dizocilpine-maleate and Tachycardia

To assess the possible function of glutamate in the interaction between the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus-perifornical area (DMH-PeF) and the A5 pontine region (A5), cardiovascular and respiratory changes were studied in response to electrical stimulation of the DMH-PeF (1 ms pulses, 30-50 μA given at 100 Hz for 5 s) before and after the microinjection of kynurenic acid (non-specific glutamate receptor antagonist; 50 nl, 5 nmol), MK-801 (NMDA receptor antagonist; 50 nl, 50 nmol), CNQX (non-NMDA receptor antagonist; 50 nl, 50 nmol) or MCPG (metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; 50 nl, 5 nmol) within the A5 region. DMH-PeF electrical stimulation elicited a pressor (p < 0.001) and tachycardic response (p < 0.001) which was accompanied by an inspiratory facilitation characterised by an increase in respiratory rate (p < 0.001) due to a decrease in expiratory time (p < 0.01). Kynurenic acid within the A5 region decreased the tachycardia (p < 0.001) and the intensity of the blood pressure response (p < 0.001) to DMH-PeF stimulation. After the microinjection of MK-801 and CNQX into the A5 region, the magnitude of the tachycardia and the pressor response were decreased (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01; p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). After MCPG microinjection into the A5 region, a decrease in the tachycardia (p < 0.001) with no changes in the pressor response was observed during DMH-PeF stimulation. The respiratory response elicited by DMH-PeF stimulation was not changed after the microinjection of kynurenic acid, MK-801, CNQX or MCPG within the A5 region. These results suggest that A5 region glutamate receptors play a role in the cardiovascular response elicited from the DMH-PeF. The possible mechanisms involved in these interactions are discussed.

Topics: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fornix, Brain; Glycine; Heart Rate; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Microinjections; Rats; Receptors, Glutamate; Respiratory Rate; Tachycardia

To characterize the possible role of glutamate in the interaction between Hypothalamic Defense Area (HDA) and Parabrachial complex (PBc) nuclei, cardiorespiratory changes were analyzed in response to electrical stimulation of the HDA (1 ms pulses, 30-50 μA given at 100 Hz for 5s) before and after the microinjection of the nonspecific glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (50 nl, 5 nmol), NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (50 nl, 50 nmol), non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX (50 nl, 50 nmol) or metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist MCPG (50 nl, 5 nmol) within the PBc. HDA stimulation evoked an inspiratory facilitatory response, consisting of an increase in respiratory rate (p<0.001) due to a decrease in expiratory time (p<0.01). The respiratory response was accompanied by a pressor (p<0.001) and a tachycardic response (p<0.001). Kynurenic acid within the lateral parabrachial region (lPB) abolished the tachycardia (p<0.001) and decreased the magnitude of blood pressure response (p<0.001) to HDA stimulation. Similarly, the magnitude of the tachycardia and the pressor response was decreased after the microinjection of MK-801 (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively) and CNQX (p<0.05 in both cases) into the lPB. Kynurenic acid microinjection in this region produced an inhibition of the tachypnea (p<0.001) to HDA stimulation but the respiratory response persisted unchanged after MK-801 or CNQX microinjection into the lPB. Kynurenic acid within the medial parabrachial region (mPB) abolished the tachycardia (p<0.01) and decreased the magnitude of the pressor response (p<0.001) to HDA stimulation. MK-801 and CNQX microinjection in this region decreased the magnitude of the tachycardia (p<0.05, in both cases) and pressor response (p<0.05, in both cases). The respiratory response evoked by HDA stimulation was not changed after the microinjection of kynurenic acid, MK-801 or CNQX within the mPB. No changes were observed in the cardiorespiratory response evoked to HDA stimulation after MCPG microinjection within lPB and mPB. These results indicate that glutamate PBc receptors are involved in the cardiorespiratory response evoked from the HDA. The possible mechanisms involved in these interactions are discussed.

Topics: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Dizocilpine Maleate; Electric Stimulation; Heart Rate; Hypothalamus; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Microinjections; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Glutamate; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Respiration; Tachycardia

Neurons in the region of dorsomedial hypothalamus are involved in the organization of the physiological responses to emotional stress. We have recently shown that the cardiovascular response evoked by activation of dorsomedial hypothalamus neurons is largely dependent on a synaptic relay with the lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray region. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether excitatory amino acid receptors at the lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray region are involved in mediating the response evoked by activation of dorsomedial hypothalamus neurons. In conscious rats, the cardiovascular effects produced by microinjection of GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide into the dorsomedial hypothalamus were evaluated before and after injection of different excitatory amino acid antagonists into lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray region. Pretreatment of lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray region with the non-selective ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist kynurenic acid or with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-selective antagonist, MK-801, largely reduced the tachycardic and pressor effects evoked by activation of dorsomedial hypothalamus neurons by bicuculline methiodide microinjection (heart rate 90 and 74%; blood pressure 81 and 84%, respectively). The non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-selective antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, did not alter the cardiovascular response evoked by dorsomedial hypothalamus activation. In an additional series of experiments, microinjection of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist, N-methyl-D-aspartate, into the lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray region, evoked an increase in heart rate and a pressor response that was accompanied by an increase in locomotor activity. These effects were not altered by pretreatment of lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray region neurons with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione but were completely abolished by MK-801. Altogether, these findings indicate that the cardiovascular response evoked by dorsomedial hypothalamus activation involves a synaptic relay at the lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray region that is mediated at least in large part by excitatory amino acid receptors, possibly N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Topics: Animals; Bicuculline; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular System; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Hypothalamus; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Microinjections; Motor Activity; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Periaqueductal Gray; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Glutamate; Tachycardia

Excitatory amino acids (EAAs) are the principal mediators of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Previous studies have demonstrated that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), an EAA agonist, produces a stress response that mimics that observed in animals receiving lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The present investigation determined the role that NMDA receptors play in the hemodynamic, metabolic, and hormonal changes induced by LPS. Chronically catheterized fasted rats received LPS with or without prior injection of MK 801, an NMDA receptor antagonist. LPS produced a classical stress response characterized by hypotension, tachycardia, increased glucose flux, and elevated plasma levels of glucagon, corticosterone, and catecholamines. MK 801 (intravenously) prevented the tachycardia in response to LPS, but did not consistently alter the fall in arterial blood pressure. The NMDA receptor antagonist also blunted the early elevation in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels seen in LPS-injected rats, and this was associated with a smaller increment in plasma glucose and lactate concentrations and glucose flux. To confirm that MK 801 was functioning by antagonizing NMDA receptors within the brain, a second group of rats received an intracerebroventricular injection of MK 801 prior to LPS. The central administration of MK 801 also attenuated the increase in heart rate. These results indicate that central NMDA receptor stimulation mediates the LPS-induced tachycardia and suggest that the partial inhibition of the glucose metabolic response to LPS by MK 801 resulted from the smaller increment in plasma catecholamines.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Central Nervous System; Dizocilpine Maleate; Hemodynamics; Hormones; Hyperglycemia; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Intraventricular; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Tachycardia

Evidence from microinjection studies in anesthetized rats suggests that central excitatory amino acid pathways using N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. To test the hypothesis that these pathways are tonically involved in the maintenance of or the baroreceptor reflex regulation of cardiovascular function, we have examined the effects of intravenous injection of the centrally acting, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), on the mean arterial pressure, heart rate, renal sympathetic nerve activity, and behavior of conscious, freely moving sham-operated and sinoaortic baroreceptor-denervated rats. Administration of MK-801 produced, within 5 minutes, dose-dependent elevations in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity that were sustained for 0.5 to 2.5 hours. For an equivalent dose, MK-801 produced approximately twice the peak changes in mean arterial pressure and heart rate in the sinoaortic baroreceptor-denervated rats than in the sham-operated rats. Pretreatment results were as follows: 1) The ganglion blocker chlorisondamine markedly attenuated the hypertension and tachycardia in the sham-operated and sinoaortic baroreceptor-denervated rats, 2) pretreatment with the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin virtually abolished the hypertension, and 3) the beta 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist atenolol markedly reduced the tachycardia. MK-801 also produced stereotypic behaviors and ataxia in the sham-operated and sinoaortic baroreceptor-denervated rats; however, qualitatively and quantitatively similar changes in behavior were induced in the latter by doses approximately five time lower than required in sham operated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biomechanical Phenomena; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular System; Consciousness; Dibenzocycloheptenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Heart Rate; Hypertension; Kidney; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Sympathetic Nervous System; Tachycardia