dizocilpine-maleate and Bradycardia

Here, we report the participation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor in the mediation of cardiovascular and circulating vasopressin responses evoked by a hemorrhagic stimulus. In addition, once NMDA receptor activation is a prominent mechanism involved in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the brain, we investigated whether control of hemorrhagic shock by NMDA glutamate receptor was followed by changes in NO synthesis in brain supramedullary structures involved in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine control. Thus, we observed that intraperitoneal administration of the selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK801, 0.3 mg/kg) delayed and reduced the magnitude of hemorrhage-induced hypotension. Besides, hemorrhage induced a tachycardia response in the posthemorrhage period (i.e., recovery period) in control animals, and systemic treatment with MK801 caused a bradycardia response during hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic stimulus increased plasma vasopressin levels during the recovery period and NMDA receptor antagonism increased concentration of this hormone during both the hemorrhage and postbleeding periods in relation to control animals. Moreover, hemorrhagic shock caused a decrease in NOx levels in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and ventral periaqueductal gray matter (vPAG). Nevertheless, treatment with MK801 did not affect these effects. Taken together, these results indicate that the NMDA glutamate receptor is involved in the hemorrhagic shock by inhibiting circulating vasopressin release. Our data also suggest a role of the NMDA receptor in tachycardia, but not in the decreased NO synthesis in the brain evoked by hemorrhage.

Topics: Animals; Bradycardia; Brain; Cardiovascular System; Disease Models, Animal; Dizocilpine Maleate; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Neurosecretory Systems; Nitric Oxide; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Vasopressins

It is known that enrichment of glutamatergic transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) plays an important role in central cardiovascular regulation. Our previous study demonstrated that nicotine decreased blood pressure and heart rate in the NTS probably acting via the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)-Ca²⁺-calmodulin-eNOS-NO signaling pathway. The possible relationship between glutamate and nicotine in the NTS for cardiovascular regulation is poorly understood. This study investigated the involvement of glutamate receptors in the cardiovascular effects of nicotine in the NTS. Nicotine (a non-selective nAChRs agonist), MK801 (a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist), APV (a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist), or NBQX (a selective AMPA receptor antagonist) was microinjected into the NTS of anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto rats. Microinjection of nicotine (1.5 pmol) into the NTS produced decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. The hypotensive and bradycardic effects of nicotine were abolished by prior administration of MK801 (1 nmol) and APV (10 nmol), but was completely restored after 60 min of recovery. In contrast, prior administration of NBQX (10 pmol) into the NTS did not alter the cardiovascular effects of nicotine. The nitrate (served as total NO) production in response to nicotine microinjection into the NTS was suppressed by prior administration of APV. These results suggest that the hypotensive and bradycardic effects of nicotine in the NTS might be mediated through NMDA receptors, and that the nAChRs-NMDA receptor-NO pathway could be involved.

Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Dizocilpine Maleate; Drug Interactions; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Heart Rate; Hypotension; Male; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Inbred WKY; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Signal Transduction; Solitary Nucleus; Valine

We investigated the role of glutamatergic projection from the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) complex to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in the PBN-induced suppression of reflex bradycardia in adult Sprague-Dawley rats that were maintained under pentobarbital anesthesia. Under stimulus conditions that did not appreciably alter the baseline systemic arterial pressure and heart rate, electrical (10-s train of 0.5-ms pulses, at 10-20 microA and 10-20 Hz) or chemical (L-glutamate, 1 nmol) stimulation of the ventrolateral regions and Köelliker-Fuse (KF) subnucleus of the PBN complex significantly suppressed the reflex bradycardia in response to transient hypertension evoked by phenylephrine (5 micrograms/kg iv). The PBN-induced suppression of reflex bradycardia was appreciably reversed by bilateral microinjection into the RVLM of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist MK-801 (500 pmol) or the non-NMDA-receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione (50 pmol). Anatomically, most of the retrogradely labeled neurons in the ventrolateral regions and KF subnucleus of the ipsilateral PBN complex after microinjection of fast blue into the RVLM were also immunoreactive to anti-glutamate antiserum. These results suggest that a direct glutamatergic projection to the RVLM from topographically distinct regions of the PBN complex may participate in the suppression of reflex bradycardia via activation of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors at the RVLM.

Topics: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Animals; Bradycardia; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Male; Medulla Oblongata; Microinjections; Neural Pathways; Pons; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Reflex; Time Factors