docosapentaenoic-acid and Diabetes-Mellitus--Type-2

To evaluate the influence of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplementation on body composition, insulin resistance, and lipemia of women with type 2 diabetes, the authors evaluated 41 women (60.64 ± 7.82 years) with high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus in a randomized and single-blind longitudinal intervention study. The women were divided into 3 groups: GA (2.5 g/d fish oil), GB (1.5 g/d fish oil), and GC (control). The capsules with the supplement contained 21.9% of eicosapentaenoic acid and 14.1% of docosapentaenoic acid. Biochemical (glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total and fractional cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin) and anthropometric (body mass, stature, waist circumference [WC], and body composition) evaluations were performed before and after the 30 days of intervention. Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index were used to evaluate the insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity (IS), respectively. GB presented a greater loss of body mass and WC (P < .05), greater frequency of glycemic and total cholesterol reduction, and an increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with GA. Thus, a high dose of ω-3 PUFA can reduce IS. A lower dose of ω-3 PUFA positively influenced body composition and lipid metabolism.

Topics: Aged; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Supplements; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Fish Oils; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Middle Aged; Obesity; Single-Blind Method; Triglycerides; Waist Circumference

Evidence regarding the relationship of n-3 fatty acids (FA) to type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome components (MetS) is inconsistent.. To examine associations of adipose tissue n-3 FA with MetS.. We studied 1611 participants without prior history of diabetes or heart disease who were participants in a population-based case-control study of diet and heart disease (The Costa Rica Heart Study). We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for MetS by quartile of n-3 FA in adipose tissue derived mainly from plants (α-Linolenic acid (ALA)), fish (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) or metabolism (docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), as well as the EPA:ALA ratio, a surrogate marker of delta-6 desaturase activity).. N-3 FA levels in adipose tissue were associated with MetS prevalence in opposite directions. The PR (95% CI) for the highest compared with the lowest quartile adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), residence, lifestyle, diet and other FAs were 0.60 (0.44, 0.81) for ALA, 1.43 (1.12, 1.82) for EPA, 1.63 (1.22, 2.18) for DPA and 1.47 (1.14, 1.88) for EPA:ALA, all P for trend <0.05. Although these associations were no longer significant (except DPA) after adjustment for BMI, ALA and DPA were associated with lower glucose and higher triglyceride levels, P<0.05 (respectively).. These results suggest that ALA could exert a modest protective benefit, whereas EPA and DHA are not implicated in MetS. The positive associations for DPA and MetS could reflect higher delta-6 desaturase activity caused by increased adiposity.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Aged; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Costa Rica; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Fishes; Heart Diseases; Humans; Life Style; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Plants

OBJECTIVE The relationship between fish or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and type 2 diabetes is inconclusive. Even contaminants in fish, such as mercury, may modify the effects. We investigated the associations between serum omega-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), hair mercury, and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older Finnish men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 2,212 men from the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor study, aged 42-60 years and free of type 2 diabetes at baseline in 1984-1989, were investigated. Serum PUFA and hair mercury were used as biomarkers for exposure. Dietary intakes were assessed with 4-day food recording. Type 2 diabetes was assessed by self-administered questionnaires and fasting and 2-h oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose measurement at re-examination rounds 4, 11, and 20 years after the baseline and by record linkage to hospital discharge registry and reimbursement register on diabetes medication expenses. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze associations. RESULTS During the average follow-up of 19.3 years, 422 men developed type 2 diabetes. Men in the highest versus the lowest serum EPA + DPA + DHA quartile had 33% lower multivariate-adjusted risk for type 2 diabetes (95% CI 13-49; P trend 0.01). No statistically significant associations were observed with serum or dietary ALA, dietary fish or EPA + DHA, or hair mercury. CONCLUSIONS Serum long-chain omega-3 PUFA concentration, an objective biomarker for fish intake, was associated with long-term lower risk of type 2 diabetes.

Topics: Adult; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Biomarkers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Finland; Fishes; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Ischemia; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors