enalapril and Sleep-Wake-Disorders

The relationship between hypertension and sleep-related movement disorders has been hypothesized for humans, but the causes and mechanisms have not been elucidated. We investigated whether an alteration in blood pressure (BP) induced by physical exercise and/or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril) could affect locomotor activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats, with emphasis on the dopaminergic system. We used SHR and normotensive Wistar rats distributed into 4 groups for each strain: control, physical exercise, enalapril and physical exercise+enalapril. Physical exercise was performed on a treadmill, and enalapril was administered by gavage, both for 8weeks. During this period, locomotor activity was evaluated in an open field test, and BP was evaluated by tail plethysmography. Dopaminergic receptors, dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase levels at the striatum were evaluated by Western blotting. The control group of spontaneously hypertensive rats showed higher BP, increased activity in the open field test and lower levels of D2 receptors and tyrosine hydroxylase compared with all other groups throughout the experimental period. In general, physical exercise and enalapril attenuated these alterations. This study suggested the existence of comorbidity between hypertension and sleep-related movement disorders in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physical exercise and enalapril conferred protection for both hypertension and the observed behavioral changes. In addition, these treatments led to changes in dopaminergic signaling in the striatal region (i.e., D2 receptor, TH and DAT).

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Blood Pressure; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Enalapril; Exercise Therapy; Male; Motor Activity; Movement Disorders; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Inbred WKY; Receptors, Dopamine; Sleep Wake Disorders; Time Factors; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Changes in 24-h profiles of arterial pressure following treatment with zolpidem were studied in 12 patients with essential arterial hypertension and chronic sleep problems on enalapril. One week treatment with zolpidem improved quality of sleep, increased a circadian index of systolic arterial pressure, 3 non-dipper patients recovered circadian rhythm of arterial pressure. The antihypertensive effect at night was higher when enalapril was used in combination with zolpidem than in monotherapy with enalapril.

Topics: Aged; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Chronic Disease; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enalapril; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Middle Aged; Pyridines; Sleep Wake Disorders; Zolpidem