disulfiram and Substance Withdrawal Syndrome studies

Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The authors describe a case of the catatonia syndrome associated with disulfiram therapy."	7.66	Disulfiram encephalopathy as a cause of the catatonia syndrome. ( Marks, RC; Verghese, JP; Weddington, WW, 1980)
"Disulfiram treatment for alcohol dependence is used with acceptable outcomes."	5.40	Disulfiram--alcohol reaction mimicking an acute coronary syndrome. ( Amuchastegui, M; Amuchastegui, T; Donohue, T, 2014)
"The authors describe a case of the catatonia syndrome associated with disulfiram therapy."	3.66	Disulfiram encephalopathy as a cause of the catatonia syndrome. ( Marks, RC; Verghese, JP; Weddington, WW, 1980)
"A 49-year-old female with chronic alcoholism and epilepsy, treated with phenytoin, began to convulse when treatment with disulfiram (an inhibitor of phenytoin metabolism) was discontinued."	3.65	Multiple drug interactions with phenytoin. ( Birkett, DJ; Chinwah, PM; Graham, GG; Hickie, JB; Wade, DN, 1977)
"Prevalence of alcohol dependence remains stable across time between 5-7% in men and 2-3% in women, corresponding to at least 1."	2.44	[Alcohol dependence: diagnosis and treatment]. ( Blanc, F; Perney, P; Rigole, H, 2008)
"Treatment of alcohol and drug addictions, which has been neglected medically for a long time, is currently sparked with optimism."	2.40	Rational treatment of addiction. ( Terenius, L, 1998)
"Unfortunately, treatment of opioid dependence is difficult, particularly because of codependence - for example, on alcohol or other drugs of abuse."	1.48	Disulfiram attenuates morphine or methadone withdrawal syndrome in mice. ( Bujalska-Zadrożny, M; de Cordé, A; Filip, M; Kleczkowska, P; Krząścik, P; Wolińska, R, 2018)
"Disulfiram treatment for alcohol dependence is used with acceptable outcomes."	1.40	Disulfiram--alcohol reaction mimicking an acute coronary syndrome. ( Amuchastegui, M; Amuchastegui, T; Donohue, T, 2014)
"It has been shown that depakin, a GABA-ergic agonist, and alpha-methyl-DOPA that inhibits catecholamine synthesis are capable of removing the withdrawal syndrome (disturbed pavlovian behavior pattern and aggressiveness) occurring after discontinuance of long-term administration (30 days) of phenazepam to rats in a dose of 2 mg/kg."	1.26	[Role of GABA-ergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in the withdrawal syndrome after discontinuation of long-term phenazepam administration]. ( Garibova, TL; Voronina, TA, 1980)
"Moderate withdrawal symptoms in susceptible patients require substitution medication which can be monitored on an outpatient basis."	1.26	Ambulatory management in alcoholism. ( Bort, RF, 1977)

Research

Studies (58)

Authors

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Ratio of Glutamate to Creatine in the Anterior Cingulate of the Brain, Measured on Day 25

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	37 (63.79)	18.7374
1990's	4 (6.90)	18.2507
2000's	5 (8.62)	29.6817
2010's	6 (10.34)	24.3611
2020's	6 (10.34)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Chen, M	1
Huang, Z	1
Xia, M	1
Ding, Y	1
Shan, T	1
Guan, Z	1
Dai, X	1
Xu, X	1
Huang, Y	1
Huang, M	1
Zhao, C	1
Pontzen, N	1
Schomerus, G	1
Steinberg, H	1
Yuan, M	1
Wu, Q	1
Zhang, M	1
Lai, M	1
Chen, W	1
Yang, J	1
Jiang, L	1
Cao, J	1
Li, C	1
Zhou, S	1
Chen, C	1
Zhu, L	1
Li, S	1
Song, Z	1
Liang, J	1
Tang, C	1
Xu, N	1
Liu, T	1
Liu, S	1
Balhara, YPS	1
Singh, S	1
Narang, P	1
Kelty, E	1
Terplan, M	1
Greenland, M	1
Preen, D	1
de Cordé, A	1
Krząścik, P	1
Wolińska, R	1
Kleczkowska, P	1
Filip, M	1
Bujalska-Zadrożny, M	1
Douaihy, AB	1
Kelly, TM	1
Sullivan, C	1
Amuchastegui, T	1
Amuchastegui, M	1
Donohue, T	1
Ponizovskiy, PA	1
Gofman, AG	1
Maremmani, AG	1
Pani, PP	1
Rovai, L	1
Pacini, M	1
Dell'Osso, L	1
Maremmani, I	1
Clark, DB	1
MANN, H	1
CLANCY, J	1
FOX, R	1
Bailey, KP	1
Diehl, A	1
Mann, K	1
Perney, P	1
Rigole, H	1
Blanc, F	1
Guerri, C	1
Grisolía, S	1
Chan, AW	1
Voronina, TA	1
Garibova, TL	1
Weddington, WW	1
Marks, RC	1
Verghese, JP	1
Heinälä, P	1
Sinclair, D	1
Kiianmaa, K	1
Sillanaukee, P	1
Hayashida, M	1
Miller, NS	1
Smith, DE	1
Terenius, L	1
Bort, RF	1
Edwards, G	1
Kissin, B	2
Birkett, DJ	1
Graham, GG	1
Chinwah, PM	1
Wade, DN	1
Hickie, JB	1
Vendsborg, P	1
Bueno, F	1
Mezey, E	1
Sytinsky, IA	1
Gurevitch, ZP	1
Hore, BD	1
Coger, RW	1
Dymond, AM	1
Serafetinides, EA	1
Lowenstam, I	1
Pearson, D	1
Boss, D	1
Sauter, A	1
Cornu, F	1
Seixas, FA	1
Goldfarb, C	1
Hartman, B	1
Shishov, VI	1
Liskow, BI	1
Goodwin, DW	1
Gross, MM	1
Oge, V	1
Caldwell, J	1
Sever, PS	1
Feuerlein, W	2
Schmidt, L	2
Liebson, I	1
Bigelow, G	1
Flamer, R	1
Tölle, R	1
Gorecki, T	1
Konarska, L	1
Urakov, IG	1
Mozias, MR	1
Hussain, MZ	1
Harinath, M	1
Windischmann, H	1
Tito, C	1
Alberto, C	1
Pietro, R	1
Mattila, MJ	1
Alhava, E	1
Mansner, R	1
Reimer, F	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Acamprosate for Central Nervous System Hyperexcitability and Neuroadaptation in Alcohol Withdrawal[NCT00106106]	Phase 2	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

The ratio of glutamate to creatine was determined using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a technique that complements magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRS is used to determine the concentration of brain metabolites, such as glutamate, in brain tissue. MRS utilizes a magnetic field to look at magnetic nuclei, which absorb and re-emit electromagnetic energy in the presence of the magnetic field. By looking at the peaks in the resultant spectra the structure and concentration of metabolites can be determined. (NCT00106106)
Timeframe: Day 25

Ratio of Glutamate to Creatine in the Anterior Cingulate of the Brain, Measured on Day 4

Intervention	Ratio of glutamate to creatine (Mean)
Placebo	1.350375
Acamprosate	1.166667

Intervention	Ratio of glutamate to creatine (Mean)
Placebo	1.256772
Acamprosate	1.294178

Article	Year
Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders During Pregnancy: Time to Reconsider? Drugs, 2021, Volume: 81, Issue:7 Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Abstinence; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Animals; Comorbidity; Disulfiram; F	2021
Medications for substance use disorders. Social work in public health, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:3-4 Topics: Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Analgesics, Opioid; Behavior Therapy; Behavior, Addictive; Buprenorp	2013
[Depression in alcohol addicted patients]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2015, Volume: 115, Issue:7 Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Antidepressive Agents; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder	2015
Pharmacological treatments for substance use disorders. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services, 2004, Volume: 42, Issue:8 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Alcohol Deterrents; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Buprenorphine	2004
[Pharmacological relapse prevention in alcohol and tobacco dependence]. Der Internist, 2007, Volume: 48, Issue:1 Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Clinical Trials as Topic; Combined Modality Therapy; Di	2007
[Alcohol dependence: diagnosis and treatment]. La Revue de medecine interne, 2008, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Disulfiram; Humans; Motiv	2008
Effects of combined alcohol and benzodiazepine: a review. Drug and alcohol dependence, 1984, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; A	1984
[What is used as a drug for problem drinking?]. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja, 1995, Volume: 111, Issue:8 Topics: Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Antipsychotic Agents; Disulfiram; Humans; Motivation; Psychotherapy;	1995
[Inpatient treatment of alcohol dependence]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 1997, Volume: 55 Suppl Topics: Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Disulfiram; Ethanol; Hospitali	1997
The integration of pharmacotherapy and nonpharmacotherapy. Journal of addictive diseases, 1997, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Alcohol Deterrents; Behavior, Addictive; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Susceptibility; Disulfir	1997
Rational treatment of addiction. Current opinion in chemical biology, 1998, Volume: 2, Issue:4 Topics: Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Animals; Attitude; Disulfiram; Humans; Narcotic Antagonists; Narcoti	1998
The meaning and treatment of alcohol dependence. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 1975, Volume: Spec No 9 Topics: Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcoholics Anonymous; Alcoholism; Amnesia; Aversiv	1975
Modern methods in treatment of chronic alcoholism: a review of the Soviet literature. Addictive behaviors, 1976, Volume: 1, Issue:4 Topics: Alcoholism; Aversive Therapy; Chronic Disease; Conditioning, Classical; Disulfiram; Electronarcosis;	1976
Pharmacological treatment of alcohol intoxication, withdrawal and dependence: a critical review. Journal of studies on alcohol, 1987, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Bromocript	1987
[Chronic alcoholism. Development conditions and therapy]. Der Nervenarzt, 1972, Volume: 43, Issue:8 Topics: Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Alcoholism; Autogenic Training; Chlormethiazole; Chronic Disease; Condition	1972

Article	Year
Glutathione-responsive copper-disulfiram nanoparticles for enhanced tumor chemotherapy. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 2022, Volume: 341 Topics: Alcoholism; Cell Line, Tumor; Copper; Disulfiram; Glutathione; Humans; Nanoparticles; Substance With	2022
[The Practice of Medicinal Alcohol Withdrawal in the Psychiatry of the GDR - The Methods of Aversion and Disulfiram Treatment]. Psychiatrische Praxis, 2022, Volume: 49, Issue:7 Topics: Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Germany; Humans; Psychiatry; Substance Withdrawal Syndro	2022
Disulfiram enhances the antitumor activity of cisplatin by inhibiting the Fanconi anemia repair pathway. Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B, 2023, Mar-15, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Alcoholism; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cisplatin; Disul	2023
DDTC-Cu(I) based metal-organic framework (MOF) for targeted melanoma therapy by inducing SLC7A11/GPX4-mediated ferroptosis. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2023, Volume: 225 Topics: Alcoholism; Amino Acid Transport System y+; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Copper; Disulfiram; Ditiocarb	2023
Effect of lockdown following COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol use and help-seeking behavior: Observations and insights from a sample of alcohol use disorder patients under treatment from a tertiary care center. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2020, Volume: 74, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcoholism; Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19; Disulf	2020
Disulfiram attenuates morphine or methadone withdrawal syndrome in mice. Behavioural pharmacology, 2018, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Disulfiram; Male; Methadone; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL	2018
Disulfiram--alcohol reaction mimicking an acute coronary syndrome. Connecticut medicine, 2014, Volume: 78, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Adult; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Diagnosis, Differential; Disulfiram;	2014
Long-term γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and disulfiram combination therapy in GHB treatment-resistant chronic alcoholics. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2011, Volume: 8, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholics; Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethanol; F	2011
Pharmacotherapy for adolescent alcohol use disorder. CNS drugs, 2012, Jul-01, Volume: 26, Issue:7 Topics: Acamprosate; Adolescent; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Antidepressive Agents; Attention Deficit Disorde	2012
[Esophageal rupture in alcohol withdrawal treatment with tetraethylthiuram disulfide]. Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie, 1957, Volume: 9, Issue:9 Topics: Alcohol-Induced Disorders; Alcohols; Disulfiram; Esophagus; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Rupture; S	1957
MOTIVATION CONFLICTS OF THE ALCOHOL ADDICT. Quarterly journal of studies on alcohol, 1964, Volume: 25 Topics: Alcoholism; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Conditioning, Classical; Disulfiram; Ethanol; Humans; Imides;	1964
PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF ALCOHOLISM. American journal of psychotherapy, 1965, Volume: 19 Topics: Alcoholism; Counseling; Disulfiram; Drug Therapy; Humans; Hypnosis; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Psyc	1965
Drug treatment for alcoholism today. The Harvard mental health letter, 2005, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Antidepressive Agents; Disulfiram; Fructose; Humans; Na	2005
Changes in glutathione in acute and chronic alcohol intoxication. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1980, Volume: 13 Suppl 1 Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Animals; Disulfiram; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glutathione; Hum	1980
[Role of GABA-ergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in the withdrawal syndrome after discontinuation of long-term phenazepam administration]. Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny, 1980, Volume: 89, Issue:7 Topics: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Benzodiazepinones; Brain; Dihydr	1980
Disulfiram encephalopathy as a cause of the catatonia syndrome. The American journal of psychiatry, 1980, Volume: 137, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Catatonia; Disulfiram; Humans; Male; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Rel	1980
Drug treatments for alcoholism. The Harvard mental health letter, 2002, Volume: 18, Issue:10 Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Humans; Naltrexone; Substance Withdrawal Sy	2002
Ambulatory management in alcoholism. American family physician, 1977, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Ambulatory Care; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antidepressive Agents; Benzodiaz	1977
The use of psychoactive drugs in the long-term treatment of chronic alcoholics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1975, Apr-25, Volume: 252 Topics: Alcoholism; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Anxiety; Chlordiazepoxide; Chlorpromazine; Ch	1975
Multiple drug interactions with phenytoin. The Medical journal of Australia, 1977, Oct-01, Volume: 2, Issue:14 Topics: Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Phenytoin; Substance Withdrawal Syndr	1977
[Drug therapy in ambulatory care of alcohol abuse]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 1978, Jul-03, Volume: 140, Issue:27 Topics: Alcoholism; Ambulatory Care; Disulfiram; Humans; Psychotropic Drugs; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome;	1978
[Therapy of alcoholism]. Der Internist, 1976, Volume: 17, Issue:7 Topics: Acute Disease; Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Avitaminosis; Chroni	1976
Clinical features and treatment of alcoholism. British journal of hospital medicine, 1977, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholics Anonymous; Alcoholism; Ambulatory Care; Amines; Cyanides; Denial, Psy	1977
Alcoholism: averaged visual evoked response amplitude-intensity slope and symmetry in withdrawal. Biological psychiatry, 1976, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Arousal; Disulfiram; Evoked Potentials; Functional Laterality; Humans; Male; Midd	1976
[Abstinence behavior and plasma concentration of disulfiram in alcoholics after esperal implantation]. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1976, Aug-07, Volume: 106, Issue:32 Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Drug Implants; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Substance Withdrawal Syndro	1976
Alcohol and its drug interactions. Annals of internal medicine, 1975, Volume: 83, Issue:1 Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Barbiturates; Brain; Depression, Chemical; Disulfiram; Dose-Resp	1975
A total community approach to the treatment of alcoholism. Diseases of the nervous system, 1975, Volume: 36, Issue:8 Topics: Alcoholism; Community Health Centers; Community Health Services; Community Mental Health Services; D	1975
[Electrolyte metabolism in alcoholic patients during therapy and prolonged abstinence]. Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (Moscow, Russia : 1952), 1976, Volume: 76, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Adrenal Insufficiency; Adult; Alcoholism; Apomorphine; Disulfiram; Erythrocytes; Hum	1976
Drug therapy in alcoholism. Current psychiatric therapies, 1970, Volume: 10 Topics: Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Antidepressive Agents; Anxiety; Carbamates; Chlordiazepox	1970
Drug therapy in alcoholism. It is especially important in the prevention of such complications as seizures, DT's, Wernicke's encephalopathy, or polyneuritis. IMJ. Illinois medical journal, 1971, Volume: 139, Issue:6 Topics: Alcoholism; Anticonvulsants; Chlordiazepoxide; Chlorpromazine; Diazepam; Disulfiram; Humans; Hydroxy	1971
The biochemical pharmacology of abused drugs. II. Alcohol and barbiturates. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1974, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Part 1 Topics: Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Alcoholism; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Alkaloids; Barbiturates; Chemical	1974
[Therapy of alcoholics]. Deutsches medizinisches Journal, 1972, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Alcoholism; Chlormethiazole; Disulfiram; Ethanol; Humans; Physician-Patient Relations; Psychotherapy	1972
Alcoholism among methadone patients: a specific treatment method. The American journal of psychiatry, 1973, Volume: 130, Issue:4 Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Hospitalization; Humans; Methad	1973
[Therapy of alcoholism]. Minerva medica, 1973, Mar-14, Volume: 64, Issue:14 Topics: Alcoholism; Amines; Cyanides; Disulfiram; Humans; Psychotherapy; Psychotherapy, Group; Substance Wit	1973
[Effect of withdrawal therapy on urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids in male patients with chronic alcoholism]. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej, 1972, Volume: 48, Issue:2 Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Chronic Disease; Disulfiram; Humans; Insulin;	1972
[Use of Pipolphen in complications due to disulfiram therapy]. Vrachebnoe delo, 1972, Volume: 4 Topics: Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Humans; Promethazine; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome	1972
Helping alcoholics abstain: an implantable substance. The American journal of psychiatry, 1972, Volume: 129, Issue:3 Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Cannabis; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disulfiram; Heroin; Humans; Met	1972
[Therapy of alcoholics in medical practice]. Rehabilitation: Sozialmedizin, physikalische Medizin, Praventivmedizin; internationale Zeitschrift mit Zentralblatt, 1970, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Humans; Methods; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome	1970
[The treatment of alcoholism]. Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950), 1970, Sep-04, Volume: 112, Issue:36 Topics: Alcoholism; Behavior Therapy; Chlormethiazole; Disulfiram; Germany, West; Humans; Physician-Patient	1970
[On the problems of stationary alcohol withdrawal treatment in psychiatric hospitals]. Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen, 1967, Nov-23, Volume: 22, Issue:47 Topics: Alcoholism; Czechoslovakia; Disulfiram; Germany, East; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Legislation,	1967
[Remarks on the treatment of alcoholic withdrawal with animal charcoal]. Rivista sperimentale di freniatria e medicina legale delle alienazioni mentali, 1968, Apr-30, Volume: 92, Issue:2 Topics: Alcoholism; Charcoal; Disulfiram; Humans; Male; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome	1968
Modification by disulfiram or methyltyrosine methylester (H 44-68) of abstinence symptoms in morphine-tolerant rats. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1968, Volume: 18, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Apomorphine; Behavior, Animal; Brain Chemistry; Depression, Chemical; Disulfiram; Dopamine;	1968
[The so-called primitive drinker. A contribution to the typology of the alcoholic]. Bibliotheca psychiatrica et neurologica, 1969, Volume: 142 Topics: Adult; Aggression; Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Educational Status; Family; Humans; Intelligence; Male; P	1969

disulfiram and Substance Withdrawal Syndrome