enalapril and Cat-Diseases

In order to evaluate the effect of enalapril on haemodynamics and renal function in a pressure overload model, we prepared eight feline models of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by banding of the aortic arch. The LVH cats were assigned to the placebo group or the enalapril group (0.5 mg/kg, PO, sid) 3 months following surgery, and each received its respective drug for 4 weeks. Each week, blood pressure, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in blood, and creatinine clearance were measured, and complete blood count (CBC), biochemical examination of the blood, echocardiography, and chest radiography were carried out. The interventricular septum thickness (IVSd, IVSs), fractional shortening (FS), and ejection fraction (EF) increased significantly in the LVH cats following surgery (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the placebo group and the enalapril group with respect to general physical parameters, CBC, biochemical parameters and renal function. In the enalapril group, systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, and ACE activity in blood decreased significantly following administration (P<0.05). In addition, the left ventricular free wall thickness in diastole and IVSd decreased significantly following administration (P<0.05). These results suggest that, in a pressure overload model, enalapril (0.5 mg/kg, sid) inhibits cardiac hypertrophy, reduces blood pressure, and does not adversely affect renal function.

Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cat Diseases; Cats; Enalapril; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Models, Animal; Ventricular Function, Left

Hypertension is commonly associated with chronic renal disease in cats, and inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) may contribute to the hypertensive state. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are commonly administered when hypertension is present to decrease plasma concentrations of angiotensin II and aldosterone, which cause vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention, respectively. The study reported here was conducted over a 6-month period to assess the effects of two commonly prescribed ACE inhibitors, enalapril and benazepril, on the activity of the RAAS and blood pressure in 16 spontaneously hypertensive cats with chronic renal disease. Plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity were not significantly affected by ACE inhibitors in hypertensive cats, and systolic blood pressure did not decrease below 170 mm Hg with ACE inhibitor monotherapy in 14 of 16 cats. These results suggest that continued activation of the RAAS is present in hypertensive cats despite treatment with an ACE inhibitor, and ACE inhibitors should not be used as first-line antihypertensive treatment in hypertensive cats.

Topics: Aldosterone; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Cat Diseases; Cats; Enalapril; Female; Hypertension; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Renin

To evaluate blood pressure, renal function, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in cats with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and to assess the effect of enalapril on these variables.. 6 cats with ADPKD and 6 age-matched healthy cats.. To measure blood pressure and heart rate, a radiotelemetry catheter was placed in the left femoral artery of each cat. Baseline data collection included 24-hour blood pressure, heart rate, and motor activity. Blood was then collected for analysis of RAAS status and renal function. Enalapril (0.5 mg/kg of body weight, p.o., q 24 h) was administered for 1 week, and data collection was repeated.. Differences in baseline blood pressure, heart rate, motor activity, RAAS status, and renal function were not detected between cats with ADPKD and control cats. Hypertension was not documented in cats with ADPKD. Blood pressure was significantly reduced for 15 to 17 hours after treatment with enalapril in both groups. Administration of enalapril also resulted in significant increases in plasma renin activity and significant decreases in angiotensin converting enzyme activity and atrial natriuretic peptide concentration but only minimal changes in glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow in both groups of cats.. Although hypertension is common in humans with ADPKD, cats with ADPKD were normotensive. Treatment with enalapril (0.5 mg/kg, p.o., q 24 h) significantly reduced blood pressure in normotensive healthy cats and cats with ADPKD, and resulted in predictable changes in RAAS enzyme activities and hormone concentrations. Enalapril had minimal effects on renal function.

Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Cat Diseases; Cats; Enalapril; Female; Kidney; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant; Renin-Angiotensin System

To determine plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin I (Ang I), and aldosterone (ALDO) values in clinically normal cats and hypertensive cats with renal disease, and the relation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation in response to treatment with beta-blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.. 5 normotensive healthy control cats and 12 Untreated hypertensive cats with chronic renal disease.. Untreated hypertensive cats received either propanolol (n = 6) or enalapril (n = 6) as initial antihypertensive treatment. PRA and baseline plasma Ang I and ALDO concentrations were measured prior to treatment. The difference in Ang I values at 2 hours (Ang I generated) and at time 0 (baseline Ang I) was divided by 2 to give the PRA value. Values for PRA, Ang I, and ALDO were obtained from 5 clinically normal, normotensive cats, and compared with those of hypertensive cats.. Mean +/- SD PRA and baseline Ang I concentration were not significantly different between normotensive and hypertensive cats. Mean ALDO concentration was significantly (P = 0.0235) higher in hypertensive cats with renal disease (186.18 +/- 145.15 pg/ml), compared with that in normotensive controls (51.1 +/- 16.76 pg/ml). Eight hypertensive cats with ALDO concentration > 2 SD above the mean concentration in control cats had low (n = 3), normal (n = 4), or high (n = 1) PRA, suggesting variable activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in the hypertensive state. Overall, enalapril was effective long-term monotherapy in only 1 of 6 cats, and propranolol was ineffective as long-term monotherapy.. Evaluation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cats with hypertension associated with renal disease may lead to greater understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of this disorder. In addition, identification of biochemical markers in hypertensive cats may permit selection of appropriate antihypertensive drugs. Propranolol and enalapril were ineffective antihypertensive agents in most cats of this study.

Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aldosterone; Angiotensin II; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enalapril; Female; Hypertension, Renal; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Propranolol; Radioimmunoassay; Renin; Renin-Angiotensin System

Topics: Animals; Aortic Dissection; Cat Diseases; Cats; Echocardiography; Enalapril; Furosemide; Heart Failure; Male; Radiography, Thoracic; Sotalol

The successful management of cranial vena cava syndrome with suspected secondary chylothorax due to mediastinal cryptococcal granuloma in a 4-year-old male domestic shorthair cat is described. Treatment included long-term antifungal medication, short-term corticosteroids, intermittent thoracocentesis, rutin, octreotide, and enalapril.

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Antihypertensive Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Chylothorax; Cryptococcosis; Enalapril; Fluconazole; Granuloma; Ketoconazole; Male; Rutin; Superior Vena Cava Syndrome; Vena Cava, Superior

A 15-year-old, neutered male, domestic shorthair presented with dyspnea. Unclassified cardiomyopathy was diagnosed. Treatment resulted in a profound bradycardia, which was attributed to the administration of a beta-adrenergic blocker. The pathogenesis of unclassified cardiomyopathy is discussed and the side effects of beta-adrenergic blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are reviewed.

Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Atenolol; Bradycardia; Cardiomyopathies; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dyspnea; Enalapril; Hypotension; Male

Hyperthyroidism and chronic renal disease occur commonly in geriatric cats, often in association with potentially life-threatening primary or secondary hypertension. Early treatment of hypertension minimizes damage to vital organs. This case illustrates the complexity of managing hypertension in a geriatric cat with both hyperthyroidism and renal disease.

Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Antithyroid Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diagnosis, Differential; Enalapril; Female; Hypertension; Hyperthyroidism; Kidney Diseases; Methimazole; Treatment Outcome

To compare 2 techniques of inducing combined renal insufficiency and systemic hypertension in cats.. 22 cats 6 to 12 months of age.. Cats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Control (C) group cats had 2 intact kidneys, remnant kidney (RK) group cats underwent unilateral partial renal infarction and contralateral nephrectomy, and remnant-wrap (W) group cats underwent unilateral partial renal infarction and partial abtation and wrapping of the contralateral kidney. Systemic arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured continuously by use of implanted radiotelemetric devices. Renal function was assessed via determination of glomerular filtration rate, measurement of serum creatinine and BUN concentrations, and determination of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/C). Serum aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity were measured on day 75.. Systolic BP was significantly higher in groups RK and W than in group C, and systolic BP was significantly higher in group W than in group RK. Serum aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity were significantly higher in group W, compared with groups C and RK. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in groups RK and W, compared with group C. Histologic indices of renal injury and UP/C were significantly higher in group W, compared with groups C and RK.. Hypertensive renal insufficiency in group W was characterized by marked sustained systemic hypertension, decreased renal function, proteinuria, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and renal structural injury. Results support the hypothesis that marked systemic hypertension, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and proteinuria may damage the kidney of cats with preexisting renal insufficiency.

Topics: Amlodipine; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diltiazem; Enalapril; Heart Rate; Hypertension, Renal; Infarction; Kidney; Ligation; Losartan; Nephrectomy; Renal Insufficiency; Telemetry; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diagnosis, Differential; Digoxin; Enalapril; Furosemide; Heart Failure; Male; Nitroglycerin; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Radiography; Ultrasonography

A domestic shorthaired cat was presented with a 1-month history of cardiomegaly and recurrent chylothorax. The heart rate was 130 beats/min and no P waves were present on a surface electrocardiogram. Thoracic radiographs and an echocardiogram demonstrated severe biatrial dilatation, pleural effusion and restrictive pleural disease. Permanent atrial standstill was suspected. Pleurocentesis was performed and therapy was started with enalapril, frusemide and aspirin. Intracardiac electrograms revealed no atrial activity, and atrial pacing failed to elicit atrial or ventricular depolarisations. The patient was euthanased. Necropsy showed severe atrial wall thinning with marked cardiocyte loss. Persistent atrial standstill is a rare disease in the cat. Clinical signs may have been due to loss of atrial function, ventricular diastolic dysfunction, bradycardia, neurohormonal activation and reduced atrial natriuretic peptide plasma concentrations.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antihypertensive Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Aspirin; Cardiomegaly; Cat Diseases; Cats; Chylothorax; Diuretics; Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; Electrocardiography; Electrophysiology; Enalapril; Fatal Outcome; Female; Furosemide; Heart Atria; Lameness, Animal; Myocardium; Radiography, Thoracic; Recurrence