docosapentaenoic-acid and Diabetes-Mellitus--Type-1

Fat malabsorption can occur in celiac disease (CD) owing to villus atrophy and inflammation of small intestinal mucosa. Abnormal fatty acid (FA) status of intestinal mucosa in children with CD was reported earlier. Previously we found significantly reduced availability of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study was to investigate FAs in plasma lipid classes in children with newly diagnosed CD with or without preexisting DM.. FA composition of plasma samples of children with untreated CD only (n = 20) and with preexisting DM (CDDM, n = 8) were compared with those of healthy controls (n = 21). Detailed analysis of phospholipid, triacylglycerol, and sterol ester FAs was performed by high-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography.. Significantly decreased docosapentaenoic (C22:5n-3), docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), and n-3 LCPUFA values were found in CDDM group compared with controls and patients with CD. When compared with healthy controls, no significant difference was found in plasma FAs of children with newly diagnosed CD only.. Children with CDDM showed marked signs of reduced availability of n-3 PUFA and n-3 LCPUFA in circulating lipids. Although different tissues express membrane FAs differently, our present study suggests that CD on its own does not necessarily lead to detectable disturbances of essential FA metabolism in plasma and supports the concept that DM has significant impact on plasma FA composition in children.

Topics: Adolescent; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Case-Control Studies; Celiac Disease; Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acids; Male; Phospholipids; Triglycerides

We previously reported that lower n-3 fatty acid intake and levels in erythrocyte membranes were associated with increased risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) but not progression to type 1 diabetes in children at increased risk for diabetes. We hypothesise that specific n-3 fatty acids and genetic markers contribute synergistically to this increased risk of IA in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY).. DAISY is following 2,547 children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes for the development of IA, defined as being positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65, IA-2 or insulin autoantibodies on two consecutive visits. Using a case-cohort design, erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and dietary intake were measured prospectively in 58 IA-positive children and 299 IA-negative children.. Lower membrane levels of the n-3 fatty acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), were predictive of IA (HR 0.23; 95% CI 0.09, 0.55), while α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were not, adjusting for HLA and diabetes family history. We examined whether the effect of dietary intake of the n-3 fatty acid ALA on IA risk was modified by fatty acid elongation and desaturation genes. Adjusting for HLA, diabetes family history, ethnicity, energy intake and questionnaire type, ALA intake was significantly more protective for IA in the presence of an increasing number of minor alleles at FADS1 rs174556 (pinteraction = 0.017), at FADS2 rs174570 (pinteraction = 0.016) and at FADS2 rs174583 (pinteraction = 0.045).. The putative protective effect of n-3 fatty acids on IA may result from a complex interaction between intake and genetically controlled fatty acid desaturation.

Topics: Autoantibodies; Autoimmunity; Child; Child, Preschool; Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diet; Disease Progression; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Energy Intake; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Variation; Humans; Islets of Langerhans; Male; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors