

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Rifamycins; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Rifamycins; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

We report a 6 year experience (1979-1984) of isolating Mycobacterium malmoense in the north-east of England. Eleven subjects were involved of whom 10 had active infection--9 pulmonary, one cervical adenitis. The 11 new isolates represent 0.7% of all new mycobacterial isolates during this period and 10% of new non-tuberculous isolates. In all but 2 cases there was pre-existing pulmonary disease and/or a recognised predisposing factor to mycobacterial infection. The organisms were generally insensitive to isoniazid but sensitive to both rifampicin and ethionamide. The results of chemotherapy are described.

Topics: Adult; Drug Therapy, Combination; England; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Infant; Lung Diseases; Lymphadenitis; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Author resume the most important stages of the antitubercular struggle. Then they consider the action mechanisms of single drugs, often not well known, such the action mechanism of pyrazinamide. At present, the criteria of effectiveness, tolerance, availability and economy allow to use rationally and not arbitrarily the antitubercular drugs and these criteria also assure the best therapeutic results.

Topics: Antimetabolites; Antitubercular Agents; DNA; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Isoniazid; Rifampin; RNA; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Between 1972 and 1981, 38 patients suffering from lung disease by atypical mycobacteria were admitted to our institute. 36 out of them were males and 2 females with an average age of 55 years. In 10 patients silicosis was present. The patients received chemotherapy at special combinations using Rifampicin, Ethambutol and one or two additional drugs. 2 patients could be healed by lung lobe resection. In 12 patients x-ray regression could be observed. In the remaining patients, stabilization of the lung lesions and sputum conversion--at least temporarily--could be obtained. Because of multiple drug resistance, the therapy of mycobacteriosis is complicated, and permanent conversion of sputum cannot always be obtained, especially in diseases caused by M. intracellulare-avium. Bacteriological relapses are to be expected in 30 to 40 percent.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Efficacy of two 4.5-month regimens (3 RSZH / S2H2Z2 and 3 RSZH /RH) and one 3-month regimen (3 RSZH ) in the management of pulmonary tuberculosis is reported (see table 1 for definition of regimen abbreviations). Even when the patients were ambulatory and outpatient attendance was required for supervised drug administration, drug compliance was high (87%). Bacillary sterilization was achieved in 99% of the patients at 3 months. During first year follow-up after cessation of chemotherapy, 6% of the patients receiving the 3 RSZH regimen, 7% of the patients receiving the 3 RSZH / S2H2Z2 regimen, and 2% of the patients receiving the 3 RSZH / R2H2 regimen experienced relapse. During second year follow-up, relapse was observed in only 1 patient receiving the 3 RSZH / S2H2Z2 regimen. The patients who relapsed usually had drug-susceptible strains at the time of relapse. Regression of pulmonary lesions continued even after the cessation of chemotherapy.

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Patient Compliance; Pyrazinamide; Random Allocation; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aged; Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Chronic Disease; Drug Evaluation; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

In two 4.5-month regimens and one 3-month regimen the four most potent antituberculous drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin) were given for the initial 3 months of chemotherapy. Acceptance by the patients was high, and bacillary sterilization was achieved in 96% of cases within 2 months. Addition of a fifth drug, ethionamide, during the initial 3 months was neither acceptable nor useful. No relapses were observed during a 12-month follow-up period after completion of the 4.5-month regimens. A relapse rate of 5% followed the 3-month regimen. The toxicity and side effects of antituberculous drugs were observed in 16% of patients during the initial 3-month period. In 3.4% of patients, toxicity necessitated cessation of treatment. In the remaining 13% of patients, adverse side effects could be managed without cessation of treatment. Even when patients were ambulatory and outpatient attendance was required for drug administration, the noncompliance rate was only approximately 10%. With the current over-all cost of drugs being limited to 100 United States dollars, the patients with moderately extensive disease must be treated for 100 days, or a maximum of 100 doses.

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Pyrazinamide; Radiography; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Antitubercular Agents; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Fetus; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Isoniazid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Recurrence; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acid; Child; Cycloserine; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Animals; Anura; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethionamide; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Intestine, Small; Male; Middle Aged; Stomach; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enviomycin; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Paromomycin; Rifampin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chronic Disease; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Iron; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Increasing incidence of tuberculosis is being reported in some areas, even though greater precision in diagnosis and greater reliability in treatment have been achieved within recent years than were previously possible. The Mantoux test is a convenient office procedure that should be done more often. Patients with active tuberculosis can now be treated on an outpatient basis with little morbidity or social or economic disruption.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cyclacillin; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Chronic Disease; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Female; Gastritis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Stomach; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Prothionamide; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biological Availability; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Polarography; Prothionamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Drug hepatitis occurred in 0-32 per cent of 7492 patients receiving antituberculous therapy, while the overall incidence of drug reactions was estimated at 9 per cent. PAS was the most common cause of drug hepatitis among the 38 patients analysed. The clinical, biochemical and haematological picture of antituberculous drug hepatitis was found to be fairly uniform. However, the patients with definite PAS hepatitis had lower SGOT values than those in whom there was uncertainty whether PAS or INH was implicated. Premonitory symptoms were present in all but four patients before the onset of jaundice. One or more of the features associated with dry hypersensitivity reactions, such as fever, rashes, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, leucocytosis, eosinophilia and atypical monocytes were present in 89 per cent of cases so that confusion with viral hepatitis seldom arose. Sensitization time was less than three months in all except three patients, who were considered to be suffering from viral hepatitis. While no patients with PAS hepatitis died, the overall mortality was 17 per cent. A review of the literature stresses the frequency of asymptomatic elevations of SGOT, the value of clinical surveillance during the early months of therapy and the importance of stopping all therapy immediately warning symptoms appear.

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Hypersensitivity; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Isoniazid; Jaundice; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Pyrazinamide; Skin Diseases; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Atypical mycobacterial infections may give rise to various clinical difficulties. Case reports of six patients--three adult patients with pulmonary lesions, two children with cervical lymphadentis and one patient in whom the atypical mycobacterium appeared to be present as a commensal--illustrate these difficulties. Determination of the significance of the organism and differentiation of condition from tuberculosis and others requires consideration of the clinical picture, the results of skin testing, histologic features and cultural characteristics. Three patients, including the two children, were treated with a combination of surgery and chemotherapy, with satisfactory results. An elderly patient with chronic bronchitis and a pulmonary infection due to M. kansasii was treated successfully with antiuberculosis agents alone. Chemotherapy is being tried on a fifth patient with cavitary disease due to M. intracellulare, but is seems likely that an operation will also be required.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Child, Preschool; Cycloserine; Diagnosis, Differential; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Lung; Lung Diseases; Lymph Nodes; Lymphadenitis; Male; Mycobacterium Infections; Skin Tests; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Blood Bactericidal Activity; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Prothionamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Air Microbiology; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Child Day Care Centers; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Environmental Exposure; Ethionamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; New Hampshire; Radiography; Streptomycin; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Child; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; New York City; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Autopsy; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Child; Child, Preschool; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Radiography; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; USSR

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Evaluation; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Hospitals, Special; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Amides; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Juice; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Sulfides; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Blood Transfusion; Ethionamide; Hepatitis B; Humans; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Postoperative Complications; Rifampin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antibody Formation; Antitubercular Agents; BCG Vaccine; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Infant; Isoniazid; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Finland; Humans; Isoniazid; Patient Dropouts; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Clavicle; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Isoniazid; Male; Military Medicine; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phosphates; Prednisone; Radiography; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Miliary; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Bacteriophage Typing; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacteriophages; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Recurrence; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Urease

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Indicator Dilution Techniques; Isonicotinic Acids; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sulfides; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Morocco; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Residence Characteristics; Rifampin; Sex Factors; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Biopsy; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Humans; Liver; Necrosis; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Cycloserine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dyspnea; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Fever; Follow-Up Studies; Headache; Humans; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Humans; Methods; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethionamide; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Isoniazid; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Diarrhea; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Rifampin; Skin Manifestations; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vomiting

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Isonicotinic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Sulfides; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Sulfides; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Lung; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Permeability; Rifampin; Sputum; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Computers; Cycloserine; Diffusion; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; South Africa; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Northern; Age Factors; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Ethnicity; Female; France; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Pyrazinamide; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Collapse Therapy; Congresses as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Brain Diseases; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Niacinamide; Pellagra; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cycloserine; Dupuytren Contracture; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Polymyalgia Rheumatica; Rheumatic Diseases; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hong Kong; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Amides; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Sulfides; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Prednisolone; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Methods; Rifampin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Biopsy; Bronchoscopy; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Rifampin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Niacinamide; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Tuberculoma; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Albuminuria; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Depression, Chemical; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Eosinophilia; Ethionamide; Headache; Hearing Disorders; Hematuria; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Lung Diseases; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pruritus; Pyrazinamide; Respiratory Therapy; Tachycardia; Thiosemicarbazones; Time Factors; Tinnitus; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vertigo; Vestibule, Labyrinth; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cycloserine; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Culture Media; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Culture Media; Depression, Chemical; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aged; Chronic Disease; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aerosols; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Therapy; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Amides; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Sulfides; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Carotenoids; Erythrocytes; Ethionamide; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamin A

Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Jaundice; Liver; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Chromatography, Thin Layer; Ethionamide; Gastric Juice; Humans; Spectrum Analysis; Sulfoxides; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Biopsy; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Humans; Liver Diseases; Necrosis; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Ethionamide; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Liver; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Capreomycin; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Meningitis; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Radiography; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Blood Chemical Analysis; Capreomycin; Drug Combinations; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Gentamicins; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Phenylthiourea; Radiography; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Niacinamide; Pyridoxine; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Niacinamide; Pyridoxine; Time Factors; Tryptophan; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Lung; Male; Phenylthiourea; Radiography; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Chronic Disease; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Radiography; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Long-Term Care; Prednisolone; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Catheterization; Cycloserine; Depression, Chemical; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium; Punctures; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazines; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Neurotic Disorders; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Prognosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Depression; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Tetany; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Depression, Chemical; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Alcoholism; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Humans; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Blood Bactericidal Activity; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Middle Aged; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Pyrazines; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Phenylthiourea; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Ireland; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Phenylthiourea; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Drug Combinations; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Guinea Pigs; Isoniazid; Lung; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Phenylthiourea; Pneumoconiosis; Radiography; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aspartate Aminotransferases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Liver Function Tests; Male; Niacinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Niacinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Acidosis; Adult; Alcoholism; Ammonia; Avitaminosis; Carboxy-Lyases; Chromatography, Paper; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Cognition Disorders; Coma; Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Mental Disorders; Methods; Middle Aged; Niacinamide; Pyridoxine; Renin; Seizures; Transaminases; Tryptophan; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Adolescent; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Heparin; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Isoniazid; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium; Pyridoxine; Streptomycin; Thiamine; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Oxytetracycline; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Costs and Cost Analysis; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Methods; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Potassium; Streptomycin; Tellurium; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcoholism; Ethionamide; Female; Finland; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Isoniazid; Liver Diseases; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Phenylthiourea; Sex Factors; Spectrophotometry; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Antagonism; Ethionamide; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Pyridoxine; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Topics: Acrodynia; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Muscular Diseases; Pain; Periarthritis; Polymyalgia Rheumatica; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy; Rheumatic Diseases; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Humans; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Action Potentials; Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Cycloserine; Depression, Chemical; Electroencephalography; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Light; Male; Middle Aged; Reticular Formation; Sound; Stimulation, Chemical; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Suppositories; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Preoperative Care; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isonicotinic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Glucuronates; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Chronic Disease; Collapse Therapy; Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Germany; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Pneumonectomy; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Hospitalization; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Pneumonectomy; Pyrazinamide; Social Behavior Disorders; Socioeconomic Factors; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Coma; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Neurologic Manifestations; Seizures; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Lung; Mice; Rifampin; Spleen; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis; Steroids; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Mental Disorders; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Diet Therapy; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Home Care Services; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Economics; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Morocco; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Synergism; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; United States; United States Public Health Service; Viomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Czechoslovakia; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Public Health; Pyrazinamide; Sex Factors; Sputum; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Attitude; Bacteriological Techniques; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Emotions; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Mice; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Czechoslovakia; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bilirubin; Body Weight; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Headache; Humans; Isoniazid; Isonicotinic Acids; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Nausea; Streptomycin; Transaminases; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vomiting

Topics: Adolescent; Antitubercular Agents; Autonomic Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Chronic Disease; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Liver Function Tests; Radiography; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Aminosalicylic Acids; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Liver; Necrosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Mice; Models, Biological; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Retrospective Studies; Statistics as Topic; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Pyridoxine; Tryptophan; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Mice; Streptomycin; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Ethionamide; Humans; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Humans; Male; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Retrospective Studies; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cycloserine; Electroencephalography; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Neurologic Manifestations; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Sulfonamides; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Bilirubin; Biopsy; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Fatty Liver; Humans; Liver Diseases; Pyrazinamide; Transaminases; Tuberculosis, Miliary; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Antitubercular Agents; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Enzymes; Ethionamide; Gastric Juice; Humans; Stomach; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Humans; Male; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Isoniazid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Streptomycin; Thalidomide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Pyrazines; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Chronic Disease; Ethionamide; Female; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Lung; Mice; Prednisolone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Acetylcysteine; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Heparin; Humans; Isoniazid; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis; Pyrazinamide; Radiography, Thoracic; Respiratory Function Tests; Therapeutic Irrigation; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Isoniazid; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Mice; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aged; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pneumonectomy; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Infant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Oxytetracycline; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Animals; Ethionamide; Male; Mice; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Animals; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phenylthiourea; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Culture Techniques; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminoisobutyric Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aged; Ethionamide; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Isoniazid; Male; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Child; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; International Cooperation; Mass Chest X-Ray; Pyrazinamide; Research; Skin Tests; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Agranulocytosis; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Humans; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Antitubercular Agents; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Ethionamide; Humans; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Chlortetracycline; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Chronic Disease; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care; Child; Child, Preschool; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Absorption; Adolescent; Antitubercular Agents; Black People; Blood Group Antigens; Coombs Test; Echinococcosis; Erythrocytes; Ethionamide; Female; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Humans; Isoantigens; Mercaptoethanol; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Protein Denaturation; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; White People

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Costs and Cost Analysis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Phenylthiourea; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Capsules; Dosage Forms; Ethionamide; Humans; Suppositories; Tablets; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Child, Preschool; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Europe; France; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Mice; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; United States; Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Headache; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Paresthesia; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazines; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Humans; Prognosis; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; India; Male; Middle Aged; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; India; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anemia; Anemia, Sideroblastic; Erythropoiesis; Ethionamide; Female; Folic Acid Deficiency; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Isoniazid; Prednisolone; Pyrazinamide; Pyridoxine; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Sulfoxides; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Animals; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Rabbits; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: C-Reactive Protein; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Radiography; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Benzopyrenes; Ethionamide; Male; Mice; Prednisolone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Carbohydrate Metabolism; Diabetes Complications; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aged; Depression; Ethionamide; Humans; Male; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Cycloserine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazines; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Follow-Up Studies; Pyrazinamide; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Zimbabwe

Topics: Adolescent; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Hepatomegaly; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Liver Function Tests; Pharmacology; Pyrazinamide; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Toxicology; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Radiography, Thoracic; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Retreatment; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Kanamycin; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Retreatment; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Clinical Protocols; Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexamethasone; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Mediastinal Diseases; Methylprednisolone; Penicillin G Benzathine; Pleural Effusion; Prednisone; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Ethionamide; Humans; Infant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Prognosis; Statistics as Topic; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazines; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Nicotinic Acids; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Complications; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Desensitization, Immunologic; Drug Hypersensitivity; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antiemetics; Ethionamide; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Nausea; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Skin Tests; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Ethionamide; Humans; Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Blood; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Urine

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Lung; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Pneumonectomy; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Mycobacterium Infections; Prednisone; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Cardiovascular; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tuberculosis, Miliary; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular; Tuberculosis, Pleural; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tuberculosis, Urogenital; Viomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Cycloserine; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Oxytetracycline; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Hepatitis; Jaundice; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Deficiency Diseases; Ethionamide; Fishes; Humans; Isoniazid; Liver Extracts; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Classification; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidemiology; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Lung Diseases; Microbiology; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Diabetes Mellitus; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Pneumothorax; Pneumothorax, Artificial; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Phenylthiourea; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Ethionamide; Gastroenterology; Isoniazid; Muscle Relaxants, Central; Sorbitol; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Prednisone; Rest; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Pyridoxine; Suicide; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pneumonectomy; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Infective Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Bacteriology; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Mycobacterium Infections; Pharmacology; Prognosis; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Miliary; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Biomedical Research; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Poland; Pyrazinamide; Sputum; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Alcoholism; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Diabetes Mellitus; Ethionamide; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Isoniazid; Jaundice; Liver Cirrhosis; Pyrazinamide; Pyridoxine; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Blood Cell Count; Blood Glucose; Blood Sedimentation; Emaciation; Ethionamide; Fever; Isoniazid; Nitrogen; Oxyphenbutazone; Pleural Effusion; Prothrombin; Radiography, Thoracic; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pleural; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Radiography, Thoracic; Sputum; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Blood Chemical Analysis; Ethionamide; Humans; Lung; Spectrophotometry; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Bacillus; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Mice; Pathology; Research; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Drug Eruptions; Dyspepsia; Ethionamide; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Headache; Humans; Nausea; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vertigo; Vomiting

Topics: Child; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Lymph Nodes; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anxiety; Depression; Ethionamide; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Isoniazid; Mental Disorders; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Pellagra; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Psychotic Disorders; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Blood Glucose; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cycloserine; Diabetes Mellitus; Drug Tolerance; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pharmacology; Pyrazinamide; Rifamycins; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Biomedical Research; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Morocco; Radiography, Thoracic; Sputum; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Fructose-Bisphosphatase; Hepatitis A; Isoniazid; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Nucleotidases; Oxidoreductases; Pyrazinamide; Sorbitol; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Biomedical Research; Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Asian People; Bacteriological Techniques; Biomedical Research; Blood Chemical Analysis; China; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Intestinal Absorption; Isoniazid; Phenylthiourea; Radiography, Thoracic; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Sputum; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Yugoslavia

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Geriatrics; Hospitals, State; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Biomedical Research; Blood; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Mice; Oxadiazoles; Pharmacology; Pneumothorax; Pneumothorax, Artificial; Pyrazinamide; Radiography, Thoracic; Sputum; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Urine

Topics: Adolescent; Ethionamide; Hong Kong; Humans; Isoniazid; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Hepatitis A; Liver Function Tests; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Lung; Metabolism; Pneumonia; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Pneumonectomy; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Animals; Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Foundations; Guinea Pigs; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Perfusion; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Phenylthiourea; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Ethionamide; Humans; Stomach; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Bacillus; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Hong Kong; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Geriatrics; Isoniazid; Jaundice; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pneumonectomy; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Ethionamide; Hypoglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Poland; Radiography, Thoracic; Retreatment; Statistics as Topic; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Oxytetracycline; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Ethionamide; Humans; Psychology, Adolescent; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Amyloidosis; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Deafness; Drug Hypersensitivity; Duodenal Ulcer; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Neuritis; Psychotic Disorders; Pyrazinamide; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vertigo; Viomycin

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Ethionamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Diagnosis, Differential; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Pneumonectomy; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Czechoslovakia; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Pyrazinamide; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anaphylaxis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Caffeine; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Ethionamide; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Hydrocortisone; Isoniazid; Norepinephrine; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Chlortetracycline; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Kanamycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Ethionamide; Humans; Recurrence; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blindness; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cycloserine; Drug Eruptions; Ethionamide; Hepatitis; Isoniazid; Optic Neuritis; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Infective Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Collapse Therapy; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Pneumonectomy; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Collapse Therapy; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pneumonectomy; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Geriatrics; Isoniazid; Japan; Kanamycin; Pathology; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Therapy; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Behavior, Animal; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Perfusion; Social Behavior; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cycloserine; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Ethionamide; Iproniazid; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Oxytetracycline; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Bacillus; Biomedical Research; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Administration, Oral; Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Morocco; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cyclopropanes; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pneumonectomy; Pulmonary Surgical Procedures; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Black People; Ethionamide; Humans; Lung; Pilot Projects; Streptomycin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda