epiglucan and Diabetes-Mellitus--Type-2

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Topics: Antioxidants; Avena; beta-Glucans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Edible Grain; Humans; Phytochemicals

Progress in genomic analysis has resulted in the proposal that the intestinal microbiota is a crucial environmental factor in the development of multifactorial diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases represented by Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Dysregulated gut microbiome contributes to the pathogenesis of such disorders; however, there are few effective treatments for controlling only disease-mediating bacteria. Here, we review current knowledge about the intestinal microbiome in health and disease, and discuss a regulatory strategy using a parenteral vaccine with emulsified curdlan and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, which we have recently developed. Unlike other conventional injectable immunizations, our vaccine contributes to the induction of antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immunity. This vaccine strategy can prevent infectious diseases such as

Topics: Administration, Mucosal; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Bacterial Vaccines; beta-Glucans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunization Schedule; Immunization, Secondary; Immunoglobulin A; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Injections, Intramuscular; Intestinal Mucosa; Obesity; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Vaccines, Synthetic

The aim of this work is to review the major mechanisms by which consumption of whole grain oats and barley, and β-glucans, reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and other noncommunicable chronic conditions. These effects have been predominantly explained by the role of soluble dietary fibers and smaller bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, in oats and barley. These help to reduce the level of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreasing postprandial blood glucose and modulating gut microbiota. In the present review, the role of viscosity development of the intestinal content by β-glucans in these mechanisms is discussed, as well as the impact of processing conditions altering the composition or the physicochemical characteristics of β-glucans.

Topics: Avena; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Edible Grain; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hordeum; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Phytochemicals; Whole Grains

Lifestyle interventions, including dietary modifications, play a key role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. By the second half of the last century, dietary oatmeal interventions had frequently been used in patients with diabetes; however, with the widespread introduction of insulin, this practice gradually fell into disuse. Within the last decades, the original oatmeal intervention, first described in 1903, has been modified towards a hypocaloric, low-fat, and plant-based intervention.. The aim of this review was to investigate the current role of these adapted short-term dietary oatmeal interventions in the treatment of patients suffering from poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes. A special focus was put on opportunities for and barriers to its clinical implementation and its potential mechanisms of action.. The electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords "oat," "oats," "oatmeal," and "diabetes.". While there are a limited number of clinical studies including hypocaloric short-term dietary oatmeal interventions, there is evidence that these interventions may lead to a significant decrease in mean blood glucose levels and a significant reduction of insulin dosage in patients suffering from poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes.. Modified short-term dietary oatmeal interventions are an effective and economical tool in the treatment of patients suffering from poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes.

Topics: Avena; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Caloric Restriction; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Edible Grain; History, 20th Century; Humans; Insulin; Life Style

Recent studies have shown that naturally occurring substances found in the food of the daily human diet are important for preventing chronic non-communicable diseases. One of them is beta-glucan, which is a natural polysaccharide, occurring in plant cell walls, mainly oats, barley and wheat. It is also present in baker’s yeast cells, fungal cell walls, and some microorganisms. Beta-glucan belongs to one of the dietary fiber fractions, which are attributed a number of beneficial health properties, including the prevention and treatment of certain digestive diseases and supporting the immune system. This compound has biological activity that depends on the size, molecular weight, conformation, frequency of bonds, solubility and changes in structure. Beta-glucan reduces cholesterol and glucose concentrations in the blood, which reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In addition to its effects on lipid levels and glucose metabolism, beta-glucan also exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing the risk of diseases, including atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Immunostimulatory and antitumor effects have also been reported. The immunostimulatory activity of beta-glucan occurs as a result of its attachment to specific receptors present on the immune cell surface. Beta-glucan belongs to the group of prebiotics which stimulate the growth and activity of the desired natural intestinal microbiota, while inhibiting the growth of pathogens. It plays an important role in the proper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and preventing inflammation as well as colon cancer. Such a number of health benefits resulting from the properties of beta-glucan may play a key role in improving health and preventing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Heart Diseases; Humans; Immune System; Insulin; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Reactive Oxygen Species

Many individual studies on oat β-glucan (OBG) confirmed its functionality in improving type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but disagreements were identified among those results. To derive a pooled estimate of these results, relevant articles, published before 5 September 2015, were collected from four electronic databases (Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science) and subjected to meta-analysis in the present work. In total, four articles, dealing with 350 T2DM patients combined, met the inclusion criteria. Compared to control, T2DM patients administrated OBG from 2.5 to 3.5 g/day for 3 to 8 weeks presented significantly lowered concentrations in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) by -0.52 (95% CI: -0.94, -0.10) mmol/L (p = 0.01) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by -0.21% (95% CI: -0.40, -0.02) (p = 0.03). However, OBG intake did not significantly lower the fasting plasma insulin (FPI) concentration. In conclusion, mediate-term OBG intake (3-8 weeks) favored the glycaemic control of T2DM patients but did not improve their insulin sensitivity. Regrettably, data upon the effects of long-term OBG intake on glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity were scarce, which is of much importance and should be addressed in future research.

Topics: Adult; Aged; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fasting; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Male; Middle Aged; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Increasing oats and beta-glucan extract intake has been associated with improved glycemic control, which is associated with the reduction in the development of diabetes. This study aims to assess the different effects between oat (whole and bran) and beta-glucan extract intake on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. PubMed, Embase, Medline, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched up to February 2014. We included randomized controlled trials with interventions that lasted at least four weeks that compared oats and beta-glucan (extracted from oats or other sources) intake with a control. A total of 1351 articles were screened for eligibility, and relevant data were extracted from 18 studies (n = 1024). Oat product dose ranged from 20 g d(-1) to 136 g d(-1), and beta-glucan extract dose ranged from 3 g d(-1) to 10 g d(-1). Compared with the control, oat intake resulted in a greater decrease in fasting glucose and insulin of subjects (P < 0.05), but beta-glucan extract intake did not. Furthermore, oat intake resulted in a greater decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (P < 0.001, I(2) = 0%) and fasting glucose (P < 0.001, I(2) = 68%) after removing one study using a concentrate and a different design and fasting insulin of type 2 diabetes (T2D) (P < 0.001, I(2) = 0%). The intake of oats and beta-glucan extracted from oats were effective in decreasing fasting glucose (P = 0.007, I(2) = 91%) and fasting insulin of T2D (P < 0.001, I(2) = 0%) and tented to lower HbA1c (P = 0.09, I(2) = 92%). Higher consumption of whole oats and oat bran, but not oat or barley beta-glucan extracts, are associated with lower HbA1c, fasting glucose and fasting insulin of T2D, hyperlipidaemic and overweight subjects, especially people with T2D, which supports the need for clinical trials to evaluate the potential role of oats in approaching to the management of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity of diabetes or metabolic syndrome subjects.

Topics: Avena; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Fasting; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Insulin; Plant Extracts; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Functional foods have been widely utilized to reduce the symptoms of various diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Among the foods used to combat these effects are soluble fibres, mainly those rich in beta- glucans (BGs).. To review the effects of beta-glucans (BGs) on glucose plasmatic levels of diabetic individuals.. A search was conducted using the Pubmed, Science Direct and Scielo databases using the keywords: diabetes mellitus and beta-glucan and glucose and glycaemia. As inclusion criteria, only studies on diabetic human individuals (type 1 or type 2) who consumed BGs were selected.. Of the 819 initial articles retrieved, only 10 fit the inclusion criteria and were used in the study. It was observed that doses around 6.0g/person/ day, for at least 4 weeks were sufficient to provoke improvements in the blood glucose levels and also lipid parameters of individuals with DM. However, glucose levels do not reach normal levels using BG alone. Low doses of BG for at least 12 weeks were also reported to promote metabolic benefits.. Based on previous research, it was concluded that the ingestion of BGs was efficient in decreasing glucose levels of diabetic patients. The consumption of greater doses or smaller doses for longer periods of time produced better results.. Introducción: Alimentos funcionales han sido ampliamente utilizados para reducir los síntomas de diversas enfermedades como la diabetes mellitus (DM). Entre los alimentos utilizados en el combate de estos efectos, están las fibras solubles, principalmente aquellas que tienen buena cantidad de beta-glucano (BG’s). Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue evaluar los efectos de los BG´s en los parámetros metabólicos de individuos diabéticos. Métodos: Fue conducida una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed, ScienceDirect y cielo, utilizando las siguientes palabras-clave: diabetes mellitus and beta- glucano and glucosa and glucemia. Como criterio de inclusión, fueron seleccionados solamente estudios en individuos diabéticos (tipo 1 o tipo 2) que consumieron BG´s. Resultados y Discusión: De los 819 trabajos inicialmente encontrados, 10 artículos se encuadraron en los criterios de inclusión, y por eso fueran utilizados en el estudio. Fue observado que dosis superiores de 6,0 g/ individuo/día, o dosis más grandes que 3,0 g/individuo/ día por un periodo de tiempo más largo, son suficientes para provocar mejoras en los parámetros glucémicos y lipidicos de portadores de DM. Bajas dosis de BG por al menos 12 semanas también presentaron efectos metabólicos benéficos. Conclusión: Tomando en cuenta los resultados observados, se concluye que los BG´s son eficientes en la atenuación de los efectos indeseables del DM, siendo las dosis más grandes o el consumo de pequeñas cantidades por un tiempo más largo las que promueven resultados mejores.

Topics: beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Functional Food; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents

Cereal-based food products have been the basis of the human diet since ancient times. Dietary guidelines all over the world are recommending the inclusion of whole grains because of the increasing evidence that whole grains and whole-grain-based products have the ability to enhance health beyond the simple provision of energy and nutrients. In this review we will examine the main chemical components present in whole grains that may have health enhancing properties (dietary fiber, inulin, beta-glucan, resistant starch, carotenoids, phenolics, tocotrienols, and tocopherols) and the role that whole grains may play in disease prevention (cardiovascular diseases and strokes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, as well as different forms of cancer). The knowledge derived from the functional properties of the different chemical components present in whole grains will aid in the formulation and development of new food products with health enhancing characteristics.

Topics: beta-Glucans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotenoids; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Edible Grain; Functional Food; Humans; Hydroxybenzoates; Hypertension; Inulin; Neoplasms; Obesity; Vitamin E

Nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs) occur naturally in many foods. The physiochemical and biological properties of these compounds correspond to dietary fiber. Nonstarch polysaccharides show various physiological effects in the small and large intestine and therefore have important health implications for humans. The remarkable properties of dietary NSPs are water dispersibility, viscosity effect, bulk, and fermentibility into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These features may lead to diminished risk of serious diet related diseases which are major problems in Western countries and are emerging in developing countries with greater affluence. These conditions include coronary heart disease, colo-rectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, breast cancer, tumor formation, mineral related abnormalities, and disordered laxation. Insoluble NSPs (cellulose and hemicellulose) are effective laxatives whereas soluble NSPs (especially mixed-link β-glucans) lower plasma cholesterol levels and help to normalize blood glucose and insulin levels, making these kinds of polysaccharides a part of dietary plans to treat cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 diabetes. Moreover, a major proportion of dietary NSPs escapes the small intestine nearly intact, and is fermented into SCFAs by commensal microflora present in the colon and cecum and promotes normal laxation. Short chain fatty acids have a number of health promoting effects and are particularly effective in promoting large bowel function. Certain NSPs through their fermented products may promote the growth of specific beneficial colonic bacteria which offer a prebiotic effect. Various modes of action of NSPs as therapeutic agent have been proposed in the present review. In addition, NSPs based films and coatings for packaging and wrapping are of commercial interest because they are compatible with several types of food products. However, much of the physiological and nutritional impact of NSPs and the mechanism involved is not fully understood and even the recommendation on the dose of different dietary NSPs intake among different age groups needs to be studied.

Topics: beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chemical Phenomena; Cholesterol; Colon; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Fermentation; Humans; Insulin; Intestine, Large; Intestine, Small; Neoplasms; Nutritional Status; Polysaccharides; Prebiotics; Starch

Dietary fiber may contribute to both the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In epidemiological studies the intake of insoluble fiber, but not the intake of soluble fiber, has been inversely associated with the incidence of T2DM. In contrast, in postprandial studies, meals containing sufficiently quantities of beta-glucan, psyllium, or guar gum have decreased insulin and glucose responses in both healthy individuals and patients with T2DM. Diets enriched sufficiently in soluble fiber may also improve overall glycemic control in T2DM. Insoluble fiber has little effect on postprandial insulin and glucose responses. Fiber increases satiety. In some studies, insoluble fiber has been associated with less weight gain over time. Limited cross-sectional evidence suggests an inverse relationship between intake of cereal fiber and whole-grains and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Although long-term data from trials focusing on specifically dietary fiber are lacking, meeting current recommendations for a minimum fiber intake of 25 g/d based on a diet rich in whole grains, fruits and legumes will probably decrease the risk of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and T2DM.

Topics: beta-Glucans; Cathartics; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Epidemiologic Studies; Galactans; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Mannans; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Plant Gums; Postprandial Period; Psyllium; Risk Factors

This review is intended to focus on the composition of oat and its therapeutic potential in the pharmacology that supports its use to cure various maladies. Oat (Avena sativa) is distinct among the cereals due to its multifunctional characteristics and nutritional profile. Recent advancement in food and nutrition has revealed the importance of its various components. It is a good source of dietary fiber especially beta-glucan, minerals and other nutrients. Oat and oat by products have been proven to be helpful in the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Oat bran in particular, is good source of B complex vitamins, protein, fat, minerals besides heart healthy soluble fiber beta-glucan. The beta-glucan has outstanding functional properties and is of immense importance in human nutrition. Different physiological effects of beta-glucan are related to its viscosity, attenuation of postprandial plasma glucose and insulin responses, high transport of bile acids towards lower parts of the intestinal tract and high excretion of bile acids thereby lowering of serum cholesterol levels. Moreover, it is helpful against coeliac disease. The incorporation of oat grains and oat bran in the food products improves not only the nutrition but also a therapy against various maladies.

Topics: Area Under Curve; Avena; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Celiac Disease; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Intestinal Absorption; Minerals; Postprandial Period; Solubility; Viscosity; Vitamins

It is known that obesity has a multifactorial etiology that involves genetic and environmental factors. The WHO estimates the worldwide prevalence of 1.9 billion overweight adults and more than 650 million people with obesity. These alarming data highlight the high and growing prevalence of obesity and represent a risk factor for the development and aggravation of other chronic diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is frequently considered the hepatic outcome of type 2 diabetes. The use of non-pharmacological therapies such as food supplements, nutraceuticals, and natural integrative therapies has grown as an alternative tool for obesity-related diseases compared to conventional medications. However, it is a still little explored research field and lacks scientific evidence of therapeutic effectiveness. Considering this, the aim is to evaluate whether a new nutraceutical supplement composition can improve and supply essential mineral nutrients, providing an improvement of obesity-related metabolic and endocrine parameters.. Sedentary volunteers (women and men) with body mass index (BMI) ≤34.9 kg/m. In the anthropometric analysis, the waist circumference in middle abdomen (WC-mid) and waist circumference in iliac crest (WC-IC) were reduced. Also, the waist-to-height ratio (WHt R) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) seem to slightly decrease alongside the supplementation period with both nutraceutical supplements tested as well as transaminase enzyme ratio [aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR)], a known as a biomarker of NAFLD, and endocrine hormones cortisol and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) at 90 and 180 days post-supplementation.. In a condition associated with sedentary and no nutritional intervention, the new nutraceutical supplement composition demonstrated the ability to be a strong and newfangled tool to improve important biomarkers associated with obesity and its comorbidities.

Topics: Adult; beta-Glucans; Biomarkers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Male; Minerals; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Prebiotics; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Silybum marianum; Silymarin

Functional foods may be useful for people with diabetes. The soluble fibers beta glucans can modify starch digestion and improve postprandial glucose response. We analyzed the metabolic effects of a specifically designed 'functional' bread, low in starch, rich in fibers (7 g/100 g), with a beta glucan/starch ratio of (7.6:100, g/g), in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods. Bread intake did not change during the trial. The functional bread reduced glycated hemoglobin by ~0.5% (absolute units) vs. pre-treatment values (. A starch-restricted, fiber-rich functional bread, with an increased beta glucan/starch ratio, improved long term metabolic control, and may be indicated in the dietary treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Bread; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Digestion; Endpoint Determination; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period; Sample Size; Starch; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides

Adverse effects of metformin are primarily related to gastrointestinal (GI) intolerance that could limit titration to an efficacious dose or cause discontinuation of the medication. Because some metformin side effects may be attributable to shifts in the GI microbiome, we tested whether a GI microbiome modulator (GIMM) used in combination with metformin would ameliorate the GI symptoms.. A 2-period crossover study design was used with 2 treatment sequences, either placebo in period 1 followed by GIMM in period 2 or vice versa. Study periods lasted for 2 weeks, with a 2-week washout period between. During the first week, type 2 diabetes patients (T2D) who experienced metformin GI intolerance took 500 mg metformin along with their assigned NM504 (GIMM) or placebo treatment with breakfast and with dinner. In the second week, the 10 subjects took 500 mg metformin (t.i.d.), with GIMM or placebo consumed with the first and third daily metformin doses. Subjects were permitted to discontinue metformin dosing if it became intolerable.. The combination of metformin and GIMM treatment produced a significantly better tolerance score to metformin than the placebo combination (6.78 ± 0.65 [mean ± SEM] versus 4.45 ± 0.69, P = .0006). Mean fasting glucose levels were significantly (P < .02) lower with the metformin-GIMM combination (121.3 ± 7.8 mg/dl) than with metformin-placebo (151.9 ± 7.8 mg/dl).. Combining a GI microbiome modulator with metformin might allow the greater use of metformin in T2D patients and improve treatment of the disease.

Topics: Adult; Aged; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fasting; Female; Food, Formulated; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Inulin; Male; Metformin; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Treatment Outcome

Type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher cardiovascular risk and there has been a growing interest in using dietary intervention to improve lipid profile and glucose control. The present work aims at analysing the effects of the enrichment of a normal diet with beta-glucan (3.5 g/d) in free-living type 2 diabetic subjects for 2 months, using a palatable soup. This trial was a parallel, placebo-controlled, double-blinded randomised study performed in fifty-three type 2 diabetic subjects. During a 3-week run-in period, subjects daily consumed a ready meal control soup (without beta-glucan). For the following 8 weeks, subjects were randomly assigned to consume daily either a control soup or a beta-glucan soup. Changes in lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), HDL- and LDL-cholesterol (HDLc and LDLc), apo B and TAG) and in glucose control (HbA1c and fasting glucose) were measured. There was no significant alteration in lipid profile in the two groups (TC, HDLc, LDLc and apo B). TAG decreased significantly in the beta-glucan group compared with the control group ( - 0.12 (SD 0.38) v. 0.12 (SD 0.44) mmol/l, P = 0.03). HbA1c and fasting glucose were not reduced in any group. A single daily ingestion of 3.5 g beta-glucan, as required by official dietary recommendations, for 8 weeks did not change the lipid profile and HbA1c in type 2 diabetic subjects. To improve the metabolic profile of type 2 diabetic subjects in the long term, the quantity, the food vectors and the tolerability of beta-glucan products may be re-evaluated.

Topics: Aged; Avena; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Angiopathies; Diet, Diabetic; Double-Blind Method; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Lipids; Middle Aged; Placebos; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires

A high intake of whole grains containing soluble fiber has been shown to lower glucose and insulin responses in overweight humans and humans with type 2 diabetes.. We investigated the linearity of this response after consumption of 5 breakfast cereal test meals containing wheat and/or barley to provide varying amounts of soluble fiber, beta-glucan (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 g).. Seventeen normoglycemic, obese women at increased risk for insulin resistance consumed 5 test meals within a randomized cross-over design after consuming controlled diets for 2 days. Blood samples for glucose and insulin response were obtained prior to and 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after consuming the test meals.. Consumption of 10 g of beta-glucan significantly reduced peak glucose response at 30 min and delayed the rate of glucose response. Area under the curve for 2 h-postprandial glycemic response was not affected by beta-glucan content. However, peak and area under the curve of insulin responses were significantly affected by the beta-glucan amount in an inverse linear relationship.. These data suggest that acute consumption of 10 g of beta-glucan is able to induce physiologically beneficial effects on postprandial insulin responses in obese women at risk for insulin resistance.

Topics: beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edible Grain; Energy Intake; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hordeum; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Middle Aged; Obesity; Risk Factors

Previous studies have shown that the water-soluble dietary fibre betaglucan, a natural component of oats, reduces cholesterol and postprandial hyperglycaemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of betaglucan-enriched bread consumption on the lipid profile and glucose homoeostasis of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).. We conducted a randomized, double-blind study in which 46 patients with T2D and LDL-C greater than 3.37 mmol/l (130 mg/dl) were randomized to incorporate into their diet, for 3 weeks, either bread enriched with betaglucan (providing 3g/day of betaglucan) or white bread without betaglucan.. The consumption of bread containing betaglucan led to significant reductions (vs the control group) in LDL-C of 0.66 mmol/l (15.79%) versus 0.11 mmol/l (2.71%) (P=0.009), in total cholesterol of 0.80 mmol/l (12.80%) versus 0.12 mmol/l (1.88%) (P=0.006), in Fasting plasma insulin (FPI) of 3.23 microU/ml versus an increase of 3.77 microU/ml (P=0.03) and in Homa-IR (Homoeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) by 2.08 versus an increase of 1.33 (P=0.04).. Betaglucan enriched bread may contribute to the improvement of the lipid profile and insulin resistance in patients with T2D.

Topics: Aged; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Bread; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Double-Blind Method; Female; Food, Fortified; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Linear Models; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Middle Aged

Corneocyte accumulation (hyperkeratosis, xerosis) commonly occurs in the stratum corneum (SC) of the feet of diabetic patients, as well as menopausal women.. To compare the effects of a 2.5% chitin-glucan formulation with its placebo, and commercially available glycerol formulations.. This two-step controlled double-blind, randomized, intra-individual study was performed in 30 type 1 and 2 diabetic menopausal women suffering from xerosis of the feet. The formulations were applied once daily for 3 weeks. Electrometric assessments were performed on three sites of the feet at entry in the study, at weekly intervals during the treatment phase, and in a 2-week follow-up out of treatment. Positive controls consisted in two commercially available formulations enriched in glycerol.. Data revealed an unequivocal benefit provided by the 2.5% chitin-glucan formulation compared with placebo. The electrometric values were significantly higher at each evaluation time during both treatment and follow-up phases. The two glycerol-enriched formulations showed slightly different kinetics of SC moisturization. A steep increase was followed by a plateau level and a rapid decline after stopping the treatments.. The increased moisturization of the SC of the sole probably improves the desquamation process and reduces xerosis of the soles.

Topics: beta-Glucans; Chitin; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Double-Blind Method; Emollients; Female; Foot Dermatoses; Galvanic Skin Response; Humans; Menopause; Middle Aged; Skin; Treatment Outcome; Water; Water Loss, Insensible

Cereal products with low postprandial glycemic response are encouraged in the management of hyperglycemia. In this study, we determined the postprandial glycemic response of two different oat bran products in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, we investigated the effects of oat bran flour on postprandial glucose response following an oral glucose load.. A randomized, controlled, repeated measures design with two test series was used. Twelve type 2 diabetic patients participated in five 2-h meal glucose tolerance tests on separate occasions. Volunteers were given in random order oat bran flour, oat bran crisp and glucose load providing 12.5 g glycemic carbohydrate (series 1), 25 g glucose load alone and 25 g glucose load with 30 g oat bran flour (series 2). Finger-prick capillary blood analysis was carried out fasting and then 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the start of the meal. The oat bran flour had a lower 0-120 min area under the glucose response curve (AUC) (47+/-45 mmol min/L) than the glucose load (118+/-40 mmol min/L) (p<0.002), but there was no difference between the oat bran crisp (93+/-41 mmol min/L) and the glucose load in this respect. The oat bran flour decreased the glucose excursion from baseline by 1.6 mmol/l (2.4, 0.8) (mean (95% CI)) and 1.5 mmol/l (2.0, 1.1) at 30 and 45 min after the glucose load, respectively.. Oat bran flour high in beta-glucan had a low glycemic response and acted as an active ingredient decreasing postprandial glycemic response of an oral glucose load in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Topics: Aged; Area Under Curve; Avena; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glycemic Index; Humans; Male; Postprandial Period; Solubility

This study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of highland barley β-glucan (HBG) on mice with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and determine whether the hypoglycemic effects are related to modulations of the gut microbiota.. T2D was induced with a high-fat diet and streptozotocin in the mice. HBG was orally administered to mice with T2D for 4 wk, and biochemical indices were analyzed in the serum and liver. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed with high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing.. Intake of HBG for 4 wk suppressed the body weight, as well as liver and heart indices, and regulated the levels of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, blood lipid, oxidative damage, and inflammatory reaction in mice with T2D. Furthermore, HBG reversed the gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice with T2D by increasing the abundance of Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006, Streptococcaceae, and Eggerthellaceae, and by decreasing the abundance of Parasutterella.. Our findings indicate that the antidiabetic abilities of HBG might be related to the improvement of gut microbiota imbalance.

Topics: Animals; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hordeum; Hypoglycemic Agents; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Streptozocin

Gut microbiota alterations are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Yeast β-glucans are potential modulators of the innate immune-metabolic response, by impacting glucose, lipid, and cholesterol homeostasis. The study examines whether yeast β-glucan interacts differentially with either an obese healthy or obese diabetic gut microbiome, to impact metabolic health through hepatic effects under high-fat dietary challenge.. Male C57BL/6J mice are pre-inoculated with gut microbiota from obese healthy (OBH) or obese type 2 diabetic (OBD) subjects, in conjunction with a high-fat diet (HFD) with/without yeast β-glucan. OBD microbiome colonization adversely impacts metabolic health compared to OBH microbiome engraftment. OBD mice are more insulin resistant and display hepatic lipotoxicity compared to weight matched OBH mice. Yeast β-glucan supplementation resolves this adverse metabolic phenotype, coincident with increasing the abundance of health-related bacterial taxa. Hepatic proteomics demonstrates that OBD microbiome transplantation increases HFD-induced hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, and reduces protein synthesis, which are partly reverted by yeast β-glucan supplementation.. Hepatic metabolism is adversely affected by OBD microbiome colonization with high-fat feeding, but partially resolved by yeast β-glucan. More targeted dietary interventions that encompass the interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and host metabolism may have greater treatment efficacy.

Topics: Animals; beta-Glucans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Obesity; Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Topics: Animals; Arabinose; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Dexamethasone; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; Insulin Resistance; Mice; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Signal Transduction

Excessive body fat and high cholesterol are one of the leading reasons for triggering cardiovascular risk factors, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Beta-glucan (BG)-based dietary fibers are found to be effective for lowering fat digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the fat capturing mechanism of BG in aqueous medium is still elusive. In this report, we studied the dietary effect of barley-extracted BG on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, a model fat molecule) uptake and the impact of the aqueous medium on their interactions using computational modeling and experimental parameters. The possible microscale and macroscale molecular interactions between BG and DHA in an aqueous medium were analyzed through density functional theory (DFT), Monte-Carlo (MC), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. DFT analysis revealed that the BG polymer extends hydrogen bonding and nonbonding interactions with DHA. Bulk simulation with multiple DHA molecules on a long-chain BG showed that a viscous colloidal system is formed upon increasing DHA loading. Experimental size and zeta potential measurements also confirmed the electrostatic interaction between BG-DHA systems. Furthermore, simulated and experimental diffusion and viscosity measurements showed excellent agreement. These simulated and experimental results revealed the mechanistic pathway of how BG fibers form colloidal systems with fat molecules, which is probably responsible for BG-induced delayed fat digestion and further halting of fatty molecule absorption in the GI tract.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; beta-Glucans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Water

In our study, we focused on possible effects of supplementation with glucan and vitamin D on total numbers of NK cells in patients with diabetic retinopathy. We evaluated possible relations among nutritional state (BMI), leptin levels, and total numbers of NK cells in patients supplemented with (1) glucan and vitamin D, (2) vitamin D and placebo, and (3) vitamin D alone. Our results show that 3 months of supplementation with both glucan and vitamin D resulted in significant improvements of NK cell numbers. In addition, we found statistically significant correlation between NK cell numbers and leptin levels. Based on these results, we propose that the molecule responsible for these changes is glucan, as vitamin D alone or together with placebo caused no effects.

Topics: Aged; beta-Glucans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Immunomodulation; Killer Cells, Natural; Leptin; Lymphocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin D

Inflammation in visceral adipose tissues (VATs) contributes to the pathology of diabetes. This study focused on the inflammatory regulation in VATs by a yeast β-1,3-glucan (BYG) orally administered to ob/ob mice. BYG decreased pro-inflammatory modulators of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CCL2, and SAA3, and increased anti-inflammatory factors of Azgp1 (2.53 ± 0.02-fold change) at protein and/or mRNA levels (p < 0.05). Remarkably, BYG decreased the degree of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) infiltration to 82.5 ± 8.3%, especially the newly recruited ATMs. Interestingly, BYG increased the protective Th2 cell regulator GATA3 (7.72 ± 0.04-fold change) and decreased immunosuppressors IL-10 and IL-1ra, suggesting that BYG elicited inflammation inhibition via stimulating immune responses. Additionally, BYG increased the gut microbiota proportion of Akkermansia from 0.07% to 4.85% and improved the microenvironment of VATs through decreasing fibrosis and angiogenesis. These findings suggest that BYG has anti-inflammatory effect in diabetic mice, which can be used as a food component and/or therapeutic agent for diabetes.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Bacteria; beta-Glucans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Intestines; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Adults with metabolic syndrome from different race/ethnicities are often predisposed to developing type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, growing evidence suggests that healthy diets and lifestyle choices can significantly slow or prevent progression to T2D. This poorly understood relationship to healthy dietary patterns and prevention of T2D motivated us to conduct a retrospective analysis to determine the potential impact of a minor dietary lifestyle change (daily mushroom consumption) on known T2D risk factors in racially diverse adults with confirmed features of the metabolic syndrome. Retrospectively, we studied 37 subjects who had participated in a dietary intervention focused on vitamin D bioavailability from white button mushrooms (WBM). All 37 had previously completed a 16-week study where they consumed 100 g of WBM daily and were then followed-up for one month during which no mushrooms were consumed. We analyzed differences in serum risk factors from baseline to 16-week, and from baseline to one-month follow-up. Measurement of serum diabetic risk factors included inflammatory and oxidative stress markers and the antioxidant component naturally rich in mushrooms, ergothioneine. Significant beneficial health effects were observed at 16-week with the doubling of ergothioneine from baseline, increases in the antioxidant marker ORAC (oxygen radical absorption capacity) and anti-inflammatory hormone, adiponectin and significant decreases in serum oxidative stress inducing factors, carboxymethyllysine (CML) and methylglyoxal (MG), but no change in the lipid oxidative stress marker 8-isoprostane, leptin or measures of insulin resistance or glucose metabolism. We conclude that WBM contain a variety of compounds with potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant health benefits that can occur with frequent consumption over time in adults predisposed to T2D. Well-controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings and identify the specific mushroom components beneficial to health.

Topics: Adiponectin; Adult; Agaricus; Antioxidants; beta-Glucans; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Chitin; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Dinoprost; Ergothioneine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Leptin; Linear Models; Lysine; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Oxidative Stress; Polyphenols; Pyruvaldehyde; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Triglycerides; Vitamin D

β-Glucans have been shown to reduce the risk of obesity and diabetes. However, they often contain diverse polysaccharides and other ingredients, leading to elusive experimental data and mechanisms. In this study, a pure β-glucan was obtained from the crude Baker's yeast polysaccharides for investigating its effect on the metabolic disorders in high-fat diet induced obese (DIO)/type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice and the underlying mechanism.. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data indicated that the pure β-glucan (BYGlc) was a linear β-(1→3)-glucan. It was first found that the oral administration of BYGlc into T2D and DIO mice significantly downregulated the blood glucose through suppressing sodium-glucose transporter-1 expression in intestinal mucosa. Meanwhile, BYGlc promoted glycogen synthesis and inhibited fat accumulation in liver, and depressed macrophage infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines production measured by histochemistry/immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Additionally, BYGlc remarkably decreased Firmicutes population and increased the proportion of Akkermansia by 16S rDNA analysis.. BYGlc showed hypoglycemic activity accompanied by promotion of metabolism and inhibition of inflammation in T2D/DIO mice model. The hypoglycemic mechanisms were first declared to be through suppressing sodium-glucose transporter-1 expression and possibly associated with the altered gut microbiota.

Topics: Animals; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Cell Line; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Female; Firmicutes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hypoglycemic Agents; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Liver; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Obesity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; Verrucomicrobia

Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; beta-Glucans; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Combined Modality Therapy; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Angiopathies; Diabetic Nephropathies; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Supplements; Exercise Therapy; Glycated Hemoglobin; Lipids; Male; Rats, Wistar; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Streptozocin

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe disseminated fungal disease that occurs mostly in immunocompromised patients. However, central nervous system IA, combining meningitis and skull base involvement, does not occur only in groups with classic risk factors for IA; patients with chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus are also at risk for more chronic forms. In both of our proven IA cases, voriconazole monotherapy was effective without surgery, and cerebrospinal fluid and serum 1,3-β-d-glucan test results were initially positive, in contrast to galactomannan antigen results.

Topics: Aged; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus fumigatus; beta-Glucans; Candida albicans; Chronic Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Meningitis, Fungal; Neuroaspergillosis; Otitis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Sinusitis; Treatment Outcome; Voriconazole

The gut microbiome plays an important role in regulation of metabolic processes, including digestion, absorption, and synthesis of bioactive molecules that signal physiological host mechanisms. Changes in the human gut microbiome are associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Water-soluble dietary fibres like inulin and beta-glucan are fermented in the colon, and beta-glucan increases viscosity. Blueberries improve insulin sensitivity through an antioxidant effect. A cobiotic, consisting of purified inulin, sugar-free blueberry pomace extract, and an oat preparation of purified beta-glucan was developed for twice a day (bid) consumption as a smoothie drink to repair the gastrointestinal dysbiosis in type 2 diabetes. A 30-year-old man presented with new onset type 2 diabetes and a fasting glucose (FBS) of 375 mg/dl. Metformin 500 mg bid was initiated and increased to 1 g bid after 1 week. During the first 9 days of metformin treatment, he developed diarrhoea, but his FBS only dropped to 325 mg/dl. The cobiotic bid was added on the 9th day of metformin treatment, and after 2 days, his FBS dropped to 175 mg/dl. After 8 weeks on metformin and the cobiotic, his blood sugar was 100 mg/dl and he lost 5.5 kg. His stools became soft and formed on the cobiotic, reverted to diarrhoea when off of it for 2 days, and returned to normal on resuming the cobiotic formulation. Metformin is a safe, effective and inexpensive generic medication favouring weight loss, recommended as initial treatment of type 2 diabetes by the American Diabetes Association. However, a 20% incidence of diarrhoea limits its tolerability. A safe food supplement that can increase the efficacy of metformin and its tolerability, as occurred in this case report, would have significant positive public health consequences. A controlled clinical trial of the cobiotic with metformin is planned.

Topics: Adult; Antioxidants; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Blueberry Plants; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Tract; Glucose; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Inulin; Low Back Pain; Male; Metformin; Microbiota; Probiotics

The soluble fiber β-glucan, a natural component of barley, has been shown to lower the postprandial glucose response and is thought to improve insulin resistance.. This study examined the effect of chronic consumption of the high β-glucan barley flour on glucose control, liver lipids and markers of muscle fatty acid oxidation in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat. Two groups of ZDF rats were fed diets containing either 6% β-glucan in the form of barley flour or cellulose as a control for 6 weeks. A group of Zucker lean rats served as a negative control.. The barley flour group had an increased small intestinal contents viscosity compared to the obese control group. After 6 weeks, the barley flour group had reduced glycated hemoglobin, lower relative kidney weights and a reduced area under the curve during a glucose tolerance test, indicating improved glucose control. Fasting plasma adiponectin levels increased in the barley flour group and were not different than the lean control group. ZDF rats on the barley flour diet had lower relative epididymal fat pad weights than the obese control and a greater food efficiency ratio. The barley flour group also had reduced liver weights and a decreased concentration of liver lipids. The barley flour group had significantly higher concentrations of muscle acylcarnitines, a metabolite generated during fatty acid oxidation.. These results show that chronic consumption of β-glucans can improve glucose control and decrease fatty liver in a model of diabetes with obesity.

Topics: Adiponectin; Animals; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Liver; Flour; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hordeum; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Intestine, Small; Ketones; Liver; Obesity; Organ Size; Postprandial Period; Rats; Rats, Zucker; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Triglycerides

Soluble dietary fiber and antioxidants have received much attention as most important components of functional foods. However, few data are available on the effects of the combination of tea polyphenols (TP) and β-glucan (BG) on blood glucose in a diabetic rat. The effects of administration of barley BG and TP or their combination (TP + BG) on blood glucose, lipid profiles, and antioxidant parameters on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Significant improvements on the blood glucose level, serum lipid parameters (decreases in triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and increase in HDL-C), lipid peroxidation (decrease in malondiadehyde content), and serum antioxidant status (increases in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity) resulted in diabetic rats after administering TP + BG. This study, therefore, demonstrated that the intake of TP + BG has beneficial effects on glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, and serum antioxidant status. It also revealed that TP + BG is better than TP or BG alone in improving glucose metabolism and antioxidant status in diabetic rats. Practically, the present study suggested that polyphenols-rich cereal foods are help for type 2 diabetes.. Although TP or BG was definitely helpful in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus, synthetic anti-hyperglycemic effects were found between TP and BG. The fortification of a BG-rich cereal diet with TP could be used as a strategy to maintain health of diabetic subjects.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; beta-Glucans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Food, Fortified; Functional Food; Hordeum; Hyperglycemia; Hyperlipidemias; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Oxidoreductases; Polyphenols; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Seeds; Streptozocin; Tea

Oat products are abundant in β-glucan, which could lower the glycemic index of products or foods. A low glycemic index is beneficial in the control of postprandial glycemia. The study examined the hypoglycemic effects of oat products that had the same percentage of oat β-glucan and were added into the diet fed to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice for 6 weeks, and potential mechanisms are discussed here. Oat products significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and glycosylated serum protein (p < 0.05), but the hypoglycemic effect was not more than that of metformin (p > 0.05). Oat products increased glycogen, hormone, and nuclear receptor levels (p < 0.05), decreased free fatty acid content and succinate dehydrogenase activity (p < 0.05), and inhibited pancreatic apoptosis (p < 0.05). The results showed oat products had hypoglycemic effects. Hypoglycemic effects of oat products might be regulating glucose and fat metabolisms, stimulating hormone secretion, activating the nuclear receptor, and protecting organ function.

Topics: Animals; Avena; beta-Glucans; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glycemic Index; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Metformin; Mice; Seeds