Page last updated: 2024-11-06

estriol and Sterility, Female

estriol has been researched along with Sterility, Female in 52 studies

hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone
chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Data about the effect of multifetal pregnancy reduction on midtrimester maternal serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and unconjugated estriol (uE3) are scarce and contradictory."3.70Midtrimester maternal serum screening after multifetal pregnancy reduction in pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization. ( Ben-Rafael, Z; Celentano, C; Glezerman, M; Lipitz, S; Rotmensch, S; Shalev, J; Vishne, TH, 1999)
"Estriol was found in high concentration in each sample of follicular fluid, significantly higher than in the respective serum sample (p < 0."1.31Ovarian follicular fluid contains immunoreactive estriol: lack of correlation with estradiol concentrations. ( Artini, PG; Casarosa, E; Cobellis, L; D'Ambrogio, G; Genazzani, AR; Luisi, M; Petraglia, F; Plaino, L; Santuz, M; Stomati, M, 2000)

Research

Studies (52)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199046 (88.46)18.7374
1990's2 (3.85)18.2507
2000's2 (3.85)29.6817
2010's2 (3.85)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Canny, GO1
Lessey, BA1
Stangel-Wojcikiewicz, K1
Zdebik, A1
Jach, R1
Huras, H1
Wadowska-Jaszczynska, K1
Radon-Pokracka, M1
Kempisty-Zdebik, E1
Ludwin, A1
Ludwin, I1
CROOKE, AC11
BUTT, WR7
PALMER, RF2
MORRIS, R4
EDWARDS, RL2
ANSON, CJ2
BRUNO, RO1
SCHELLEN, MC1
BARTELLI, PV1
COGHI, I1
INGRASSIA, F1
SIBILLA, A1
DYKOVA, H1
HAVRANEK, F1
TICHY, M1
POKORNA, J1
BERTRAND, PV9
CARRINGTON, SP1
ROLLA, M1
PANICUCCI, F1
GAMBASSI, G1
Kofler, E1
Masters, AM1
Giles, PF1
Hähnel, R1
Vanrell, JA1
Balasch, J1
Wood, C1
Trounson, A1
Leeton, JF1
Renou, PM1
Walters, WA1
Buttery, BW1
Grimwade, JC1
Spensley, JC1
Yu, VY1
Cheesman, KL1
Chatterton, RT1
Cohen, MR1
Belforte, L1
Bruno, M1
Campagnoli, C1
Fessia, L1
Massara, F1
Molinatti, GM1
MacLean, AR1
Outch, KH1
Russell, JM1
Brown, JB1
Dennis, PM1
Zaffaroni, L1
Costa, P1
Spiller, M1
Vinci, GW1
Rotmensch, S1
Celentano, C1
Shalev, J1
Vishne, TH1
Lipitz, S1
Ben-Rafael, Z1
Glezerman, M1
Sher, A1
Rahman, MA1
Plaino, L1
Stomati, M1
Casarosa, E1
Artini, PG1
Santuz, M1
D'Ambrogio, G1
Cobellis, L1
Luisi, M1
Genazzani, AR1
Petraglia, F1
Tateno, M2
Rezai, P1
Dmowski, WP1
Auletta, F1
Scommegna, A1
Takahashi, H1
Matsuka, G1
Kato, H1
Masuda, T1
Yoshizaki, K1
Navot, D1
Laufer, N1
Kopolovic, J1
Rabinowitz, R1
Birkenfeld, A1
Lewin, A1
Granat, M1
Margalioth, EJ1
Schenker, JG1
Hansotia, MD2
Bell, ET1
Loraine, JA2
Strong, JA1
Stone, S1
Kharma, KM1
Nakamura, RM1
Mishell, DR1
Thorneycroft, IH1
Murray, M1
Mönkemeier, D1
Ohlenroth, G1
Varga, L1
Wenner, R1
Sas, M1
Resch, B1
Sutaria, UD1
Varangot, J1
Cedard, L1
Heilbronner, N1
Schnirer, J1
Staemmler, HJ1
Jung, K1
Lachelin, GC1
Brant, HA1
Swyer, GI1
Little, V1
Reynolds, EO1
Charles, D1
Klein, T1
Lunn, SF1
Pennington, GW4
Beazley, JM1
Wilson, EW1
Thompson, CR1
Hansen, LM1
el-Nahas, HZ1
Eleftheriadis, G1
Suzuki, I1
Stöckli, A1
Béguin, F1
Keller, M1
Stamm, O1
Zarro, D1

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Modified Luteal Support for Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfer - A Prospective Study[NCT02825290]Phase 462 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-07-31Recruiting
Multicentric Prospective, Randomised, Controlled Clinical Study on Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Urinary FSH (Fostimon® , IBSA) Versus r-FSH (Gonal-F®, Serono) in ICSI.[NCT00335725]Phase 3151 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-03-31Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Investigator-blind, Controlled, Clinical Study of Phase III on the Efficacy and Tolerability of hMG-IBSA (IBSA) vs Menopur (Ferring) Administered s.c. in Women Undergoing COH in an ART Programme (IVF)[NCT00335894]Phase 3144 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Clinical Pregnancy Rate

clinical pregnancy rate defined as the presence of gestation sac and heart beat. (NCT00335725)
Timeframe: 6 weeks after treatment start

Interventionpercentage of treated patients (Number)
Fostimon30.1
Gonal-F29.2

Total Number of Oocytes Retrieved

Total number of oocytes retrieved (NCT00335725)
Timeframe: 10 days after stimulation start

Interventionoocytes (Mean)
Fostimon10.9
Gonal-f12.0

Reviews

1 review available for estriol and Sterility, Female

ArticleYear
The role of lipoxin A4 in endometrial biology and endometriosis.
    Mucosal immunology, 2013, Volume: 6, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Endometriosis; Endometrium; Estriol; Female; Humans; Immunomodulation; Infertility, Female;

2013

Trials

5 trials available for estriol and Sterility, Female

ArticleYear
[Therapeutic effect of intravaginal application of estriol tablets in the treatment of pathological cervical factor as a cause of sterility].
    Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 1984, Volume: 44, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cervix Mucus; Cervix Uteri; Estradiol; Estriol; Female; Humans; Infertility, Fema

1984
[Cervical factor in sterility: treatment with intravaginal estriol].
    Minerva ginecologica, 1997, Volume: 49, Issue:6

    Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Estriol; Ethinyl Estradiol; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Ovu

1997
[Biological and clinical results of the treatment of 19 cases of anovulation with human urinary gonadotropic hormones. Demonstration of a considerable increase in plasma estradiol during the period of follicle stimulation].
    La Presse medicale, 1968, Jul-06, Volume: 76, Issue:29

    Topics: Amenorrhea; Cervix Mucus; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Estradiol; Estriol; Estr

1968
Induction of ovulation with sexual steroids.
    Bulletin der Schweizerischen Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften, 1970, Volume: 25, Issue:4-6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clomiphene; Estriol

1970
Clinical trial of human gonadotrophins. 3. Variation in sensitivity between patients and standardisation of treatment.
    Acta endocrinologica, 1966, Volume: 53

    Topics: Adult; Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Estriol; Female; Follicle Stimu

1966

Other Studies

46 other studies available for estriol and Sterility, Female

ArticleYear
Hormone replacement therapy regimens in chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian failure and the subsequent correction of hormone levels.
    Neuro endocrinology letters, 2012, Volume: 33, Issue:7

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chemoradiotherapy; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Drug Combinations; Dydrogesteron

2012
CLINICAL TRIAL OF HUMAN GONADOTROPHINS. I. THE EFFECT OF PITUITARY AND URINARY FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ON PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC SECONDARY AMENORRHOEA.
    The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 1963, Volume: 70

    Topics: Amenorrhea; Atrophy; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Follicle

1963
[HORMONAL TREATMENT OF THREATENED ABORTION].
    La Semana medica, 1963, Nov-25, Volume: 123

    Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Abortion, Induced; Abortion, Spontaneous; Abortion, Threatened; Cytodiagnosis; D

1963
[TREATMENT WITH OVESTIN (ORGANON) IN STERILITY].
    Bulletin de la Societe royale belge de gynecologie et d'obstetrique, 1963, Volume: 33

    Topics: Allylestrenol; Estriol; Female; Humans; Infertility; Infertility, Female

1963
THE CLINICAL EFFECTS OF HUMAN PITUITARY AND URINARY GONADOTROPHINS.
    Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1964, Volume: 57

    Topics: Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gonadotropins; Hu

1964
[FUNCTIONAL FACTORS OF FEMALE STERILITY. CLINICO-STATISTICAL NOTE].
    Rivista di ostetricia e ginecologia, 1964, Volume: 19

    Topics: Biopsy; Endometrium; Estriol; Estrone; Female; Humans; Infertility; Infertility, Female; Pituitary-A

1964
[IRREGULAR REACTIVITY OF THE UTERINE MUCOSA TO OVARIAN HORMONES].
    Archiv fur Gynakologie, 1964, Feb-04, Volume: 199

    Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Biopsy; Endometrium; Esterases; Estradiol; Estriol; Estrone; Female; Glycogen;

1964
CLINICAL TRIAL OF HUMAN GONADOTROPHINS. II. THE EFFECT OF PITUITARY AND URINARY FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ON PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC SECONDARY AMENORRHOEA.
    The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 1964, Volume: 71

    Topics: Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gonadotropins; Hu

1964
[THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VAGINAL CYTOLOGY AND ESTROGENURIA].
    Folia endocrinologica, 1964, Volume: 17

    Topics: Amenorrhea; Chromatography; Colorimetry; Cushing Syndrome; Estradiol; Estriol; Estrogens; Estrone; F

1964
Assay of urinary oestriol in infertility patients by radioimmunoassay.
    The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 1981, Volume: 21, Issue:3

    Topics: Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Infertility, Female;

1981
Prolactin in the evaluation of luteal phase in infertility.
    Fertility and sterility, 1983, Volume: 39, Issue:1

    Topics: Body Temperature; Corpus Luteum; Endometrium; Estriol; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Luteal P

1983
Clinical features of eight pregnancies resulting from in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.
    Fertility and sterility, 1982, Volume: 38, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Embryo Transfer; Estriol; Female; Fertilization in Vitr

1982
Relationship of luteinizing hormone, pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, and estriol-16-glucuronide in urine of infertile women with endometriosis.
    Fertility and sterility, 1982, Volume: 38, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Endometriosis; Estriol; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Luteal Phase; Luteinizing Hormon

1982
Hormone patterns during bromocriptine-induced pregnancy in hyperprolactinemic patients.
    European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 1980, Volume: 10, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Bromocriptine; Estriol; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy; P

1980
Monitoring induction of ovulation by rapid radioimmunoassays of oestrogen and pregnanediol glucuronides.
    Annals of clinical biochemistry, 1981, Volume: 18, Issue:Pt 6

    Topics: Animals; Estriol; Estrone; Female; Glucuronates; Humans; Infertility, Female; Ovulation Induction; P

1981
Midtrimester maternal serum screening after multifetal pregnancy reduction in pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization.
    Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 1999, Volume: 16, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; alpha-Fetoproteins; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Embryo Transfer; Estriol; Female; Fertilization i

1999
Enterohepatic recycling of estrogen and its relevance with female fertility.
    Archives of pharmacal research, 2000, Volume: 23, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Estriol; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Liver

2000
Ovarian follicular fluid contains immunoreactive estriol: lack of correlation with estradiol concentrations.
    Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2000, Volume: 14, Issue:4

    Topics: Estradiol; Estriol; Female; Follicular Fluid; Humans; Infertility, Female; Radioimmunoassay

2000
[Intragenital migration of spermatozoa and the cervical factor (I) "effect of clomiphene used concurrently with estrogens on cervical mucus in infertile patients"].
    Nihon Funin Gakkai zasshi, 1975, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:2

    Topics: Cervix Mucus; Clomiphene; Drug Therapy, Combination; Estriol; Estrogens; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)

1975
[Intragenital migration of spermatozoa and the cervical factor (II). "Effect of clomiphene used concurrently with estrogens on ovulation in infertile patients" (author's transl)].
    Nihon Funin Gakkai zasshi, 1975, Jul-01, Volume: 20, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Cervix Mucus; Clomiphene; Estriol; Estrogens; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); Female; Humans; In

1975
Effect of oral estriol on cervical secretions and on ovulatory response in infertile women.
    Fertility and sterility, 1979, Volume: 31, Issue:6

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Cervix Uteri; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estradiol; Estriol; Fem

1979
[Hormone assay and its clinical significance in obstetrics and gynecology (author's transl)].
    Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology, 1975, Volume: 23, Issue:11

    Topics: Amenorrhea; Estriol; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Infertility

1975
Artificially induced endometrial cycles and establishment of pregnancies in the absence of ovaries.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1986, Mar-27, Volume: 314, Issue:13

    Topics: Adult; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Embryo Transfer; Endometrium; Estradiol; Estriol; Estrogens; Female;

1986
Treatment of idiopathic secondary amenorrhoea with single injections of follicle-stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotrophin.
    Lancet (London, England), 1966, Sep-03, Volume: 2, Issue:7462

    Topics: Adult; Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; In

1966
Treatment of infertility and secondary amenorrhoea with follicle-stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotrophin.
    Lancet (London, England), 1967, Sep-23, Volume: 2, Issue:7517

    Topics: Adult; Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; In

1967
Joint action of human follicle-stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotrophin in women with failure of ovulation.
    Lancet (London, England), 1968, Jul-27, Volume: 2, Issue:7561

    Topics: Adult; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Infertility, F

1968
Joint action of clomiphene citrate and human pituitary gonadotrophins.
    Lancet (London, England), 1969, Mar-22, Volume: 1, Issue:7595

    Topics: Adult; Amenorrhea; Chiari-Frommel Syndrome; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clomiphene; Drug Synergism; Estr

1969
Serial hormone assays in a patient with secondary amenorrhoea treated with clomiphene and gonadotrophins.
    The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 1968, Volume: 75, Issue:2

    Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clomiphene; Estradiol; Estri

1968
A technique for the assay of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) in serum using celite column chromatography and competitive protein binding.
    Steroids, 1971, Volume: 18, Issue:2

    Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acetates; Acylation; Alcohols; Androstanes; Anhydrides; Chemical Phenomena; Chemist

1971
Inadequate luteal phase as a cause of infertility.
    Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1974, Volume: 67, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Amenorrhea; Body Temperature; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clomiphene; Corpus Luteum; Estriol; Est

1974
[Investigations on the central activity of estriol. A comparison with 17-estradiol activity in newborn rats].
    Acta endocrinologica, 1972, Volume: 70, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Estradiol; Estriol; Female; Fertility; Infertility, Female; Infertility,

1972
[Progressive growth of a primary tumour due to pregnancy].
    Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 1973, Volume: 33, Issue:4

    Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Adenoma, Chromophobe; Adult; Amenorrhea; Clomiphene; Estradiol; Estriol; Female; Go

1973
[The course of pregnancy following induction of ovulation with epimestrol].
    Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 1973, Volume: 33, Issue:6

    Topics: Abortion, Threatened; Birth Weight; Estriol; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Inf

1973
Unusual responses of infertile women to human gonadotropins.
    American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1973, Jul-01, Volume: 116, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Animals; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gonadotropins

1973
Sextuplet pregnancy.
    British medical journal, 1972, Mar-25, Volume: 1, Issue:5803

    Topics: Abortion, Threatened; Cesarean Section; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Estrone; Female; Fetal Deat

1972
Clinical and endocrinological studies with the isomeric components of clomiphene citrate.
    The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 1969, Volume: 76, Issue:12

    Topics: Adult; Cervix Mucus; Clomiphene; Estradiol; Estriol; Estrone; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; M

1969
Ovulation--its detection and evaluation using multiple criteria in the infertile woman.
    The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 1970, Volume: 77, Issue:7

    Topics: Adult; Body Temperature; Endometrium; Endoscopy; Estriol; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infert

1970
Pergonal (menotropins): a summary of clinical experience in the induction of ovulation and pregnancy.
    Fertility and sterility, 1970, Volume: 21, Issue:12

    Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clomiphene; Estriol; Estrogens; Female; F

1970
Pergonal (menotropins): a summary of clinical experience in the induction of ovulation and pregnancy.
    Fertility and sterility, 1970, Volume: 21, Issue:12

    Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clomiphene; Estriol; Estrogens; Female; F

1970
Pergonal (menotropins): a summary of clinical experience in the induction of ovulation and pregnancy.
    Fertility and sterility, 1970, Volume: 21, Issue:12

    Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clomiphene; Estriol; Estrogens; Female; F

1970
Pergonal (menotropins): a summary of clinical experience in the induction of ovulation and pregnancy.
    Fertility and sterility, 1970, Volume: 21, Issue:12

    Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clomiphene; Estriol; Estrogens; Female; F

1970
Hormone excretion in hormone-induced pregnancy.
    Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1970, Volume: 63, Issue:11 Part 1

    Topics: Abortion, Missed; Abortion, Spontaneous; Abortion, Threatened; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Fema

1970
Induction of ovulation with human gonadotrophins: factors affecting ovulation, pregnancy and complications.
    Hormones, 1970, Volume: 1, Issue:1

    Topics: Amenorrhea; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estriol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gonadotropins; Hu

1970
Observations on the hormonal output in pregnancies induced by human pituitary gonadotrophin and glomiphene.
    The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 1968, Volume: 75, Issue:2

    Topics: Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clomiphene; Estriol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Infertili

1968
The induction of ovulation and the occurrence of pregnancy following clomiphene therapy in the non-ovulatory woman.
    The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 1968, Volume: 75, Issue:7

    Topics: Amenorrhea; Clomiphene; Estriol; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Menstruation Disturbances; Ovu

1968
[Studies on the secretory function of the uterine cervix, with special reference to estriol secretion].
    Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai zasshi, 1968, Volume: 20, Issue:6

    Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Adult; Cervix Mucus; Cervix Uteri; Clomiphene; Estriol; Estrogens; Female; Gonadotr

1968
The hormonal effects of clomiphene therapy in the infertile patient.
    The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 1969, Volume: 76, Issue:5

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Amenorrhea; Clomiphene; Estriol; Female; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Humans;

1969
[Contribution on the therapy of anovulatory sterility with menopausal gonadotropin].
    Gynaecologia. International monthly review of obstetrics and gynecology. Revue internationale mensuelle d'obstetrique et de gynecologie. Monatsschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Gynakologie, 1969, Volume: 167, Issue:5

    Topics: 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids; 17-Ketosteroids; Adult; Amenorrhea; Estradiol; Estriol; Female; Gonadotro

1969
[Studies concerning the action mechanism of a retrosteroid, RO 4-8347].
    Gynaecologia. International monthly review of obstetrics and gynecology. Revue internationale mensuelle d'obstetrique et de gynecologie. Monatsschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Gynakologie, 1969, Volume: 167, Issue:5

    Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Adult; Amenorrhea; Dydrogesterone; Estradiol; Estriol; Estrone; Female; Humans; Inf

1969