elafin and Celiac-Disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten, characterized by immune responses toward gluten constituents and the autoantigen transglutaminase 2. The only current treatment available for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet, however there are a plethora of therapies in development for the treatment of celiac disease (e.g. vaccine), management of symptoms while consuming gluten (e.g. Necator americanus) or adjuvant therapies in conjunction with the gluten-free diet (e.g. larazotide acetate). Current approaches in development target barrier function, immune responses, detoxifying gluten or sequestering gluten. Developing therapies include those targeting environmental factors, such as the microbiota or proteases.

Topics: Ancylostomatoidea; Animals; Celiac Disease; Diet, Gluten-Free; Elafin; Enzyme Therapy; Glutens; GTP-Binding Proteins; HLA Antigens; Humans; Models, Biological; Probiotics; Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; Sulfonamides; T-Lymphocytes; Transglutaminases

Topics: Animals; Celiac Disease; Elafin; Female; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Male

Elafin, an endogenous serine protease inhibitor, modulates colonic inflammation. We investigated the role of elafin in celiac disease (CD) using human small intestinal tissues and in vitro assays of gliadin deamidation. We also investigated the potential beneficial effects of elafin in a mouse model of gluten sensitivity.. Epithelial elafin expression in the small intestine of patients with active CD, treated CD, and controls without CD was determined by immunofluorescence. Interaction of elafin with human tissue transglutaminase-2 (TG-2) was investigated in vitro. The 33-mer peptide, a highly immunogenic gliadin peptide, was incubated with TG-2 and elafin at different concentrations. The degree of deamidation of the 33-mer peptide was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Elafin was delivered to the intestine of gluten-sensitive mice using a recombinant Lactococcus lactis vector. Small intestinal barrier function, inflammation, proteolytic activity, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression were assessed.. Elafin expression in the small intestinal epithelium was lower in patients with active CD compared with control patients. In vitro, elafin significantly slowed the kinetics of the deamidation of the 33-mer peptide to its more immunogenic form. Treatment of gluten-sensitive mice with elafin delivered by the L. lactis vector normalized inflammation, improved permeability, and maintained ZO-1 expression.. The decreased elafin expression in the small intestine of patients with active CD, the reduction of 33-mer peptide deamidation by elafin, coupled to the barrier enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects observed in gluten-sensitive mice, suggest that this molecule may have pathophysiological and therapeutic importance in gluten-related disorders.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Celiac Disease; Chromatography, Liquid; Deamination; Diet, Gluten-Free; Elafin; Female; Gliadin; GTP-Binding Proteins; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Mice; Mice, Inbred NOD; Middle Aged; Permeability; Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; Transglutaminases; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein