endomorphin-2 and Chronic-Pain

Endomorphin-2 (EM2) and Substance P (SP) exert suppressive and facilitative influences upon nociception, respectively. Although EM2 and SP were often co-expressed in single neurons in dorsal root ganglion (DRG), it is still unknown if and how the nociception-suppressive influences of EM2 might be exerted upon nociception-facilitative effects of SP in the DRG neurons. We examined these issues in the inflammatory pain model rats produced by subcutaneous injection of the complete Freund's adjuvant into the hind paw. The paw withdrawal threshold for mechanical allodynia was measured. Changes of EM2 and SP release were estimated by measuring intrathecal levels of EM2 and SP through in vivo microdialysis analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. The mechanical allodynia was dose-dependently attenuated by intrathecal injection of EM2 or a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, and facilitated by intrathecal injection of SP or a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist. Importantly, intrathecal level of SP was found to be lowered by intrathecal injection of EM2. Morphologically, colocalization of EM2-, MOR- and SP-immunoreactivity in single DRG neurons was observed by immunofluorescent histochemistry, and co-expression of EM2 and SP in large, dense-cored presynaptic vesicles in primary afferents, as well as localization of MOR on pre- and postsynaptic membrane in spinal dorsal horn, was also confirmed electron miscroscopically. Thus, the results indicated that analgesic influences of EM2 upon inflammatory pain might be exerted through suppression of SP release, supporting the assumptions that binding of EM2 to presynaptic MOR might induce such effects.

Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Chronic Pain; Ganglia, Spinal; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Spinal; Male; Microdialysis; Microscopy, Electron; Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists; Neurons, Afferent; Nociception; Oligopeptides; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, mu; Receptors, Presynaptic; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn; Stress, Mechanical; Substance P; Tryptophan

This study reports on the in vivo effects of four endomorphin-2 (EM-2) derivatives (EMD1-4) containing unnatural amino acids, i.e. 2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (Achc2), para-fluorophenylalanine (pFPhe4), β-methylphenylalanine (βMePhe4) and/or 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt1). After induction of osteoarthritis by monosodium iodoacetate into the ankle joint of male Wistar rats, a chronic intrathecal catheter was inserted for spinal drug delivery. The mechanical threshold was assessed by a dynamic aesthesiometer. Intrathecal injection of the original EM-2 and the ligands (0.3-10 μg) caused dose-dependent antiallodynic effects. The comparison of the different substances revealed that EMD3 and EMD4 showed more prolonged antinociception than EM-2, and the effects of the highest dose of EMD4 were comparable to morphine, while EMD3 caused paralysis at this dose. The potency of the different ligands did not differ from EM-2. The results show that the derivatives of EM-2 have similar in vivo potency to the original ligand, but their effects were more prolonged suggesting that these structural modifications may play a role in the development of novel endomorphin analogues with increased therapeutic potential.

Topics: Aminobutyrates; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arthralgia; Carboxylic Acids; Chronic Pain; Cyclobutanes; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Design; Edema; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Spinal; Male; Nociceptors; Oligopeptides; p-Fluorophenylalanine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tyrosine