egg-white and Body-Weight

While eggs are a low-cost source of protein, rich in macro- and micronutrients, the association of egg intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains controversial. This study investigated the effect of egg consumption on CVD parameters. Eggs were boiled, separated into four fractions (whole egg, 50% yolk-reduced whole egg, egg yolk and egg white) and then freeze-dried. The different egg fractions or distilled water (control) were orally gavaged to adult male Wistar rats at 1 g kg. In comparison to the control group, none of the egg fractions affected body weight, food intake, plasma glucose or lipid profile. The yolk group experienced increased plasma alkaline phosphatase and creatinine levels, while egg white caused decreased plasma cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen. Whole egg and egg yolk increased blood pressure and mean hemoglobin concentration and the yolk increased liver lipid accumulation. Egg white decreased the white blood cell count and body fat lipids. No changes were found in basal heart rate or vascular functions in any of the groups.. Consumption of whole egg or egg yolk at the dosage given caused hypertension, with impairment of liver and kidney functions following the intake of yolk alone. However, egg white is beneficial for the cardiovascular system as it decreased plasma cholesterol and body fat accumulation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chickens; Cholesterol; Cooking; Creatinine; Egg White; Egg Yolk; Eggs; Humans; Liver; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Egg yolks contain large amounts of cholesterol and are suspected to be harmful after long-term consumption. In this experiment, 63 rats were used to evaluate the effect of egg white (EW) and egg yolk (EY) supplementation on serum lipids and brain cognition. The feeding time lasted 4 weeks after a 1-week acclimation.. Body weight was significantly higher in rats fed 132.0 g kg. EY consumption reduced body weight and increased HDL levels. Diet containing EY could improve cognition through enhanced trkB expression. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cell Count; Cholesterol; Diet; Egg White; Egg Yolk; Hippocampus; Lipoproteins, HDL; Male; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, trkB

Egg white (EW) is known as a nutritional protein but can induce allergic reactions in humans. We investigated the dietary effects of EW and its hydrolysate (EWH), which contains less allergen, on body fat accumulation in Wistar rats fed an equicaloric high-fat and high-sucrose diet for 8 wk (Exp A). The pair-feeding of EW and equicaloric-feeding of EWH increased fecal fat excretion and suppressed lipid accumulation in the liver and muscles but not in the abdominal adipose tissues, carcass, or total body. Dietary EWH also suppressed the serum glucose level and alkaline phosphatase activity. Further, we showed a higher dispersibility of EW and EWH in physicochemical assay (Exp B). Next, we investigated the suppressive effects of a single administration of EW and EWH on lipid-induced hypertriglyceridemia and small intestinal meal transit in ddY mice (Exp C). However, a single administration of EW or EWH did not suppress the lipid-induced hypertriglyceridemia nor did it delay the rate of small intestinal transit. These findings indicated that dietary EW and EWH reduce hepatic and muscular (ectopic) fat accumulation mainly by suppressing fat absorption and supplying fat to the liver and muscles. Therefore, the low-allergenic EWH can be effective for the prevention of high-fat-diet-induced obesity.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Fats; Egg Hypersensitivity; Egg White; Glycated Hemoglobin; Hypertriglyceridemia; Insulin; Intestine, Small; Leptin; Liver; Male; Mice; Muscle, Skeletal; Obesity; Protein Hydrolysates; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Triglycerides

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the administration of egg white hydrolysates on obesity-related disorders, with a focus on lipid metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress, in Zucker fatty rats. Obese Zucker rats received water, pepsin egg white hydrolysate (750 mg/kg/day) or Rhizopus aminopeptidase egg white hydrolysate (750 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Lean Zucker rats received water. Body weight, solid and liquid intakes were weekly measured. At the end of the study, urine, faeces, different organs and blood samples were collected. The consumption of egg white hydrolysed with pepsin significantly decreased the epididymal adipose tissue, improved hepatic steatosis, and lowered plasmatic concentration of free fatty acids in the obese animals. It also decreased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and reduced oxidative stress. Pepsin egg white hydrolysate could be used as a tool to improve obesity-related complications.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Weight; Eating; Egg White; Fatty Liver; Hydrolysis; Inflammation; Liver; Male; Obesity; Oxidative Stress; Pepsin A; Rats, Zucker

In birds, spectrum of egg white proteins deposited into the egg during its formation are thought to be essential maternal effects. Particularly, egg white lysozyme (LSM), exhibiting great between and within species variability, is considered to be essential for developing avian embryos due to its physiological, antimicrobial, and innate immune defense functions. However, there have been few studies investigating effects of LSM on early post-hatching phenotype, despite its broad physiological and protective role during embryogenesis. Here, we test how experimentally increased concentrations of egg white LSM affect hatchability in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and chick phenotype immediately after hatching (particularly body weight, tarsus length, plasma LSM concentration, and plasma complement activity). Chicks from eggs with increased LSM concentration displayed reduced tarsus length compared to chicks from control eggs while hatchability, body weight and plasma LSM concentration were unaffected. It is worth noting that no effect of increased in ovo lysozyme on eggs hatchability could be related to pathogen-free environment during artificial incubation of experimental eggs causing minimal pressure on embryo viability. While tangible in vivo mechanisms during avian embryogenesis remain to be tested, our study is the first to document experimentally that egg white LSM appears to have growth-regulation role during embryo development, with possible underlying phenotypic consequences in the early post-hatching period in precocial birds.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Complement System Proteins; Coturnix; Egg White; Embryonic Development; Muramidase; Ovum; Phenotype; Tarsus, Animal

1. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of diet composition on egg number, physical and chemical characteristics of eggs and weight and survival of chicks throughout a breeding season in a captive-bred population of greater rheas (Rhea americana). 2. From August to December, individuals were offered two diets: processed feed for rheas and processed feed for chicken (which is the feed most commonly offered to farmed rheas in Argentina). Reproductive performance of 15 females was monitored and female body weight was recorded before egg-laying onset. Within each experimental group, the following variables were determined: egg morphometric variables and percentage of components, fatty acid composition, hatching success and initial weight of chicks and mortality during the first week of life. 3. Females that were fed on processed feed for rheas delayed onset of laying and reduced laying period and number of eggs produced. However, females of this group laid larger eggs, with higher percentages of yolk and yolk lipids, and exhibited higher hatching success and chick weight compared with those that received chicken diet. Survivorship of chicks in their first week of life was not affected by composition of the diet offered to parental female. 4. Some reproductive parameters of captive greater rhea females fed on processed feed for rheas were higher than those of individuals receiving processed feed for chicken.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Argentina; Body Weight; Breeding; Diet; Egg Shell; Egg White; Egg Yolk; Female; Ovalbumin; Oviposition; Ovum; Rheiformes; Seasons

Undernourishment is common in children with cerebral palsy (CP), but the reasons are unknown. We previously reported elevated levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG antibodies against gliadin (AGA) and tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in 99 children and young adults with CP without characteristic findings of gluten enteropathy in small bowel biopsies. Our aim was to perform a case-control study of IgG antibodies against other dietary antigens, AGA, anti-tTG, and IgE antibodies against wheat and gluten.. Sera from 99 cases with CP and 99 healthy, age- and sex-matched controls were analysed with fluorescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of IgG antibodies against β-lactoglobulin, casein, egg white, IgG- and IgA-AGA, IgA-anti-tTG, and IgE antibodies against gluten and wheat.. Compared with controls, the odds ratio in cases with CP for having elevated levels of IgG antibodies against β-lactoglobulin was 17.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-128), against casein 11.0 (95% CI 2.6-46.8), and against egg white 7.0 (95% CI 1.6-30.8). The IgE responses for wheat/gluten were generally low. The tetraplegic and dyskinetic CP subtypes had significantly higher frequencies of elevated levels for all of the tested antibodies except IgG against egg white, and IgA-anti-tTG. A significantly lower weight was seen in cases with CP with positive versus negative serology.. Elevated levels of IgG against dietary antigens were more frequent in the CP group compared with controls, and particularly in the tetraplegic and dyskinetic CP subtypes with the most severe neurologic handicap and undernourishment. Hypothetically, malnourishment may cause increased intestinal permeability and thus immunization against dietary antigens.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies; Autoantibodies; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Caseins; Celiac Disease; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Dietary Proteins; Egg White; Female; Glutens; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Infant; Lactoglobulins; Male; Malnutrition; Transglutaminases; Triticum; Young Adult

Selection can be a useful way to alter yolk proportion and thereby egg dry matter which, owing to its economic importance, is a trait of substantial importance for the egg-processing industry. However, the egg is primarily the chamber of embryonic development. The main purpose of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between the maternal effect on chick weight at hatching and the direct effect on different egg composition traits, in particular, yolk proportion. Additionally, genetic parameters were estimated for egg composition traits. To create a data set suitable for estimation of genetic parameters, a three-round selection experiment was set up. Birds were selected based on their predicted breeding values for the genetic maternal effect on chick weight and the direct genetic effect on yolk proportion according to the theory of elliptical selection. Genetic parameters were estimated using a multiple trait animal model and restricted maximum likelihood. The maternal heritability for chick weight was 0.5, whereas the direct heritability was dose to 0. The genetic correlations between the maternal effect on chick weight and the direct effect on yolk proportion, yolk weight, albumen weight, albumen dry matter concentration, and egg weight were 0.14, 0.76, 0.93, 0.14, and 0.99, respectively. The heritabilities for yolk proportion, yolk weight, albumen weight, albumen dry matter concentration, and egg weight were 0.33, 0.43, 0.57, 0.38, and 0.60, respectively. We conclude that breeding ought to be a useful way to increase egg dry matter with no expected unfavorable correlated effects on chick weight.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Breeding; Chickens; Egg White; Egg Yolk; Female; Male; Ovum; Selection, Genetic

Two hundred fifty-six 18-wk-old Shaver White and ISA-Brown pullets were fed commercial diets containing either 0 or 10% flaxseed in order to study the long-term effects of feeding flaxseed on hen performance and egg production parameters. Performance was monitored over 10 consecutive 28-d periods. Flaxseed was introduced gradually at 28 wk of age and was maintained until hens were 53 wk of age, when flaxseed was gradually eliminated from the diet. Feed intake was less (P < 0.05) for hens fed flaxseed compared to those consuming the control diet. Flax-fed hens were also lighter (P < 0.05) compared to the control birds. Egg production, egg weight, shell weight, albumen height, and shell thickness were not significantly (P > 0.05) different for hens consuming 0 and 10% flaxseed; however, yolk weight was reduced (P < 0.05) in hens fed flaxseed. Both strains of birds fed flaxseed deposited significantly more n-3 fatty acids into their eggs. Sampling of livers at the end of the trial showed that hens fed flaxseed had a higher (P < 0.05) incidence of liver hemorrhages.

Topics: Aging; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Diet; Egg Shell; Egg White; Egg Yolk; Eggs; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Flax; Hemorrhage; Liver Diseases; Oviposition; Poultry Diseases; Species Specificity

A mapping population segregating for egg quality traits was created by a line cross between two egg layer lines and screened by a genome scan. The F2 generation consisted of 307 hens, which were scored for egg quality and production traits. The mapping population was genotyped for 99 microsatellite loci, spanning nine macrochromosomes and five small linkage groups. The linkage maps were used in mapping QTL affecting 14 traits, by using multiple markers and a least-squares approach. We detected 14 genomewide significant and six suggestive QTL that were located on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, and, 8 and sex chromosome Z. A significant QTL affecting egg white thinning was found on chromosome 2. For eggshell strength, a significant QTL was found on chromosome Z. For production traits, the most interesting area was on chromosome 4, where highly significant QTL effects were detected for BW, egg weight, and feed intake in the same area. The most significant QTL explains 25.8% of the phenotypic variance in F2 of body weight. An area affecting the age at first egg, egg weight, and the number of eggs was located on chromosome Z.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Chromosome Mapping; Eating; Egg Shell; Egg White; Eggs; Female; Genotype; Oviposition; Quality Control; Quantitative Trait Loci

This experiment was conducted to investigate Pb concentrations in soft tissues and eggs from laying Tsaiya ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var. domestica), dosed via gelatin capsule with 10 or 20 mg Pb/kg BW daily for 3 mo. Body weights of ducks were not influenced by Pb treatment. In addition, no clinical syndromes involving Pb intoxication were found throughout the experiment. The two levels of Pb consistently resulted in increases in the Pb content of blood, kidney, liver, and gizzard, whereas only 20 mg Pb/kg BW per d of dose additionally increased the Pb in femoral muscle. More Pb was deposited in the kidney and liver after Pb exposure than in the gizzard or femoral muscle. Lead residues in yolk and eggshell from Pb-dosed ducks were significantly higher than in controls; however, Pb in albumen was generally low and was not influenced by Pb treatment.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Capsules; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ducks; Egg Shell; Egg White; Egg Yolk; Eggs; Female; Gizzard, Avian; Kidney; Lead; Liver; Muscle, Skeletal

Currently, 24% of the total U.S. egg supply is consumed as liquid egg product (LEP). In addition to egg weight and size, the commercial value of LEP is a function of percentage solids. The influence of L-Lys on LEP, the texture profile analysis of heat formed albumen and yolk gel plugs, and yolk emulsion separations was examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 108 layer hens (42 wk of age) were fed three sorghum-soybean diets with Lys levels ranging from 677 to 1,613 mg per hen per d (mg/HD). In Experiment 2, 108 layer hens (23 wk of age) were fed four sorghum diets with Lys levels ranging from 638 to 1,165 mg/HD. In Experiment 1, Lys intake of 1,613 compared to 677 mg/HD significantly increased albumen weight, solids, and protein and egg weight. There were no significant differences in egg production, feed consumption, or yolk weight, protein, and solids. In Experiment 2, Lys intake of 1,165 mg/HD resulted in significantly lower feed consumption, nutrient intake, and egg production. Lysine intake of 1,062 compared to 638 mg/HD resulted in significantly greater albumen solids, protein, and hardness, and egg production. Lysine intake of 828 compared to 638 mg/HD resulted in significant increases in yolk weight, protein, hardness, and emulsion separations. Lysine intakes of 1,062 mg/HD resulted in most yolk parameters returning to levels observed at 638 mg/HD. There were no significant differences in egg weight or yolk solids. This increased understanding of the influence of L-Lys on LEP parameters offers economic benefit to liquid egg producers.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Diet; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating; Egg Proteins; Egg White; Egg Yolk; Eggs; Female; Lysine; Oviposition

The present investigation was conducted to determine whether type of dietary protein can exacerbate the pathology induced by the combination of fructose feeding and copper (Cu) deficiency. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three different groups differing in the nature of dietary protein. The proteins used were egg-white, casein or lactalbumin. All diets contained 62.5% carbohydrate as fructose and were low in Cu (0.6-0.72 microgram Cu/g diet). Although the lowest concentration of Cu was found in the livers of rats fed egg-white, the pathology associated with Cu deficiency was more severe in rats fed lactalbumin. The highest concentration of hepatic Cu was found in rats fed casein. The data show that the type of dietary protein can exacerbate signs associated with Cu deficiency. The concentrations of hepatic Cu do not reflect accurately the pathology associated with Cu deficiency.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Caseins; Copper; Dietary Proteins; Egg White; Hematocrit; Lactalbumin; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

1. The effects of feeding a screw-press expelled cottonseed meal (CSM) to laying hens at dietary concentrations of up to 300 g/kg, were studied over a 10 week period. 2. The overall performance of hens fed on a 75g CSM/kg diet was not significantly different from controls but a 300g CSM/kg diet, containing 255 mg free gossypol/kg and 87 mg cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA)/kg and giving daily intakes per hen of 26.2 mg free gossypol and 9.0 mg CPFA, significantly reduced food intake (P less than 0.01) and egg production (P less than 0.01). The 150g CSM/kg diet (daily intakes of 14.6 mg free gossypol and 4.8 mg CPFA per hen) did not produce adverse effects initially but egg production was slightly depressed towards the end of the experimental period. 3. Treatment of the CSM with a solution of ferrous sulphate hepta-hydrate for inclusion in a 300g CSM/kg diet (100 mg/kg supplemental dietary iron) further reduced food intake (P less than 0.05) and egg production (P less than 0.05). 4. Storage of eggs at warm temperatures for up to 1 month did not lead to discolourations of any kind in the CSM diet groups, but resulted in yolk mottling, a condition reduced by treatment of the CSM with iron. 5. Storage of eggs at cold temperatures for 3 months resulted in brown yolk discolouration and the initial stages of pink albumen discolouration in the 300g CSM/kg diet group; the brown yolk discolouration was reduced by treatment of the CSM with iron.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Cottonseed Oil; Eating; Egg White; Egg Yolk; Eggs; Fatty Acids; Female; Food Preservation; Gossypol; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iron; Oviposition

A purified diet and two practical-type diets were each evaluated with supplemental biotin (1 mg/kg), without supplemental biotin, and with a biotin antagonist (freeze-dried egg white) for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) over a 17-week feeding period. Omission of supplemental biotin from the casein-dextrin purified diet, with or without egg white, resulted in anorexia, reduced growth rate, lighter skin, hypersensitivity and reduced liver pyruvate carboxylase activity by this fish. Omission of supplemental biotin from either practical diet, one containing basically soybean meal and corn and another containing basically soybean meal, corn and menhaden fishmeal , caused none of these deficiency signs. The ratio of biotin to indigestible dry matter in feces was lower than that in the diet for all fish, indicating little or no synthesis of biotin by the intestinal microflora in channel catfish. Levels of total biotin, measured microbiologically, in the all-plant and in the plant- fishmeal diets were 0.37 and 0.33 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that practical diets for channel catfish made from the commonly used ingredients, soybean meal, corn and menhaden fishmeal , do not need supplemental biotin.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Biotin; Body Weight; Egg White; Feces; Fishes; Food, Fortified; Liver; Pyruvate Carboxylase

An assay was conducted with young albino rats to compare the bioavailability of zinc contained in calcium- and in magnesium-precipitated tofu to zinc supplied as the carbonate in egg white diets. Relative availability of zinc from both tofu preparations was 51% as measured by weight gain and 36-39% for log micrograms tibia zinc accumulation. In a separate experiment with zinc supplied at 9 mg/kg in all diets, the effect of increasing dietary calcium on weight gain and tibia zinc accumulation was tested. Performance of tofu-fed rats relative to zinc carbonate-fed rats at 0.4, 0.7 and 1.2% calcium was, respectively: 92, 67 and 48% for weight gain, and 70, 58 and 61 for tibia zinc content.

Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Carbonates; Chemical Precipitation; Diet; Egg White; Glycine max; Magnesium; Male; Phytic Acid; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Soybean Proteins; Zinc; Zinc Compounds

The present paper shows the effect of egg yolk on chick kidney ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity. A 90% egg yolk diet resulted in an increase of about 2.5-fold in kidney OTC activity. Enzyme activity increased gradually during incubation and after hatching and then decreased in accordance with disappearance of egg yolk from the residual yolk sac. Maximum activity - 10-fold that of the 14th day embryo - was observed between Days 4 and 7 in chicks fed the control diet. This maximum was shifted to between Days 14 and 21 and to a higher level by feeding a 90% egg yolk diet. Feeding the egg yolk diet to 14- or 21-day-old chicks that had received commercial chick starter from Day 2 also caused an increase of OTC activity. It was suggested that egg yolk or an ingredient(s) induces chick kidney OTC and that utilization of egg yolk promotes the formation of OTC in chick kidney during embryonic development and during subsequent growth of the chick.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Diet; Egg White; Egg Yolk; Eggs; Enzyme Induction; Female; Kidney; Organ Size; Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase

Nine groups of 30-day-old rats were fed different diets, which contained 8, 15 or 20% egg white (equivalent to 6.0, 11.3 and 15.0% protein, respectively) each at 3 levels of zinc (6, 12 and 18 ppm zinc) for 30 days. The rats consuming the 6.0% protein, regardless of zinc intake, gained less weight than the groups fed 11.3 or 15.0% protein. Plasma zinc was not influenced by dietary egg white protein content, whereas, plasma zinc levels were lower in the rats fed 6 ppm dietary zinc compared to those fed 12 or 18 ppm zinc. Of the liver trace metals measured, only iron appeared to be influenced by an egg white protein-zinc interaction. Increasing dietary egg white protein led to increased concentrations of liver zinc and magnesium. Dietary zinc levels had no effect on the concentration of these metals in the liver. Liver calcium and copper concentrations were not significantly influenced by either dietary zinc or egg white protein. Femur weights and lengths were lower in the rats fed 6.0% than in those fed 11.3 or 15.0% protein diet but were unaffected by dietary zinc. Femur width was related to dietary protein and zinc. Dietary protein and zinc were interrelated in their affect on femur zinc levels. Femur zinc concentrations increased with increasing dietary zinc levels. Also femur zinc levels decreased with increasing dietary protein content. Other femur metal (copper, iron and calcium) concentrations were higher in rats fed the low level versus the higher levels of protein, but were not influenced by dietary zinc. These results show that dietary zinc and egg white protein are interrelated with regard to their effect on body and femur growth and tissue trace metal content.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone Development; Dietary Proteins; Egg White; Growth; Male; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Trace Elements; Zinc

Using diets with a mounting egg albumin and mutton protein concentration, the authors determined the optimum physiological doses, which are identical with the maximum of linearity of the given parameters, from changes in body nitrogen, body weight and body water. The regression equations of the lines from these parameters were used to determine the minimum physiological doses for newly weaned rats. The optimum and minimum physiological doses of the amino acids in the relevant dietary proteins were also determined by analysing the source for its nitrogen content and other components and for the amino acid spectrum. The optimum dose of egg albumin protein for newly weaned rats was 1.69 g/day (on a 15% protein diet) and of mutton protein 2.56 g/day (on a 12.5% protein diet), with daily amounts of 60 mg methionine, 93 mg phenylalanine, 112 mg valine and 60 mg tyrosine for both proteins. The minimum doses of egg albumin and mutton protein, determined from changes in body nitrogen were 282 mg and 213 mg/day respectively [methionine 10.4 (4.7) mg/day, phenylalanine 16.1 (7.5) mg/day, valine 19.1 (9.2) mg/day and tyrosine 9.8 (5.2) mg/day)].

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Body Water; Body Weight; Dietary Proteins; Egg White; Male; Meat; Nitrogen; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sheep; Weaning

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary vanadium (V) on egg albumen quality. In Experiment 1, White Leghorn hens fed 9.9 ppm V supplied from a commercial dicalcium phosphate (Dical B at 1.5% of the diet) or a diet containing 29.9 ppm V (28.5 ppm from ammonium vanadate and 1.4 ppm from Dical A) produced eggs with significantly poorer albumen quality (61.7 and 61.6 Haugh units, respectively) than those of hens fed 1.4 ppm V from Dical A (76.9 Haugh units). The decline in albumen quality occurred within 1 week of treatment and persisted through 4 weeks of V feeding. Inclusion of 28.5 ppm V as ammonium vanadate also reduced egg production and feed consumption but had no significant effect on egg weight or change in body weight during the 4-week test period. At the end of 4 weeks, all hens were fed the 1.4-ppm V diet. Improvement in albumen quality was observed within 1 week, and after 4 weeks of the recovery period, no significant differences among treatment groups were observed. Part 1 of Experiment 2 showed that albumen quality was significantly reduced by 6.0 and 7.9 ppm V, supplied from Dical B, but 2.0 or 4.0 ppm V did not significantly change albumen quality during a 4-week trial. In Part 2 of Experiment 2, the inclusion of 9.9 ppm V from Dical B again significantly reduced albumen quality within 1 week. The magnitudes of adverse effects of 6.0, 7.9, and 9.9 ppm V on albumen quality plateaued approximately 4 weeks after treatment began and remained relatively constant through 6 weeks of feeding 9.9 ppm V and through 10 weeks of feeding 6.0 or 7.9 ppm V. The results demonstrate that certain commercial dicalcium phosphates may contribute excessive V to the diet of hens, and, when present at levels of 6.0 ppm or more, V will adversely affect albumen quality.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium Phosphates; Chickens; Diet; Egg White; Female; Ovalbumin; Oviposition; Vanadium

Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Body Weight; Calcium, Dietary; Caseins; Dietary Proteins; Egg White; Glycine max; Magnesium; Male; Phytic Acid; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Rats; Zinc

Supplementation of a dry diet containing herring and soybean meals with D biotin had no effect on the feed comsumption, growth or mortality of rainbow trout in a 28 week experiment. In a second experiment two series of diets were used: practical, based upon herring and soybean meals, and purified, based upon casein and gelatin. The basal levels of biotin in the two series of diets were: 0.51 and 0 mg/kg, respectively. There were four treatment groups in each of the two diet series: the practical diets were either supplemented with 0.5 mg D biotin/kg or 10% of either raw or heated egg white was added to the diet. The purified diets were supplemented with graded levels of D biotin (0, 0.25 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg). Raw egg white (1%) was added to the biotin unsupplemented diet. Feeding these diets to rainbow trout for 24 weeks showed that both the practical diet containing egg white, and the unsupplemented, purified diet were biotin deficient, all the other diets contained adequate amounts of biotin to support growth and prevent mortality. Neither supplementation of the practical diet nor adding more than 0.25 mg D biotin/kg to the purified diet resulted in any improvement in growth however the biotin levels in the livers were greater for the fish which had received the higher levels of dietary biotin, but these increased levels of biotin did not influence the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase. The biotin deficient fish were anorexic, and exhibited degeneration of the gills: shortening and thickening of the lamellae and hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the heterogenous epithelial cells of the lamellae.

Topics: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; Animals; Biotin; Body Composition; Body Weight; Diet; Egg White; Liver; Nutritional Requirements; Salmonidae; Trout; Vitamin B Deficiency

A metabolic study was undertaken to determine methionine requirements of six young men fed soy protein isolate (SB) for 9-day periods. Formula diets contained 9 g of nitrogen from intact proteins with glycine and alanine added. Nitrogen derived from intact protein was g per day: reference eggwhite (EW), 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0; and SB, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5. SB diets were fed with and without addition of L-methionine to raise the total amount of sulfur amino acids (SAA) to 900 mg. Mean nitrogen balance was positive with diets containing at least 4.5 g EW, 6.0 g SB, and 4.5 gSB with methionine added. Individual requirements for SAA were: for one man between 320 and 480 mg; for three, between 480 and 640 mg; for one man, between 640 and 800 mg; and for the sixth man, between 640 and 900 mg. Thus 900 mg, stipulated by the 1973 FAO/WHO Committee as being necessary for the 70 kg reference man, was sufficient for all participants. Nitrogen balance was equally improved by increasing the SB nitrogen level by 1.5 g or adding methionine at each level of SB fed.

Topics: Adult; Amino Acids; Body Weight; Dietary Proteins; Egg Proteins; Egg White; Energy Metabolism; Feces; Glycine max; Humans; Male; Methionine; Nitrogen; Nutritional Requirements; Plant Proteins, Dietary

The biotin requirement of rats fed a diet based upon 62.4% sucrose, 20.0% egg white and 10.0% corn oil was determined using growth for 60 days as the cirterion. Maximal growth and maximal concentration of cholesterol in plasma occurred when the diet contained 2.00 mg biotin/kg. Growth depression was noted in one of two experiments in which 3.00 mg of biotin was present per kg of diet.

Topics: Animals; Biotin; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Dietary Proteins; Egg White; Nutritional Requirements; Rats; Species Specificity

Present protein allowances are based on amounts of nitrogen (N) that maintain balance in adults in laboratory tests. In most tests of minimum N need, energy intakes were higher than present allowances and generally the participants maintained body weight or gained. To evaluate the relative importance of energy and protein intakes in the near-adequate range on the N equilibrium, healthy men were given two levels of protein with energy constant and three levels of energy with protein constant. In the first two 12-day periods, diets provided 5 and 7% of energy (E) from egg white protein with enough E to maintain weight essentially constant (39.6 plus or minus 4.4 kcal/kg). N balance data with these diets were used to select an individual protein intake level nearest to need (5, 6, or 7%), and that level was fed for the next three periods with the same E intake as before (100 E) and 85 or 115% of it. Crude N balance (dietary-fecal-urinary N) was minus0.26 g/day with 5% diet and 0.33 g/day with 7%. Balance was improved by 280 mg/g N fed between these levels. Predicted minimum N need to maintain crude N balance at 100 E is 89 plus or minus 18 mg/kg body weight or 3.76 plus or minus 0.61 mg/basal kcal. N balance fell to minus0.61 g/day with 85 E and increased to 0.59 g/day with 115 E. N balance changed by 174 mg/100 kcal between 85 and 100 E and 112 mg/100 kcal between 100 and 115 E. Energy intake appears to have a much greater effect on N balance than does protein intake in the marginally adequate ranges of intake.

Topics: Adult; Basal Metabolism; Body Height; Body Weight; Creatinine; Dietary Proteins; Egg Proteins; Egg White; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Male; Nitrogen; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Urea; Uric Acid

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Caseins; Dietary Proteins; Egg White; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Fats; Gelatin; Growth; Liver; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Serum Globulins; Zea mays

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Brain Chemistry; Chickens; Egg Shell; Egg White; Egg Yolk; Feathers; Female; Fertility; Fish Products; Hoof and Claw; Incubators; Kidney; Liver; Male; Mercury; Muscles; Poultry Diseases

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cell Count; Cell Nucleus; Cellulose; Diet; Egg White; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Keratosis; Male; Mouth Mucosa; Rats; Vitamins; Zinc

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Coturnix; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Egg White; Fasting; Female; Glycine max; Japan; Male; Zinc

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Arginine; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases, Developmental; Caseins; Chickens; Congenital Abnormalities; Deficiency Diseases; Depression, Chemical; Dietary Proteins; Egg White; Feathers; Female; Glycine max; Hindlimb; Histamine; Histidine; Liver; Male; Plant Proteins; Stimulation, Chemical; Tibia; Zinc

Topics: Animals; Avitaminosis; Biotin; Body Weight; Brain; Egg White; Feeding Behavior; Glucose; Growth; Kidney; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Rats

Topics: Animals; Avitaminosis; Biotin; Body Weight; Diet; Drinking; Eating; Egg White; Female; Foodborne Diseases; Growth; Male; Organ Size; Rats

Topics: Body Composition; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Egg White; Glycine max; Kidney; Lactose; Minerals; Phosphorus; Rats; Research; Zinc

Topics: Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Chymotrypsin; Edema; Egg White; Peptide Hydrolases; Pharmacology; Rats; Research