disulfiram and Alcoholism studies

Alcoholism: A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Disulfiram is used to a great extent in Denmark to treat alcoholism but the evidence is limited."	9.14	Disulfiram in severe alcoholism--an open controlled study. ( Nielsen, MK; Ulrichsen, J; Ulrichsen, M, 2010)
"We conducted a controlled, blinded, multicenter study of disulfiram treatment of alcoholism in 605 men randomly assigned to 250 mg of disulfiram (202 men); 1 mg of disulfiram (204 men), a control for the threat of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction; or no disulfiram (199 men), a control for the counseling that all received."	9.06	Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. A Veterans Administration cooperative study. ( Branchey, L; Brightwell, DR; Derman, RM; Emrick, CD; Fuller, RK; Iber, FL; James, KE; Lacoursiere, RB; Lee, KK; Lowenstam, I, 1986)
"Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism has been difficult to evaluate in controlled studies because the study design must contend with problems unique to this drug."	9.05	Veterans Administration cooperative study of disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholism: study design and methodological considerations. ( Derman, R; Fuller, RK; Lee, KK; Williford, WO, 1984)
" We review recent meta-analyses showing the superior effectiveness of supervised disulfiram (SD) in alcoholism treatment compared with oral naltrexone or acamprosate (ACP)."	8.95	Supervised Disulfiram's Superior Effectiveness in Alcoholism Treatment: Ethical, Methodological, and Psychological Aspects. ( Brewer, C; Skinner, M; Streel, E, 2017)
"Supervised intake of the alcohol deterrent (AD) disulfiram has proven to be an effective adjunct to biopsychosocial alcoholism therapy for more than 60 years."	8.86	Supervised disulfiram as adjunct to psychotherapy in alcoholism treatment. ( Ehrenreich, H; Krampe, H, 2010)
"The role of disulfiram and calcium carbimide in alcoholism treatment is currently under critical review."	8.76	A review of the clinical use of disulfiram and calcium carbimide in alcoholism treatment. ( Peachey, JE, 1981)
" In the current study, by utilizing a small molecule covalent compounds library screening, we found that disulfiram (DSF), an FDA-approved chronic alcoholism drug, is a potent DJ-1 inhibitor."	8.12	Identifying chronic alcoholism drug disulfiram as a potent DJ-1 inhibitor for cancer therapeutics. ( Cao, J; He, P; He, Q; Jiang, L; Wen, Y; Wu, Q; Yang, B; Yuan, M; Zhang, M, 2022)
"We report a case of a 42-year-old woman who presented with intractable hypotension and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction as a result of a disulfiram-ethanol reaction."	7.78	Intractable hypotension and myocardial ischaemia induced by co-ingestion of ethanol and disulfiram. ( Desmet, W; Moreels, S; Neyrinck, A, 2012)
"A 43 year old man with HIV and HCV infection and liver cirrhosis developed fatal lactic acidosis within five days from starting nifedipine for arterial hypertension."	7.75	Fatal lactic acidosis precipitated by nifedipine in a patient treated with disulfiram and antiretrovirals. ( Mian, P; Moling, O; Pagani, L; Pristerà, R; Rimenti, G; Spoladore, G; Vedovelli, C, 2009)
"Fulminant hepatic failure is a rare complication of disulfiram treatment for alcoholism."	7.72	Disulfiram-induced fulminant hepatic failure in an active duty soldier. ( Mendenhall, M, 2004)
"We retrospectively evaluated the use of disulfiram among alcoholic patients being treated for active tuberculosis."	7.71	Lack of toxicity from concomitant directly observed disulfiram and isoniazid-containing therapy for active tuberculosis. ( Breese, P; Burman, WJ; Cohn, D; Reves, R; Terra, M, 2002)
"This is the first case, to the authors' knowledge, that describes an acute confusional state as the primary manifestation of a patient taking alcohol while being prescribed disulfiram as aversive therapy for alcohol abuse."	7.71	Disulfiram-ethanol induced delirium. ( Park, CW; Riggio, S, 2001)
"Disulfiram is an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor that is widely used as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of patients with severe chronic alcoholism."	7.69	Effects of disulfiram on positron emission tomography and neuropsychological studies in severe chronic alcoholism. ( Adams, KM; Gilman, S; Heumann, M; Hill, E; Johnson-Greene, D; Junck, L; Kluin, KJ; Koeppe, RA; Martorello, S, 1996)
"A patient who had experienced most of the standard methods of managing alcohol abuse found that during 11 years of treatment, the most consistently effective intervention has been the taking of disulfiram under family supervision."	7.68	Long-term, high-dose disulfiram in the treatment of alcohol abuse. ( Brewer, C, 1993)
"A case with segmental cranial plus crural dystonia of delayed onset and akinesia after acute intoxication with disulfiram is presented."	7.68	Dystonia and akinesia due to pallidoputaminal lesions after disulfiram intoxication. ( Krauss, JK; Mohadjer, M; Mundinger, F; Wakhloo, AK, 1991)
"In an alcoholic patient, catatonia developed while he was receiving disulfiram (Antabuse)."	7.67	'Catatonia' due to disulfiram toxicity. ( Fisher, CM, 1989)
"Disulfiram (Antabuse) is one method for treating alcoholism, despite controversy over its clinical effectiveness."	7.67	Disulfiram use at hospital-based and free-standing alcoholism treatment centers. ( Friedman, TC; Fulop, G, 1988)
"Nickel concentrations were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry in body fluids of 61 patients with chronic alcoholism during disulfiram treatment (tetraethylthiuram disulfide, 250 mg/day, po)."	7.67	Increased nickel concentrations in body fluids of patients with chronic alcoholism during disulfiram therapy. ( Hopfer, SM; Linden, JV; O'Brien, JE; Rezuke, WN; Smith, L; Sunderman, FW; Watters, F, 1987)
"Despite its well-documented specific effectiveness in controlled trials, the alcohol-sensitizing drug disulfiram (Antabuse) is not widely prescribed in Britain for the management of alcohol abuse and it often arouses hostile and irrational feelings."	7.67	Supervised disulfiram in alcoholism. ( Brewer, C, 1986)
"The literature on disulfiram-associated seizures is reviewed."	7.66	Disulfiram-induced de novo seizures in the absence of ethanol challenge. ( McConchie, RD; Panitz, DR; Sauber, SR; Shapiro, S, 1983)
"The authors describe a case of the catatonia syndrome associated with disulfiram therapy."	7.66	Disulfiram encephalopathy as a cause of the catatonia syndrome. ( Marks, RC; Verghese, JP; Weddington, WW, 1980)
"The literature pertaining to the use of implanted disulfiram as a therapeutic modality in the treatment of alcoholism is reviewed."	7.65	Disulfiram implantation in alcoholism treatment. A review. ( Wilson, A, 1975)
"Disulfiram is an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic alcoholism as long as certain conditions are maintained; the patient realises that he is ill, the patient is motivated to be treated and that alcohol withdrawal be maintained chiefly during the first year where there is periodic uneasiness."	7.65	[Evaluation of disulfiram treatment in chronic alcoholism]. ( Acke, J, 1975)
" To assess whether these agents are being prescribed for extended periods, as an indicator of long-term use in nonexperimental settings, we compared dispensing patterns in a veteran patient population."	6.71	Patterns of dispensed disulfiram and naltrexone for alcoholism treatment in a veteran patient population. ( Fiore, LD; Gagnon, DR; Hermos, JA; Young, MM, 2004)
"Acamprosate was well tolerated."	6.69	Combined efficacy of acamprosate and disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholism: a controlled study. ( Aeby, F; Besson, J; Kasas, A; Lehert, P; Potgieter, A, 1998)
"Of 60 depressed alcoholics who completed an open trial of imipramine, 27 (45%) responded with improvement in both mood and drinking behavior, and eight (13%) responded after further dosage increases or treatment with disulfiram."	6.67	Imipramine treatment of alcoholism with comorbid depression. ( Harrison, W; McGrath, PJ; Nunes, EV; Ocepek-Welikson, K; Quitkin, FM; Stewart, JP; Tricamo, E, 1993)
"The object of this early Phase 2 study was to determine the dosage of depot disulfiram (DSF) required to induce sustained sensitivity to alcohol."	6.67	Dose-ranging study of depot disulfiram in alcohol abusers. ( Greenberg, J; Phillips, M, 1992)
"Given the high prevalence of alcohol dependence in our view disulfiram is used very little, although the use of disulfiram in the context of structured, multi-modal outpatient treatment programs are considered to be safe."	6.49	[Mechanism of action of disulfiram and treatment optimization in prevention of recurrent alcoholism]. ( Kiefer, F; Mutschler, J, 2013)
"Disulfiram therapy may allow (1) prolonged abstinence leading to successful antiviral therapy for HCV, and (2) time to begin behavioral treatments that facilitate long-term abstinence."	6.43	Hepatitis C in alcohol dependence:drinking versus disulfiram. ( Beresford, TP; Kulig, CC, 2005)
"Disulfiram is a drug used since 1940 in the treatment of alcohol dependence."	6.42	[Anterior myocardial infarction in a chronic alcoholic man on disulfiram therapy: a case report]. ( Brun, F; Cassin, M; Nicolosi, GL; Nucifora, G, 2004)
"Disulfiram will produce an aversive reaction with ethanol, usually at a dose between 250 mg/day and 500 mg/day, although some patients may not have an aversive reaction at this level."	6.38	Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. ( Moore, RD; Wright, C, 1990)
"Disulfiram is a drug used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism and was found to be effective against diverse cancer types in preclinical studies."	5.62	Alcohol-abuse drug disulfiram targets pediatric glioma via MLL degradation. ( Anderson, J; Cantilena, S; de Boer, J; Hargrave, D; Meier, S; Michod, D; Niklison Chirou, MV; Salomoni, P, 2021)
" Psychotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for alcoholism, while few drugs approved by legislators are available in the augmentation of this treatment, such as acamprosate, disulfiram, and naltrexone, approved by the FDA, and nalmefene by the EMA."	5.41	Medications for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence-Current State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives from a Public Health Perspective. ( Gorczyca, P; Piegza, M; Pudlo, R; Stokłosa, I; Stokłosa, M; Więckiewicz, G, 2023)
"Disulfiram treatment for alcohol dependence is used with acceptable outcomes."	5.40	Disulfiram--alcohol reaction mimicking an acute coronary syndrome. ( Amuchastegui, M; Amuchastegui, T; Donohue, T, 2014)
"Acamprosate has a different mechanism of action than other drugs used for maintenance of abstinence from alcohol and is generally well tolerated."	5.33	Acamprosate campral for alcoholism. ( , 2005)
"Disulfiram tablets were administered 250 mg twice daily after food."	5.30	Psychosis during disulfiram therapy for alcoholism. ( Murthy, KK, 1997)
"The Disulfiram Assurance treatment resulted in almost total sobriety for married or (cohabitating) clients but had little benefit for the single ones."	5.26	Alcoholism treatment by disulfiram and community reinforcement therapy. ( Azrin, NH; Godley, M; Meyers, R; Sisson, RW, 1982)
"Disulfiram is used to a great extent in Denmark to treat alcoholism but the evidence is limited."	5.14	Disulfiram in severe alcoholism--an open controlled study. ( Nielsen, MK; Ulrichsen, J; Ulrichsen, M, 2010)
"Although disulfiram and naltrexone have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of alcoholism, the effect of these medications on alcohol use outcomes and on psychiatric symptoms is still unknown in patients with co-occurring disorders post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)."	5.12	Naltrexone and disulfiram in patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder. ( Carroll, K; Levinson, C; Nich, C; Petrakis, IL; Poling, J; Ralevski, E; Rounsaville, B, 2006)
"Although disulfiram and naltrexone have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of alcoholism, no medications have been approved for individuals with alcohol dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders."	5.12	Naltrexone and disulfiram in patients with alcohol dependence and current depression. ( Carroll, K; Levinson, C; Nich, C; Petrakis, I; Poling, J; Ralevski, E; Rounsaville, B, 2007)
"Disulfiram and naltrexone are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of alcoholism, but these agents have not been rigorously evaluated in dually diagnosed individuals."	5.11	Naltrexone and disulfiram in patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders. ( Carroll, K; Levinson, C; Nich, C; Petrakis, IL; Poling, J; Rounsaville, B, 2005)
"To evaluate disulfiram and three forms of manual guided psychotherapy for individuals with cocaine dependence and concurrent alcohol abuse or dependence."	5.08	Treatment of cocaine and alcohol dependence with psychotherapy and disulfiram. ( Ball, SA; Carroll, KM; McCance, E; Nich, C; Rounsavile, BJ, 1998)
"We conducted a controlled, blinded, multicenter study of disulfiram treatment of alcoholism in 605 men randomly assigned to 250 mg of disulfiram (202 men); 1 mg of disulfiram (204 men), a control for the threat of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction; or no disulfiram (199 men), a control for the counseling that all received."	5.06	Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. A Veterans Administration cooperative study. ( Branchey, L; Brightwell, DR; Derman, RM; Emrick, CD; Fuller, RK; Iber, FL; James, KE; Lacoursiere, RB; Lee, KK; Lowenstam, I, 1986)
"A double-blind, randomized study was carried out on the side effects of disulfiram in 241 men and women with alcohol abuse."	5.05	Side effects after disulfiram. Comparison of disulfiram and placebo in a double-blind multicentre study. ( Christensen, JK; Rønsted, P; Vaag, UH, 1984)
"Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism has been difficult to evaluate in controlled studies because the study design must contend with problems unique to this drug."	5.05	Veterans Administration cooperative study of disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholism: study design and methodological considerations. ( Derman, R; Fuller, RK; Lee, KK; Williford, WO, 1984)
"The effects of disulfiram on depression and anxiety were examined."	5.05	Mood-altering effects of disulfiram in alcoholics. ( Brown, GL; Goyer, PF; Major, LF; Minichiello, MD, 1984)
"Alcoholism is a frequent complication of methadone treatment and is one of the few behaviors found to correlate with methadone treatment failure."	5.04	A behavioral treatment of alcoholic methadone patients. ( Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Tommasello, A, 1978)
" We review recent meta-analyses showing the superior effectiveness of supervised disulfiram (SD) in alcoholism treatment compared with oral naltrexone or acamprosate (ACP)."	4.95	Supervised Disulfiram's Superior Effectiveness in Alcoholism Treatment: Ethical, Methodological, and Psychological Aspects. ( Brewer, C; Skinner, M; Streel, E, 2017)
"Despite its success with compliant or supervised patients, disulfiram has been a controversial medication in the treatment of alcoholism."	4.90	Disulfiram efficacy in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a meta-analysis. ( Aubin, HJ; Lahmek, P; Pham, H; Skinner, MD, 2014)
"Supervised intake of the alcohol deterrent (AD) disulfiram has proven to be an effective adjunct to biopsychosocial alcoholism therapy for more than 60 years."	4.86	Supervised disulfiram as adjunct to psychotherapy in alcoholism treatment. ( Ehrenreich, H; Krampe, H, 2010)
" Medications such as sertraline, ondansetron, topiramate, and aripiprazole represent novel lines of research and are currently being tested for use in the treatment of alcoholism."	4.82	Pharmacotherapy, pharmacogenomics, and the future of alcohol dependence treatment, Part 2. ( Kenna, GA; McGeary, JE; Swift, RM, 2004)
" Although alcoholism has received the most attention, nicotine, heroin, and cocaine have all been shown to be influenced by heredity."	4.82	Anticraving medications for relapse prevention: a possible new class of psychoactive medications. ( O'Brien, CP, 2005)
"Recent reports documenting that naltrexone and acamprosate are more effective than placebo in the treatment of alcoholism justify clinical interest in use of these medications for alcohol-dependent patients."	4.80	Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: a review of the evidence. ( Carey, TS; Crews, FT; Garbutt, JC; Lohr, KN; West, SL, 1999)
"In the field of alcoholism treatment, disulfiram or calcium carbimide is one part of the treatment package and these deterrent drugs have to be combined with counselling and support to be effective."	4.79	How to get the best out of antabuse. ( Kristenson, H, 1995)
"This paper reviews the controlled studies which have led to the increasing recognition that supervised disulfiram is one of the few demonstrably effective interventions in alcoholism, both alone and as an adjunct to psychosocial methods."	4.78	Recent developments in disulfiram treatment. ( Brewer, C, 1993)
"Pharmacodynamic benefits of disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholism have yet to be clearly demonstrated."	4.78	Techniques to enhance compliance with disulfiram. ( Allen, JP; Litten, RZ, 1992)
" Clinical results using two blocking agents, naltrexone for opioid abuse and disulfiram for alcohol abuse, are reviewed as a source of leads in developing potential agents for treating sedative and stimulant abuse."	4.78	Pharmacological blocking agents for treating substance abuse. ( Kosten, TA; Kosten, TR, 1991)
"Disulfiram-induced hepatotoxicity is a recognised entity despite the difficulty in determining its contribution to the damage when alcoholism itself is a frequent cause of liver disease."	4.77	Disulfiram hepatotoxicity: a consideration of its mechanism and clinical spectrum. ( Berlin, RG, 1989)
"Alcoholism is a major problem among methadone maintenance patients."	4.77	The treatment of alcoholic methadone patients: a review. ( Bickel, WK; Lowinson, JH; Marion, I, 1987)
"The role of disulfiram and calcium carbimide in alcoholism treatment is currently under critical review."	4.76	A review of the clinical use of disulfiram and calcium carbimide in alcoholism treatment. ( Peachey, JE, 1981)
" Here, we identify disulfiram (DSF), an FDA-approved drug for alcoholism, as a specific inhibitor of TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling."	4.31	Disulfiram blocks inflammatory TLR4 signaling by targeting MD-2. ( Bai, Y; Chen, P; Deng, F; Jiang, C; Lieberman, J; Liu, X; Mei, S; Miao, R; Min, R; Pan, Y; Wu, Z; Zhang, P; Zheng, Z, 2023)
" In the current study, by utilizing a small molecule covalent compounds library screening, we found that disulfiram (DSF), an FDA-approved chronic alcoholism drug, is a potent DJ-1 inhibitor."	4.12	Identifying chronic alcoholism drug disulfiram as a potent DJ-1 inhibitor for cancer therapeutics. ( Cao, J; He, P; He, Q; Jiang, L; Wen, Y; Wu, Q; Yang, B; Yuan, M; Zhang, M, 2022)
"This case report describes an artist on treatment for alcoholism with disulfiram (Antabuse) who suffered chronic symptoms similar to those of a disulfiram alcohol reaction, which we attribute to his occupational exposure to products containing alcohol and other solvents."	3.78	Disulfiram reaction in an artist exposed to solvents. ( Ehrlich, RI; Kibel, DA; Woolf, DC, 2012)
"Disulfiram is used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism, because of the unpleasant symptoms produced after ethanol intake."	3.78	[Disulfiram-induced polyneurophaty]. ( Apostolski, S; Knezević-Apostolski, S; Petković, S; Radulović, L; Vujisić, S; Vukmirović, F, 2012)
"We report a case of a 42-year-old woman who presented with intractable hypotension and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction as a result of a disulfiram-ethanol reaction."	3.78	Intractable hypotension and myocardial ischaemia induced by co-ingestion of ethanol and disulfiram. ( Desmet, W; Moreels, S; Neyrinck, A, 2012)
"A 46-year-old patient, treated with disulfiram for the past 4 years for chronic alcoholism, presented with progressive bilateral, painless, severe visual loss, related to optic neuropathy."	3.77	[Reversible optic neuropathy related to disulfiram]. ( Milea, D; Trélohan, A, 2011)
"A brief qualitative overview is given of previous and recent clinical studies on disulfiram in alcoholism treatment."	3.77	Supervised disulfiram in the treatment of alcohol use disorder: a commentary. ( Ehrenreich, H; Krampe, H; Spies, CD, 2011)
" Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the treatment of alcohol abuse and alcoholism--disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate."	3.76	Pharmacotherapies for alcoholism: the old and the new. ( Olive, MF, 2010)
" Patients treated with oral naltrexone hydrochloride(n = 2064), oral disulfiram (n = 2076), oral acamprosate calcium (n = 5068), or extended-release injectable naltrexone (naltrexone XR) (n = 295) were also compared for 6-month utilization rates of alcoholism medication, inpatient detoxification days, alcoholism-related inpatient days, and outpatient services, as well as inpatient charges."	3.76	Comparison of healthcare utilization among patients treated with alcoholism medications. ( Chalk, M; Gastfriend, DR; Kranzler, HR; Mark, TL; Montejano, LB, 2010)
"A 43 year old man with HIV and HCV infection and liver cirrhosis developed fatal lactic acidosis within five days from starting nifedipine for arterial hypertension."	3.75	Fatal lactic acidosis precipitated by nifedipine in a patient treated with disulfiram and antiretrovirals. ( Mian, P; Moling, O; Pagani, L; Pristerà, R; Rimenti, G; Spoladore, G; Vedovelli, C, 2009)
"Disulfiram, an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase used in the treatment of alcoholism, is an effective medication when its intake is supervised by a third person."	3.74	Tolerance to disulfiram induced by chronic alcohol intake in the rat. ( Israel, Y; Quintanilla, ME; Tampier, L, 2008)
"To evaluate the ability of a hand-held breath analyser, the Zenalyser((R)) (Zenics Medical), to identify alcohol-dependent patients receiving disulfiram therapy and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the instrument at different time intervals post-disulfiram dosing."	3.73	A breath test to assess compliance with disulfiram. ( Chick, J; Faulder, GC; Faulder, RM; Fletcher, K; Jones, K; Kelly, M; Mohamad, MW; Morgan, D; Stone, E; Wegerdt, J, 2006)
"The average percentages of physicians' patients with alcoholism who were prescribed the following medications were: 13% (naltrexone), 9% (disulfiram), 46% (antidepressants) and 11% (benzodiazepines)."	3.72	Physicians' opinions about medications to treat alcoholism. ( Bransberger, P; Crosse, S; Kranzler, HR; Mark, TL; Poole, VH; Song, X, 2003)
"Fulminant hepatic failure is a rare complication of disulfiram treatment for alcoholism."	3.72	Disulfiram-induced fulminant hepatic failure in an active duty soldier. ( Mendenhall, M, 2004)
"We retrospectively evaluated the use of disulfiram among alcoholic patients being treated for active tuberculosis."	3.71	Lack of toxicity from concomitant directly observed disulfiram and isoniazid-containing therapy for active tuberculosis. ( Breese, P; Burman, WJ; Cohn, D; Reves, R; Terra, M, 2002)
"Disulfiram is widely used for aversive treatment of alcoholism."	3.71	[Disulfiram neuropathy. Report of 3 cases]. ( Bevilacqua, JA; Díaz, M; Díaz, V; Fruns, M; Silva, C, 2002)
"This is the first case, to the authors' knowledge, that describes an acute confusional state as the primary manifestation of a patient taking alcohol while being prescribed disulfiram as aversive therapy for alcohol abuse."	3.71	Disulfiram-ethanol induced delirium. ( Park, CW; Riggio, S, 2001)
"Disulfiram is widely used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism."	3.71	Fulminant hepatitis and fatal toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell disease) coincident with clarithromycin administration in an alcoholic patient receiving disulfiram therapy. ( Borrás, J; Gutiérrez, F; Jimeno, A; Martín-Hidalgo, A; Masiá, M; Matarredona, J; Navarro, A, 2002)
"Naltrexone is the first safe and effective pharmaceutical adjunct for use in the treatment of alcohol abuse."	3.70	New treatment options for substance abuse from a public health viewpoint. ( Sinclair, JD, 1998)
" Disulfiram has been used to treat alcoholism in adults since 1948, but there are no known reports of disulfiram treatment in minors."	3.69	Disulfiram for alcohol use disorders in adolescents. ( Donahue, JE; Goldstein, MR; Myers, WC, 1994)
"Disulfiram is an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor that is widely used as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of patients with severe chronic alcoholism."	3.69	Effects of disulfiram on positron emission tomography and neuropsychological studies in severe chronic alcoholism. ( Adams, KM; Gilman, S; Heumann, M; Hill, E; Johnson-Greene, D; Junck, L; Kluin, KJ; Koeppe, RA; Martorello, S, 1996)
"A patient who had experienced most of the standard methods of managing alcohol abuse found that during 11 years of treatment, the most consistently effective intervention has been the taking of disulfiram under family supervision."	3.68	Long-term, high-dose disulfiram in the treatment of alcohol abuse. ( Brewer, C, 1993)
"After undergoing withdrawal treatment for alcoholism as an in-patient for one year a 49-year-old woman was started on disulfiram, 250 mg daily, her liver function tests being normal."	3.68	[Fulminant hepatitis caused by disulfiram]. ( Bühler, H; Schmid, M; Zala, G, 1993)
"Disulfiram has been used effectively to deter alcohol consumption in patients with a history of alcohol abuse."	3.68	First trimester disulfiram exposure: report of two cases. ( Helmbrecht, GD; Hoskins, IA, 1993)
"Increased metabolic alcohol tolerance was found in chronic non-cirrhotic alcoholics after alcoholism treatment with disulfiram."	3.68	Change of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in sera after alcoholism treatment. ( Buris, L; Varga, M, 1992)
"The effect of chronic alcoholism and detoxification treatment with disulfiram on platelet peripheral benzodiazepine receptors was studied in alcoholic males."	3.68	Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors on platelets in chronic and detoxified alcoholics. ( Fliman, M; Gavish, M; Karp, L; Tyano, S; Weizman, A, 1991)
"A case with segmental cranial plus crural dystonia of delayed onset and akinesia after acute intoxication with disulfiram is presented."	3.68	Dystonia and akinesia due to pallidoputaminal lesions after disulfiram intoxication. ( Krauss, JK; Mohadjer, M; Mundinger, F; Wakhloo, AK, 1991)
" Acetaminophen clearance and its partial clearance to its major metabolites has been determined before and after 5 days treatment with the anti-alcohol abuse agent disulfiram (200 mg daily)."	3.68	The influence of disulfiram on acetaminophen metabolism in man. ( Jørgensen, L; Poulsen, HE; Ranek, L, 1991)
" In a VA cooperative study on disulfiram for the treatment of alcoholism, riboflavin used as a marker provided additional information that was needed to assess the adherence of the study population."	3.67	Riboflavin use as a drug marker in Veterans Administration cooperative studies. ( Haakenson, CM; Lee, KK; van Eeckhout, JP; Young, LM, 1984)
"In an alcoholic patient, catatonia developed while he was receiving disulfiram (Antabuse)."	3.67	'Catatonia' due to disulfiram toxicity. ( Fisher, CM, 1989)
"Disulfiram (Antabuse) is one method for treating alcoholism, despite controversy over its clinical effectiveness."	3.67	Disulfiram use at hospital-based and free-standing alcoholism treatment centers. ( Friedman, TC; Fulop, G, 1988)
"Poor compliance with disulfiram (Antabuse) therapy may reduce its efficacy in the treatment of alcoholism."	3.67	Chemical monitoring of disulfiram compliance: a study of alcoholic outpatients. ( Kofoed, LL, 1987)
"The early diagnosis and evaluation of the biological consequences of alcohol abuse are reviewed in a population of 401 chronic alcoholics admitted to our Toxicological Unit from January 1973 to the end of December 1984; selected cases were treated with disulfiram implantation."	3.67	Biological markers and therapeutic outcome in alcoholic disease: a twelve-year survey. ( Blandina, P; Botti, P; Caramelli, L; Fantozzi, R; Ledda, F; Mannaioni, PF; Masini, E; Moroni, F; Peruzzi, S; Zorn, AM, 1987)
"Nickel concentrations were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry in body fluids of 61 patients with chronic alcoholism during disulfiram treatment (tetraethylthiuram disulfide, 250 mg/day, po)."	3.67	Increased nickel concentrations in body fluids of patients with chronic alcoholism during disulfiram therapy. ( Hopfer, SM; Linden, JV; O'Brien, JE; Rezuke, WN; Smith, L; Sunderman, FW; Watters, F, 1987)
"The utility of disulfiram in the treatment of alcohol abuse has been limited by the high frequency with which clients refuse the regimen."	3.67	Determinants of disulfiram acceptance among alcohol patients: a test of the theory of reasoned action. ( Brubaker, RG; Prue, DM; Rychtarik, RG, 1987)
"Disulfiram has long been used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism."	3.67	Plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase and erythrocyte Cu,Zn-containing superoxide dismutase in alcoholics treated with disulfiram. ( Marklund, SL; Ohman, M, 1986)
"Despite its well-documented specific effectiveness in controlled trials, the alcohol-sensitizing drug disulfiram (Antabuse) is not widely prescribed in Britain for the management of alcohol abuse and it often arouses hostile and irrational feelings."	3.67	Supervised disulfiram in alcoholism. ( Brewer, C, 1986)
"Disulfiram has been widely used as an adjunct in the treatment of alcoholism and has relatively few side effects."	3.67	Disulfiram hepatotoxicity: case report. ( Black, JL; Richardson, JW, 1985)
"A total of 348 consecutive primary alcoholics entering an alcoholism treatment program comprised Group 1 (172 men who were offered disulfiram and agreed to take it) and Group 2 (176 who were eligible to take the drug but refused)."	3.67	A one-year follow-up of men alcoholics given disulfiram. ( Schuckit, MA, 1985)
"The literature on disulfiram-associated seizures is reviewed."	3.66	Disulfiram-induced de novo seizures in the absence of ethanol challenge. ( McConchie, RD; Panitz, DR; Sauber, SR; Shapiro, S, 1983)
"Disulfiram is used commonly as reinforcement in the treatment of chronic alcoholism."	3.66	Fulminant hepatitis associated with disulfiram. Report of a case. ( Dekker, A; Gray, JA; Schade, RR; Shaffer, RD; Van Thiel, DH; Varma, RR, 1983)
"Data from a study evaluating the efficacy of disulfiram for the treatment of alcoholism were analyzed by life-table methods."	3.66	Life-table analysis of abstinence in a study evaluating the efficacy of disulfiram. ( Fuller, RK; Williford, WO, 1980)
"Disulfiram (Antabuse) is used extensively in the management of alcoholism and, although mild psychiatric symptoms are quite common side-effects of treatment with this drug, psychotic reactions rarely occur."	3.66	Disulfiram psychosis. A case report. ( Karelse, RH; Quail, M, 1980)
"The authors describe a case of the catatonia syndrome associated with disulfiram therapy."	3.66	Disulfiram encephalopathy as a cause of the catatonia syndrome. ( Marks, RC; Verghese, JP; Weddington, WW, 1980)
" Hypotension and tachycardia often occur when blood acetaldehyde levels increase."	3.66	Cardiovascular changes during the calcium carbimide-ethanol interaction. ( Brien, JF; Hemy, M; Maglana, S; Peachey, JE; Robinson, GM, 1981)
"The codiscoverer of disulfiram's usefulness for alcoholics reports on the development of Denmark's present system of alcoholism treatment and the treatment facilities."	3.66	The minor alcoholics and their treatment. ( Jacobsen, E, 1978)
" Since increased serum cholesterol is one of the risk factors in a coronary heart disease, chronic disulfirm therapy may increase the incidence of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease, as has been the case with chronic exposure to carbon disulfide, a principal metabolite of disulfiram."	3.66	Effects of disulfiram and pyridoxine on serum cholesterol. ( Goyer, PF; Major, LF, 1978)
"The literature pertaining to the use of implanted disulfiram as a therapeutic modality in the treatment of alcoholism is reviewed."	3.65	Disulfiram implantation in alcoholism treatment. A review. ( Wilson, A, 1975)
"A 49-year-old female with chronic alcoholism and epilepsy, treated with phenytoin, began to convulse when treatment with disulfiram (an inhibitor of phenytoin metabolism) was discontinued."	3.65	Multiple drug interactions with phenytoin. ( Birkett, DJ; Chinwah, PM; Graham, GG; Hickie, JB; Wade, DN, 1977)
"This paper discusses superego fixations and regressions that predispose to and are caused by alcoholism."	3.65	Superego factors in alcoholics. ( Frances, A; Gale, L, 1975)
"Disulfiram is an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic alcoholism as long as certain conditions are maintained; the patient realises that he is ill, the patient is motivated to be treated and that alcohol withdrawal be maintained chiefly during the first year where there is periodic uneasiness."	3.65	[Evaluation of disulfiram treatment in chronic alcoholism]. ( Acke, J, 1975)
"The results of hematology and blood chemistry tests were examined in eight methadone maintenance patients who had been treated concurrently for alcoholism with disulfiram (Antabuse)."	3.65	The medical safety of the combined usage of disulfiram and methadone. Pharmacological treatment for alcoholic heroin addicts. ( Blakis, M; Charuvastra, CV; Erhmann, M; Hopper, M; Ling, W; Panell, J, 1976)
"Peripheral neuropathy and optic neuritis occurring in alcoholics are sometimes due to the toxic effects of disulfiram rather than to alcohol."	3.65	Peripheral neuropathy after disulfiram administration. ( Benjamin, S; Gardner-Thorpe, C, 1971)
"Alcohol dependence is a chronic condition impacting millions of individuals worldwide."	3.30	Low rates of prescribing alcohol relapse prevention medicines in Australian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services. ( Conigrave, JH; Conigrave, KM; Lee, KSK; Purcell-Khodr, G; Vnuk, J, 2023)
"It is the major risk factor for alcohol use disorder (AUD), whose current U."	3.01	Overview of Alcohol Use Disorder. ( Kranzler, HR, 2023)
"The prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is estimated to be 10 times higher amongst individuals in the criminal justice system than the general population."	2.82	Pharmacological interventions for alcohol misuse in correctional settings: A systematic review. ( Brasch, J; Chaimowitz, G; MacKillop, J; Minhas, M; Olagunju, AT; Slavin-Stewart, C; Turna, J, 2022)
"The increased risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD) in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is well-documented."	2.82	Comorbid alcohol use and post-traumatic stress disorders: Pharmacotherapy with aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 inhibitors versus current agents. ( De La Garza, R; Kosten, TR; Lane, SD; Morice, CK; Schmitz, JM; Verrico, CD; Yammine, L; Yoon, J, 2022)
"Anxiety is common among persons with alcohol use disorder during early abstinence from alcohol."	2.82	Coadministration of disulfiram and lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol dependence and co-occurring anxiety disorder: an open-label pilot study. ( Bhatt, S; Bogenschutz, MP; Bohan, J; Foster, B; Romo, P; Tonigan, JS; Wilcox, CE, 2016)
"Those with mental illness report problems in physical, psychological, cognitive, social, and occupational functioning."	2.79	Quality of life in veterans with alcohol dependence and co-occurring mental illness. ( Gianoli, MO; McCarthy, E; Petrakis, I; Ralevski, E, 2014)
"Disulfiram may be efficacious for treating cocaine dependence or abuse, possibly through inhibiting dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH)."	2.79	Randomized clinical trial of disulfiram for cocaine dependence or abuse during buprenorphine treatment. ( Chawarski, MC; Cubells, JF; George, TP; Kosten, TR; Lappalainen, J; Schottenfeld, RS, 2014)
"Disulfiram (DSF) is a well-known anti-alcohol agent that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase and results in extreme 'hangover' symptoms when consumed with alcohol."	2.72	Advantages and disadvantages of disulfiram coadministered with popular addictive substances. ( Kleczkowska, P; Sulejczak, D; Zaremba, M, 2021)
" To assess whether these agents are being prescribed for extended periods, as an indicator of long-term use in nonexperimental settings, we compared dispensing patterns in a veteran patient population."	2.71	Patterns of dispensed disulfiram and naltrexone for alcoholism treatment in a veteran patient population. ( Fiore, LD; Gagnon, DR; Hermos, JA; Young, MM, 2004)
"Time to first treatment failure (relapse or non-attendance) was the primary outcome measure."	2.71	Comparison of disulfiram and placebo in treatment of alcohol dependence of adolescents. ( Niederhofer, H; Staffen, W, 2003)
"Acamprosate was well tolerated."	2.69	Combined efficacy of acamprosate and disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholism: a controlled study. ( Aeby, F; Besson, J; Kasas, A; Lehert, P; Potgieter, A, 1998)
"Of 60 depressed alcoholics who completed an open trial of imipramine, 27 (45%) responded with improvement in both mood and drinking behavior, and eight (13%) responded after further dosage increases or treatment with disulfiram."	2.67	Imipramine treatment of alcoholism with comorbid depression. ( Harrison, W; McGrath, PJ; Nunes, EV; Ocepek-Welikson, K; Quitkin, FM; Stewart, JP; Tricamo, E, 1993)
"The object of this early Phase 2 study was to determine the dosage of depot disulfiram (DSF) required to induce sustained sensitivity to alcohol."	2.67	Dose-ranging study of depot disulfiram in alcohol abusers. ( Greenberg, J; Phillips, M, 1992)
"Disulfiram was associated with the best efficacy in achieving remission (SUCRA 95."	2.66	Efficacy of pharmacotherapeutics for patients comorbid with alcohol use disorders and depressive symptoms-A bayesian network meta-analysis. ( Li, J; Li, M; Li, X; Peng, Y; Rong, X; Shen, Q; Wang, H, 2020)
"With disulfiram pretreatment, the plasma clearance of theophylline was decreased from 105."	2.66	Dose-dependent inhibition of theophylline metabolism by disulfiram in recovering alcoholics. ( Bush, ED; Costello, P; Day, JD; Dewey, LV; Jue, SG; Loi, CM; Vestal, RE, 1989)
" Although in other respects the method is superior to surgical implants, modification of dosage and vehicle will be necessary, and the high incidence and severity of side effects preclude further clinical use of disulfiram in this form."	2.66	Assessment of intramuscular emulsified disulfiram in alcoholics by estimation of urinary diethylamine. ( Carey-Smith, KA; Irvine, BL; Joll, TA; Nyoni, VS, 1988)
" Although all groups showed an increase in sobriety following implantation, there was no significant dose-response relationship."	2.65	Disulfiram implantation: a dose response trial. ( Blanchard, R; Davidson, W; Maini, K; McRae, L; Wilson, A, 1984)
"Disulfiram was administered at a dosage of 125 mg/day for seven days and 250 mg/day thereafter for 36 weeks."	2.65	Use of disulfiram for alcoholics in methadone maintenance programs. A Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. ( Charuvastra, VC; Ling, W; O'Brien, CP; Weiss, DG, 1983)
"Disulfiram (250 mg) was administered within an ABAB repeated measures design over a 12-day period with corresponding breath tests administered during morning and afternoon time periods."	2.65	Assessing disulfiram compliance: validational study of an abbreviated breath test procedure. ( Doerfler, L; Hale, R; Jones, SL; Prue, DM; Rychtarik, RG; Smith, PO, 1983)
"Effective medications for treating alcohol use disorders (AUD) are available but underutilized."	2.61	Strategies to increase implementation of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorders: a structured review of care delivery and implementation interventions. ( Harris, AHS; Matson, TE; Williams, EC, 2019)
"The development of alcohol dependence is associated with significant morbidity and mortality."	2.55	Review article: pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence - the why, the what and the wherefore. ( Goh, ET; Morgan, MY, 2017)
"Alcohol addiction is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder according to both phenotype and etiology."	2.53	NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASES OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION. ( Cicin-Šain, L; Kovak-Mufić, A; Marušić, S; Matošić, A; Vidrih, B, 2016)
"Naltrexone is effective to treat alcohol dependence (decreased length and frequency of drinking bouts), but its severe side effects, including withdrawal symptoms, are difficult to overcome."	2.50	Alcohol use disorders and current pharmacological therapies: the role of GABA(A) receptors. ( Liang, J; Olsen, RW, 2014)
"Alcohol addiction is a common problem in daily life as well as in medicine."	2.50	[Ambulatory alcohol withdrawal]. ( Grehl, O, 2014)
"The efficacy of medications for alcohol dependence remains modest, and there are no strong clinical predictors of treatment response."	2.49	Pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence: status of current treatments. ( Franck, J; Jayaram-Lindström, N, 2013)
"Given the high prevalence of alcohol dependence in our view disulfiram is used very little, although the use of disulfiram in the context of structured, multi-modal outpatient treatment programs are considered to be safe."	2.49	[Mechanism of action of disulfiram and treatment optimization in prevention of recurrent alcoholism]. ( Kiefer, F; Mutschler, J, 2013)
"In Poland the main treatment method of alcohol addiction is psychotherapy practiced in the rehab centers."	2.48	[The patient with an alcohol abuse problem family doctor practice]. ( Kuźniar-Placek, J; Panasiuk, L; Szponar, J, 2012)
"Disulfiram treatment, despite its limitations, remains a viable option as a treatment for alcohol dependence and has shown recent promise in treating (1) those with co-morbid alcohol dependence and post-traumatic stress disorder, (2) those with co-morbid cocaine- and alcohol-dependence, and (3) those with cocaine-dependence alone."	2.46	Disulfiram: an old therapeutic with new applications. ( Barth, KS; Malcolm, RJ, 2010)
"Developing pharmacotherapies to treat alcohol dependence and associated health problems traditionally has been based on gaining a better understanding of the neuroscience underlying alcohol-drinking behavior."	2.44	Treatment implications: using neuroscience to guide the development of new pharmacotherapies for alcoholism. ( Krishnan-Sarin, S; Krystal, JH; O'Malley, S, 2008)
"Disulfiram has demonstrated efficacy in six randomized clinical trials for the treatment of cocaine dependence, but is rarely used in clinical settings because of safety concerns."	2.44	The safety of disulfiram for the treatment of alcohol and cocaine dependence in randomized clinical trials: guidance for clinical practice. ( Lechner, W; Malcolm, R; Olive, MF, 2008)
"Disulfiram is an inhibitor of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase and acts as an alcohol-deterrent drug."	2.44	Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of alcohol dependence. ( Quertemont, E; Tambour, S, 2007)
"Acamprosate has demonstrated efficacy for treating alcohol dependence in European trials, but with a small effect size."	2.44	Update on neuropharmacological treatments for alcoholism: scientific basis and clinical findings. ( Johnson, BA, 2008)
"Prevalence of alcohol dependence remains stable across time between 5-7% in men and 2-3% in women, corresponding to at least 1."	2.44	[Alcohol dependence: diagnosis and treatment]. ( Blanc, F; Perney, P; Rigole, H, 2008)
"Disulfiram therapy may allow (1) prolonged abstinence leading to successful antiviral therapy for HCV, and (2) time to begin behavioral treatments that facilitate long-term abstinence."	2.43	Hepatitis C in alcohol dependence:drinking versus disulfiram. ( Beresford, TP; Kulig, CC, 2005)
"Medications for treating alcohol dependence primarily have been adjunctive interventions, and only three medications--disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate--are approved for this indication by the U."	2.43	Medications for treating alcohol dependence. ( Williams, SH, 2005)
"Relapse prevention for alcohol dependence has traditionally involved psychosocial and psychotherapeutic interventions."	2.43	Pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence: anticraving medications for relapse prevention. ( Jung, YC; Namkoong, K, 2006)
"Co-occurring substance use disorder is common among patients with schizophrenia, and its presence greatly worsens the course of schizophrenia."	2.43	Treatment of schizophrenia and comorbid substance abuse: pharmacologic approaches. ( Green, AI, 2006)
"Disulfiram has been used as a popular adjunct in programs for alcohol rehabilitation."	2.42	Liver transplantation for disulfiram-induced fulminant hepatic failure. ( LaBrecque, DR; Layden, TJ; Mitros, FA; Mohanty, SR, 2004)
"Substance use disorders are an important public health problem associated with significant mortality and morbidity."	2.42	Pharmacologic management of relapse prevention in addictive disorders. ( Kosten, TR; Sofuoglu, M, 2004)
"Disulfiram is a drug used since 1940 in the treatment of alcohol dependence."	2.42	[Anterior myocardial infarction in a chronic alcoholic man on disulfiram therapy: a case report]. ( Brun, F; Cassin, M; Nicolosi, GL; Nucifora, G, 2004)
"Therefore, pharmacologic treatments for alcohol dependence may be targeted to numerous pathways."	2.41	Pharmacologic approaches to the management of alcoholism. ( Anton, RF, 2001)
"Treatment of alcohol and drug addictions, which has been neglected medically for a long time, is currently sparked with optimism."	2.40	Rational treatment of addiction. ( Terenius, L, 1998)
"Disulfiram is known to cause hepatitis, which is sometimes fatal."	2.40	Safety issues concerning the use of disulfiram in treating alcohol dependence. ( Chick, J, 1999)
" In human volunteers treated with increasing doses of DSF and challenged with ethanol between each of the dosage periods, the mean plasma concentrations of Me-DTC at steady state were proportional to the DSF doses given."	2.38	A review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of disulfiram and its metabolites. ( Johansson, B, 1992)
" If problems with absorption and appropriate dosing of disulfiram can be resolved or a depot preparation of the active metabolite of disulfiram can be prepared, implants might find continued clinical use."	2.38	Depot preparations of disulfiram: experimental and clinical results. ( Johnsen, J; Mørland, J, 1992)
" A high degree of motivation to stop drinking leads to long-term use of Antabuse, a stronger internal locus of control and a favourable outcome."	2.38	Long-term Antabuse treatment of alcohol-dependent patients. ( Kristenson, H, 1992)
" Adequate dosage is important and the recommended maximum in some countries is often insufficient."	2.38	Controlled trials of Antabuse in alcoholism: the importance of supervision and adequate dosage. ( Brewer, C, 1992)
"Disulfiram is an irreversible ALDH inhibitor when administered in vivo."	2.38	The pharmacology and toxicology of disulfiram and its metabolites. ( Petersen, EN, 1992)
"In treatment of alcohol dependence, disulfiram is most useful in conjunction with a structured, supervised, aftercare program."	2.38	Disulfiram treatment of patients with both alcohol dependence and other psychiatric disorders: a review. ( Larson, EW; Morse, RM; Olincy, A; Rummans, TA, 1992)
"Disulfiram will produce an aversive reaction with ethanol, usually at a dose between 250 mg/day and 500 mg/day, although some patients may not have an aversive reaction at this level."	2.38	Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. ( Moore, RD; Wright, C, 1990)
"When alcohol abuse occurs in association with anxiety, depression, or schizophrenia, treatment with the anxiolytic, antidepressant, and neuroleptic drugs, respectively, may facilitate the alcoholic's ability to participate in other programs."	2.37	Pharmacologic treatment of chronic alcoholism. ( Annis, A; Peachey, JE, 1984)
"When alcohol abuse occurs with depression, both the substance abuse and the mood disorder necessitate treatment."	2.37	Depression and alcoholism: clinical considerations in management. ( Lippmann, S; Pary, R; Tobias, CR, 1988)
"Pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorders (AUD) is effective."	1.62	Pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorders - Unequal provision across sociodemographic factors and co-morbid conditions. A cohort study of the total population in Sweden. ( Danielsson, AK; Lundin, A; Sjöqvist, H; Wallhed Finn, S, 2021)
"Disulfiram is an approved oral drug used to treat alcohol use disorder that is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and an inhibitor of the viral proteases."	1.62	Disulfiram use is associated with lower risk of COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. ( Bell, S; Brophy, M; Do, N; Dubreuil, M; Fillmore, N; La, J; Lieberman, J; Mehta, G; Nguyen, V; Sander, C; Shen, C; Strymish, J; Wu, H, 2021)
"Patients with alcohol use disorders, on disulfiram, might experience disulfiram ethanol like reactions with alcohol-based sanitizers."	1.62	Disulfiram Ethanol Reaction with Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer: An Exploratory Study. ( Balhara, YPS; Basu, D; Bn, S; Ghosh, A; Mahintamani, T; Mattoo, SK; Mishra, E; Roub, FE; Sharma, B, 2021)
" While the pharmacokinetics of ethanol metabolism through alcohol dehydrogenase have been thoroughly explored in previous studies, in this paper, we combined a base physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with a whole-body genome-scale model (WBM) to gain further insight into the effect of other less explored processes and genetic variations on ethanol metabolism."	1.62	Integration of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model with a whole-body, organ-resolved genome-scale model for characterization of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism. ( Mahadevan, R; Pei, W; Thiele, I; Zhu, L, 2021)
"Disulfiram is a drug used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism and was found to be effective against diverse cancer types in preclinical studies."	1.62	Alcohol-abuse drug disulfiram targets pediatric glioma via MLL degradation. ( Anderson, J; Cantilena, S; de Boer, J; Hargrave, D; Meier, S; Michod, D; Niklison Chirou, MV; Salomoni, P, 2021)
"Cases of alcohol dependence syndrome were diagnosed based on ICD-10 DCR presenting to psychiatry department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, over the period of 6 months."	1.56	Comparison of Disulfiram and Naltrexone in Cases of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome. ( Adhikari, S; Chapagai, M; Dhungana, S; Ojha, SP; Pant, SB; Tulachan, P, 2020)
"Disulfiram is an adjunct in the treatment of alcohol use disorders, but case reports indicate that disulfiram ethanol reactions are not always recognized in the emergency department."	1.56	Recognition of a disulfiram ethanol reaction in the emergency department is not always straightforward. ( Buylaert, W; Chys, S; De Paepe, P; Desmet, T; Huys, L; Segher, K; Steen, E, 2020)
"Prescriptions of FDA-approved alcohol use disorder medications from 2010 through 2015 were reviewed."	1.51	Adherence Across FDA-Approved Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder in a Veterans Administration Population. ( Hartwell, KJ; Korte, JE; McRae-Clark, AL; Walker, JR, 2019)
"Outcomes of alcohol use disorder management are improved with evidence-based psychosocial therapy, but there is no support for preferring one specific evidence-based therapy over another."	1.51	Prescription Drug and Alcohol Use Disorders: Alcohol Use Disorder. ( Warren, D, 2019)
"2."	1.51	Dispensing of medication for alcohol use disorder; an examination of large databases in a New Zealand context. ( Beaglehole, B; Boden, JM; Foulds, J; Mulder, RT, 2019)
"Disulfiram reduced cancer mortality in patients who continued disulfiram for alcohol dependency."	1.48	The Alcohol-Abuse Drug Disulfiram Targets NPL4 to Exert Antitumor Effects. ( , 2018)
"To evaluate drug therapy for alcohol dependence in the 12 months after first diagnosis in UK primary care."	1.46	Drug therapy for alcohol dependence in primary care in the UK: A Clinical Practice Research Datalink study. ( Ashcroft, DM; Owens, L; Pirmohamed, M; Thompson, A; van Staa, TP, 2017)
"Disulfiram was the first medication approved to treat alcohol dependence and has been found to be safe and efficacious."	1.46	Pattern of prescription, dispensation and administration of disulfiram among patients with alcohol use disorder attending a general hospital psychiatry unit in rural India. ( Jamale, S; Mangot, AG; Murthy, VS, 2017)
" The authors report a unique case of an extremely severe axonal polyneuropathy involving cranial nerves that developed within weeks after a regular dosage of 500mg/day disulfiram."	1.46	Sensory-motor axonal polyneuropathy involving cranial nerves: An uncommon manifestation of disulfiram toxicity. ( Martins Campos, A; Morais, H; Santos, T, 2017)
"Disulfiram proved to be a well-tolerated medication as part of multimodal therapy of alcohol dependency."	1.43	[Disulfiram in outpatient treatment of alcohol dependency]. ( Brieger, P; Hochsattel, K, 2016)
"Disulfiram treatment for alcohol dependence is used with acceptable outcomes."	1.40	Disulfiram--alcohol reaction mimicking an acute coronary syndrome. ( Amuchastegui, M; Amuchastegui, T; Donohue, T, 2014)
"We report a case of fatal fulminant hepatic failure related to the use of disulfiram."	1.40	Fatal fulminant hepatic failure related to the use of disulfiram. ( Pandey, RA; Vancil, TJ; Watts, TE, 2014)
"Disulfiram toxicity can cause multiple neurologic problems, including a reversible distal sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy."	1.40	Neuromuscular ultrasound findings in polyneuropathy secondary to disulfiram. ( Cartwright, MS; Magruder, JL; Panea, OR; Stone, SL; Vann, RC; Walker, FO, 2014)
"There have been several reports of disulfiram intoxication, but little evidence of neurologic conditions resulting from disulfiram-induced brain damage combined with Wernicke encephalopathy-associated lesions."	1.39	A case of Wernicke encephalopathy combined with disulfiram intoxication. ( Casoni, F; Costa, A; D'Errico, I; Fanucchi, S; Farina, LM; Micieli, G; Sinforiani, E; Tartara, E, 2013)
"Eligible adults with alcohol dependence were identified from a large US health plan and the IMS PharMetrics Integrated Database."	1.37	Alcohol dependence treatments: comprehensive healthcare costs, utilization outcomes, and pharmacotherapy persistence. ( Baser, O; Chalk, M; Gastfriend, DR; Rawson, R, 2011)
" Over time, he increased the dosage to 50 tablets daily (3750 mg)."	1.35	Venlafaxine dependence in a patient with a history of alcohol and amineptine misuse. ( Lugoboni, F; Quaglio, G; Schifano, F, 2008)
"Effective treatment choices for alcohol dependence have existed for long, but only a minor proportion of those dependent on alcohol seeks medical care and receives effective treatment."	1.35	[Pharmacological therapy of dependency on alcohol]. ( Alho, H; Hyytiä, P, 2009)
"To report a case of optic and peripheral neuropathy after chronic use of disulfiram for alcohol dependence management."	1.34	Disulfiram-induced transient optic and peripheral neuropathy: a case report. ( Beatty, S; Guerin, M; Orakzai, A, 2007)
"Acamprosate has a different mechanism of action than other drugs used for maintenance of abstinence from alcohol and is generally well tolerated."	1.33	Acamprosate campral for alcoholism. ( , 2005)
"Acute liver failure is a rare syndrome with rapid progression and high mortality."	1.33	Acute liver failure: a message found under the skin. ( Hoeper, MM; Manns, MP; Meier, M; Schneider, A; Strassburg, CP; Woywodt, A, 2005)
"Typically, patients with alcohol use disorders are only referred to psychosocial support (e."	1.33	The BRENDA model: integrating psychosocial treatment and pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorders. ( Leeman, RF; Starosta, AN; Volpicelli, JR, 2006)
"Disulfiram has been shown to be most effective for patients who believe in its efficacy and remain compliant with the treatment."	1.32	[The pharmacologic treatment of the alcohol dependence]. ( Baltieri, DA; Castro, LA, 2004)
"When cyanamide-treated alcoholics relapse drinking, the combined effect of cyanamide and alcohol produce more severe portal inflammation along with the emergence of ground-glass inclusions."	1.31	Comparison of cyanamide and disulfiram in effects on liver function. ( Ishii, H; Maruyama, K; Okuyama, K; Suzuki, Y; Takahashi, H; Tamai, H; Yokoyama, A, 2000)
"Disulfiram was administered as part of the treatment, the intake of which was supervised by his wife."	1.31	[Psychosis during and after disulfiram use]. ( de Jong, CA; Verbon, H, 2002)
"Disulfiram tablets were administered 250 mg twice daily after food."	1.30	Psychosis during disulfiram therapy for alcoholism. ( Murthy, KK, 1997)
"Patients with alcohol addiction are analyzed after one year from the beginning of therapy."	1.30	[Integrated treatment of alcoholism. Evaluation of its efficacy]. ( Becagli, A; Cecchetti, E; Cimarosti, P; Costella, V; Santonastaso, M; Tagliamento, A; Zanatta, N, 1997)
"As disulfiram treatment may cause severe side effects it is recommended that the lowest possible dosage by employed."	1.28	[Disulfiram neuropathy]. ( Klugkist, H; Preuss, S, 1992)
" Long-term use was significantly related to a favourable drinking outcome during 2 years subsequent to treatment compared with short-term use."	1.28	Long-term use of aversive drugs in outpatient alcoholism treatment. ( Berglund, M; Ojehagen, A; Skjaerris, A, 1991)
"3% of the disulfiram after single and repeated dosing was eliminated in the breath during one dosing interval."	1.27	Elimination kinetics of disulfiram in alcoholics after single and repeated doses. ( Faiman, MD; Jensen, JC; Lacoursiere, RB, 1984)
"5 g daily but even at high dosage significant side effects are uncommon, reversible and rarely serious."	1.27	How effective is the standard dose of disulfiram? A review of the alcohol-disulfiram reaction in practice. ( Brewer, C, 1984)
"Disulfiram is known to produce toxic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy."	1.27	[Polyneuropathy caused by disulfiram poisoning]. ( Busse, O; Schütz, HJ; Vuia, O, 1983)
"Disulfiram appears to be a useful adjunct for drug abusers with serious alcohol problems."	1.27	Brief effective treatment strategies: pharmacological therapy for opiate addicts. ( Kleber, HD, 1985)
"In an experiment on Wistar male rats the authors studied the effects of teturam, diethyldithiocarbamate and Esperale in combination with L-DOPA on the consumption of alcohol and metabolism of biogenic amines in the brain."	1.27	[Increased efficacy of teturam combined with L-DOPA in experimental alcoholism in the rat]. ( Bobkova, NV; Gromova, EA; Khesin, II; Plakkhinas, LA; Tokareva, AE, 1986)
"Thirty-two patients with coexisting substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders were treated in a unique outpatient pilot program that used techniques drawn from both psychiatric and substance abuse treatment."	1.27	Outpatient treatment of patients with substance abuse and coexisting psychiatric disorders. ( Atkinson, RM; Kania, J; Kofoed, L; Walsh, T, 1986)
" In most cases it was possible to out-manoeuvre the patients by increasing the dosage or modifying the supervision techniques."	1.27	Patterns of compliance and evasion in treatment programmes which include supervised disulfiram. ( Brewer, C, 1986)
"Patients with alcohol dependence more often preferred instrumental components, such as disulfiram and gamma-GT, while the others more often preferred psychological components, such as individual counselling and contract evaluations."	1.27	To keep the alcoholic in out-patient treatment. A differentiated approach through treatment contracts. ( Berglund, M; Ojehagen, A, 1986)
" Tricyclic pharmacokinetic parameters, determined from plasma samples over 48 hours, indicated decreased total body clearance, increased elimination half-life, and higher peak plasma levels during disulfiram treatment."	1.27	Pharmacokinetic interaction of disulfiram and antidepressants. ( Barnhill, J; Boxenbaum, H; Ciraulo, DA, 1985)
"The disulfiram treatment induced elevated (P less than 0."	1.26	Concentration of serotonin metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid from alcoholics before and during disulfiram therapy. ( Beck, O; Borg, S; Holmstedt, B; Kvande, H; Shröder, R, 1980)
"The Disulfiram Assurance treatment resulted in almost total sobriety for married or (cohabitating) clients but had little benefit for the single ones."	1.26	Alcoholism treatment by disulfiram and community reinforcement therapy. ( Azrin, NH; Godley, M; Meyers, R; Sisson, RW, 1982)
"Moderate withdrawal symptoms in susceptible patients require substitution medication which can be monitored on an outpatient basis."	1.26	Ambulatory management in alcoholism. ( Bort, RF, 1977)
"Oxazepam has no important active metabolites and its net disposition is minimally altered by disulfiram."	1.26	Interaction of disulfiram with benzodiazepines. ( Billings, BJ; Giles, HG; Greenblatt, DJ; MacLeod, SM; Marshman, JA; Martin, PR; Sellers, EM, 1978)
"The treatment with disulfiram is useful but incomplete."	1.26	[A catamnestic study of recovered alcoholics]. ( Bendia, MT; Giaquinto, S; Massi, G; Ricolfi, A; Vitali, S, 1979)
"Alcohol appears to interact with many drugs in many different and complicated ways."	1.26	[Alcohol and drug interactions]. ( Mombelli, G, 1978)

Research

Studies (1,171)

Authors

Clinical Trials (19)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	791 (67.55)	18.7374
1990's	132 (11.27)	18.2507
2000's	110 (9.39)	29.6817
2010's	90 (7.69)	24.3611
2020's	48 (4.10)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Wallhed Finn, S	1
Lundin, A	1
Sjöqvist, H	1
Danielsson, AK	1
Fillmore, N	1
Bell, S	1
Shen, C	1
Nguyen, V	1
La, J	1
Dubreuil, M	1
Strymish, J	1
Brophy, M	1
Mehta, G	1
Wu, H	1
Lieberman, J	2
Do, N	1
Sander, C	1
Slavin-Stewart, C	1
Minhas, M	1
Turna, J	1
Brasch, J	1
Olagunju, AT	1
Chaimowitz, G	1
MacKillop, J	1
Worley, J	1
Chen, M	1
Huang, Z	1
Xia, M	1
Ding, Y	1
Shan, T	1
Guan, Z	1
Dai, X	1
Xu, X	1
Huang, Y	1
Huang, M	1
Zhao, C	1
Pontzen, N	1
Schomerus, G	1
Steinberg, H	1
Morice, CK	1
Yammine, L	1
Yoon, J	1
Lane, SD	1
Schmitz, JM	1
Kosten, TR	5
De La Garza, R	1
Verrico, CD	1
Rival, M	1
Renard, D	1
Thouvenot, E	1
Ion, I	1
Burnette, EM	1
Nieto, SJ	1
Grodin, EN	1
Meredith, LR	1
Hurley, B	1
Miotto, K	1
Gillis, AJ	1
Ray, LA	2
Antonelli, M	1
Sestito, L	1
Tarli, C	1
Addolorato, G	1
Wu, Q	2
Zhang, M	2
Wen, Y	1
He, P	1
He, Q	1
Yang, B	1
Jiang, L	2
Yuan, M	2
Cao, J	2
Coronel, SI	1
Dorman, J	1
Dosset, M	1
Zanetti, M	1
Qian, L	1
Murakami, K	1
Toyozumi, T	1
Matsumoto, Y	1
Otsuka, R	1
Sekino, N	1
Endo, S	1
Kinoshita, K	1
Sasaki, T	1
Matsubara, H	1
Sharma, I	2
Farr, L	1
Moonah, S	2
Hyland, CJ	1
McDowell, MJ	1
Bain, PA	1
Huskamp, HA	1
Busch, AB	1
Hahl-Häkkinen, L	1
Rask, SM	1
Solismaa, A	1
Ruuhonen, S	1
Leinonen, E	1
Stokłosa, I	1
Więckiewicz, G	1
Stokłosa, M	1
Piegza, M	1
Pudlo, R	1
Gorczyca, P	1
Lai, M	1
Chen, W	1
Yang, J	1
Li, C	1
Zhou, S	1
Chen, C	1
Zhu, L	2
Li, S	1
Song, Z	1
Liang, J	2
Tang, C	1
Xu, N	1
Liu, T	1
Liu, S	1
Greene, MC	1
Kane, J	1
Alto, M	1
Giusto, A	1
Lovero, K	1
Stockton, M	1
McClendon, J	1
Nicholson, T	1
Wainberg, ML	1
Johnson, RM	1
Tol, WA	1
Purcell-Khodr, G	1
Conigrave, JH	1
Lee, KSK	1
Vnuk, J	1
Conigrave, KM	1
Bai, Y	1
Min, R	1
Chen, P	1
Mei, S	1
Deng, F	1
Zheng, Z	1
Jiang, C	1
Miao, R	1
Wu, Z	1
Zhang, P	1
Pan, Y	1
Liu, X	1
Kranzler, HR	8
Malhotra, A	1
Drexler, K	1
Hsu, M	1
Tang, YL	1
Dem, U	1
Letho, Z	1
Dorji, C	1
Nirola, DK	1
Choki, S	1
Dorji, T	1
Chejor, P	1
Pandey, E	1
Garg, S	1
Walker, JR	1
Korte, JE	1
McRae-Clark, AL	1
Hartwell, KJ	1
Leggio, L	2
Falk, DE	2
Ryan, ML	2
Fertig, J	2
Litten, RZ	5
Adhikari, S	1
Tulachan, P	1
Ojha, SP	1
Chapagai, M	1
Dhungana, S	1
Pant, SB	1
De Sousa, A	1
Fairbanks, J	1
Umbreit, A	1
Kolla, BP	1
Karpyak, VM	1
Schneekloth, TD	1
Loukianova, LL	1
Sinha, S	1
Balhara, YPS	2
Singh, S	1
Narang, P	1
Li, J	2
Wang, H	1
Li, M	1
Shen, Q	1
Li, X	2
Rong, X	1
Peng, Y	1
Lohoff, FW	1
Ghosh, A	1
Mahintamani, T	1
Roub, FE	1
Basu, D	2
Bn, S	1
Mattoo, SK	1
Mishra, E	1
Sharma, B	1
Segher, K	1
Huys, L	1
Desmet, T	1
Steen, E	1
Chys, S	1
Buylaert, W	1
De Paepe, P	1
Tamburin, S	1
Mantovani, E	1
De Bernardis, E	1
Zipeto, D	1
Lugoboni, F	2
Patel, AK	1
Balasanova, AA	1
Shirley, DA	1
Warren, CA	1
Kelty, E	1
Terplan, M	1
Greenland, M	1
Preen, D	1
de Corde-Skurska, A	1
Krzascik, P	1
Lesniak, A	1
Sacharczuk, M	1
Nagraba, L	1
Bujalska-Zadrozny, M	1
Kleczkowska, P	1
Sulejczak, D	1
Zaremba, M	1
Celada-Sendino, M	1
Álvarez-Navascués, C	1
Rodríguez, M	1
Hüsser, L	2
Eis, D	2
Jain, R	1
Mishra, S	1
Agrawal, A	1
Chadda, RK	1
Pei, W	1
Thiele, I	1
Mahadevan, R	1
Meier, S	1
Cantilena, S	1
Niklison Chirou, MV	1
Anderson, J	1
Hargrave, D	1
Salomoni, P	1
de Boer, J	1
Michod, D	1
Thompson, A	1
Ashcroft, DM	1
Owens, L	1
van Staa, TP	1
Pirmohamed, M	1
Mangot, AG	1
Murthy, VS	1
Jamale, S	1
Das, N	1
Mahapatra, A	1
Sarkar, S	1
Nyhuis, PW	1
Niederhofer, E	1
Scherbaum, N	1
Schifano, F	2
Bonnet, U	1
Dembski, N	1
Niederhofer, A	1
Specka, M	1
Tenbergen, M	1
Skrott, Z	1
Mistrik, M	1
Andersen, KK	1
Friis, S	1
Majera, D	1
Gursky, J	1
Ozdian, T	1
Bartkova, J	1
Turi, Z	1
Moudry, P	1
Kraus, M	1
Michalova, M	1
Vaclavkova, J	1
Dzubak, P	1
Vrobel, I	1
Pouckova, P	1
Sedlacek, J	1
Miklovicova, A	1
Kutt, A	1
Mattova, J	1
Driessen, C	1
Dou, QP	1
Olsen, J	1
Hajduch, M	1
Cvek, B	1
Deshaies, RJ	1
Bartek, J	1
Peddawad, D	1
Nagendra, S	1
Chatterjee, R	1
Faldu, H	1
Chheda, A	1
Heung, J	1
Poon, JY	1
Tung, CK	1
Yeung, SW	1
Lam, M	1
Fustà-Novell, X	1
Gómez-Armayones, S	1
Morgado-Carrasco, D	1
Mascaró, JM	1
Soyka, M	3
An, S	1
Tang, M	1
Yan, S	1
Yang, F	1
Zhu, X	1
Chen, Z	1
Liu, Q	1
Williams, EC	1
Matson, TE	1
Harris, AHS	2
Warren, D	1
Williams, JB	1
Castrén, S	1
Mäkelä, N	1
Alho, H	2
Beaglehole, B	1
Foulds, J	1
Mulder, RT	1
Boden, JM	1
Wang, W	1
Darling, JL	1
Guerrero-Solano, JL	1
Pardal-Fernández, JM	1
O'Malley, SS	1
O'Connor, PG	1
Krishnan-Sarin, S	1
O'Malley, S	1
Krystal, JH	2
Thiesen, H	1
Sreejayan, K	1
Praharaj, SK	1
Douaihy, AB	1
Kelly, TM	1
Sullivan, C	1
Franck, J	1
Jayaram-Lindström, N	1
Tartara, E	1
Fanucchi, S	1
D'Errico, I	1
Farina, LM	1
Casoni, F	1
Sinforiani, E	1
Micieli, G	1
Costa, A	1
Ralevski, E	4
Gianoli, MO	1
McCarthy, E	1
Petrakis, I	2
Yoshimura, A	1
Kimura, M	1
Nakayama, H	1
Matsui, T	1
Okudaira, F	1
Akazawa, S	1
Ohkawara, M	1
Cho, T	1
Kono, Y	1
Hashimoto, K	1
Kumagai, M	1
Sahashi, Y	1
Roh, S	1
Higuchi, S	1
Kiluk, BD	1
Babuscio, TA	1
Nich, C	8
Carroll, KM	4
Schottenfeld, RS	1
Chawarski, MC	1
Cubells, JF	1
George, TP	1
Lappalainen, J	1
Skinner, MD	2
Lahmek, P	1
Pham, H	1
Aubin, HJ	2
PASQUET, PA	1
Thorens, G	1
Khan, R	1
Khazaal, Y	1
Zullino, D	1
Amuchastegui, T	1
Amuchastegui, M	1
Donohue, T	1
Watts, TE	1
Pandey, RA	1
Vancil, TJ	1
Olsen, RW	1
Grehl, O	1
Aragones, JM	1
Blanch, CE	1
Guillen-Font, A	1
Escote-Llobet, S	1
Testino, G	1
Leone, S	1
Borro, P	1
Stone, SL	1
Cartwright, MS	1
Panea, OR	1
Vann, RC	1
Magruder, JL	1
Walker, FO	1
Fletcher, K	2
Hochsattel, K	1
Brieger, P	1
Agabio, R	1
Pani, PP	2
Preti, A	2
Gessa, GL	1
Franconi, F	1
Ponizovskiy, PA	1
Gofman, AG	1
Mutschler, J	7
Grosshans, M	3
Rösner, S	1
Tran, AT	1
Rison, RA	1
Beydoun, SR	1
Bogenschutz, MP	1
Bhatt, S	1
Bohan, J	1
Foster, B	1
Romo, P	1
Wilcox, CE	1
Tonigan, JS	1
Brady, KT	1
Matošić, A	1
Marušić, S	1
Vidrih, B	1
Kovak-Mufić, A	1
Cicin-Šain, L	1
Van Zyl, PM	1
Salisbury-Afshar, E	1
Santos, T	1
Martins Campos, A	1
Morais, H	1
Brewer, C	20
Streel, E	2
Skinner, M	1
Goh, ET	1
Morgan, MY	1
Ragia, G	1
Manolopoulos, VG	1
Malcolm, R	2
Olive, MF	2
Lechner, W	1
Fan, CC	2
Lin, SK	1
Huang, MC	2
Quaglio, G	1
Mark, TL	3
Kassed, CA	1
Vandivort-Warren, R	1
Levit, KR	1
Garbutt, JC	3
Diehl, A	5
Vollmert, C	1
Herre, H	1
Mann, K	3
Kiefer, F	6
Meissner, W	1
Macia, F	1
Foubert-Samier, A	1
Guyot, M	1
Bussy, E	1
Allard, M	1
Tison, F	1
Tayyareci, Y	1
Acarel, E	1
Thirthalli, J	2
Chand, PK	1
Hyytiä, P	1
Chen, SC	1
Elbreder, MF	1
de Humerez, DC	1
Laranjeira, R	1
Hanwella, R	1
de Silva, V	1
Moling, O	1
Rimenti, G	1
Pristerà, R	1
Vedovelli, C	1
Pagani, L	1
Spoladore, G	1
Mian, P	1
Barth, KS	1
Malcolm, RJ	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
In Hospital Administration of Extended-Release Naltrexone for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Pilot Study of Feasibility and Acceptability[NCT05087771]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-03-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to no longer randomized, drug being offered to all patients)
Developing and Implementing an Online Relapse Prevention Psychotherapy Program for Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder[NCT05579210]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-10-01	Recruiting
The Effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on Treatment of Alcohol and Cocaine Use Disorders: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.[NCT03018236]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Recruiting
Treatment for Alcohol Dependence With Gabapentin: A Double Blind Placebo Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT02771925]	Phase 4	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Terminated (stopped due to Due to poor compliance of patients in the study.)
Does the Threat of an Aversive Reaction Affect Craving of Alcohol During Cue Exposure in Alcohol Dependent Patients?[NCT00372749]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effectiveness of Immediate Versus Delayed Access to Hospital-based Addiction Services[NCT01934751]		124 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Recruiting
Impact of Alcohol Consumption of the General Population Who Visited Primary Health Care Centers on the Use of Health Care Resources in Catalonia.[NCT02343874]		1,911,771 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-12-31	Completed
Effects of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRH1) Antagonism on Stress-Induced Craving in Alcoholic Women With High Anxiety: an Experimental Medicine Study[NCT01187511]	Phase 2	44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRH1) Antagonism in Anxious Alcoholics[NCT01227980]	Phase 2	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Completed
Modulation of Pharmacologically Induced Alcohol Craving in Recently Detoxified Alcoholics[NCT00605904]	Phase 2	37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
Phase II Open Labeled Trial of Disulfiram With Copper in Metastatic Breast Cancer[NCT03323346]	Phase 2	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-09-29	Recruiting
Test of a Workforce Development Intervention to Expand Buprenorphine Prescribers[NCT02926482]		76 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-26	Completed
Two Medications, Disulfiram and Naltrexone, in the Treatment of Patients With Both Cocaine and Alcohol Dependence[NCT00142844]	Phase 2	208 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-09-30	Completed
Auricular Percutaneous Electrical Neural Field Stimulation in Short-Term Treatment of Alcohol Dependence- Neurohaemodynamic Correlates and Feasibility Study[NCT04106739]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-20	Completed
A Prospective, Double Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Clinical Trial to Evaluate The Safety And Efficacy Of Biometrics-Guided Magnetic EEG Resonance Therapy (MeRT) Treatment Of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder With And Without Persistent Post-Concussive[NCT02990793]		152 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-04	Recruiting
Characterization of [11C]Flumazenil to Image GABA Transmission in Healthy Adult Subjects and Subjects With Alcohol Dependence[NCT01904487]	Phase 1	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-19	Completed
Piloting Deposit Contracts to Increase Accessibility of a Contingency Management Intervention to Reduce Problematic Drinking[NCT05837611]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-10	Recruiting
Acamprosate for Central Nervous System Hyperexcitability and Neuroadaptation in Alcohol Withdrawal[NCT00106106]	Phase 2	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
Effect of Hypnotherapy in Alcohol Use Disorder Compared to Motivational Interviewing. A Randomised Controlled Trial[NCT03583788]		31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-01	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 15 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	11.6932
Placebo	14.6126

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 15 minutes prior to the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	8.7646
Placebo	10.413

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	11.4075
Placebo	13.0412

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 45 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	9.6218
Placebo	12.1841

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	13.9789
Placebo	15.946

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 60 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	9.9075
Placebo	12.1841

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 75 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	9.6218
Placebo	11.6603

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 90 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	8.9075
Placebo	13.1841

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	12.1376
Placebo	13.1086

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 15 minutes prior to the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	9.7805
Placebo	10.6194

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	11.7091
Placebo	13.1432

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 45 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	11.3519
Placebo	12.1432

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	14.1376
Placebo	16.9051

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 60 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	11.2805
Placebo	12.0956

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 75 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	12.2091
Placebo	10.3813

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 90 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 25, 26, or 27 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Trier/Cue-reactivity Procedure

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	13.1376
Placebo	10.0004

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 100 minutes after the beginning of the Trier/cue-reactivity procedure, which occurred on Day 21 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Trier/Cue-reactivity Procedure

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	12.977
Placebo	12.0475

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 15 minutes prior to the beginning of the Trier/cue-reactivity procedure, which occurred on Day 21 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Trier/Cue-reactivity Procedure

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	15.1645
Placebo	12.0116

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 20 minutes after the beginning of the Trier/cue-reactivity procedure, which occurred on Day 21 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Trier/Cue-reactivity Procedure

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	18.4145
Placebo	15.2497

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 40 minutes after the beginning of the Trier/cue-reactivity procedure, which occurred on Day 21 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Trier/Cue-reactivity Procedure

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	20.352
Placebo	18.0116

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: 70 minutes after the beginning of the Trier/cue-reactivity procedure, which occurred on Day 21 of the treatment period

Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	13.7895
Placebo	13.0592

Anxiety symptoms were measured using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). The CPRS is an 18-item interview-based instrument for assessing depression and anxiety. There are two 10-item subscales, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Brief Scale for Anxiety (BSA). Each subscale ranges from 0 (lowest symptom severity) to 60 (highest symptom severity). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: Day 1 of the treatment period

Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	7.8582
Placebo	8.7076

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	6.4777
Placebo	7.041

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	6.5443
Placebo	6.6122

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	6.011
Placebo	5.4219

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	6.611
Placebo	5.7835

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	5.3112
Placebo	5.1362

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	7.2231
Placebo	4.5648

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	5.2365
Placebo	4.2791

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	6.6777
Placebo	5.9457

Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	6.6078
Placebo	6.66

Depression symptoms were measured using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). The CPRS is an 18-item interview-based instrument for assessing depression and anxiety. There are two 10-item subscales, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Brief Scale for Anxiety (BSA). Each subscale ranges from 0 (lowest symptom severity) to 60 (highest symptom severity). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: Day 1 of the treatment period

Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	10.002
Placebo	8.7759

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	6.3187
Placebo	6.2997

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	7.6521
Placebo	8.0633

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	8.0521
Placebo	6.5855

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	7.0521
Placebo	5.9353

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	4.8092
Placebo	4.9188

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	7.149
Placebo	4.2997

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	4.8071
Placebo	4.2045

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	8.2521
Placebo	7.1569

Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	6.6366
Placebo	6.9188

Alcohol craving was measured using the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS). The PACS is a five-item self-administered instrument for assessing alcohol craving over the course of the past week. The score ranges from 0 (lowest craving value) to 30 (highest craving value). (NCT01187511)
Timeframe: Day 1 of the treatment period

Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	9.5572
Placebo	12.2152

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	7.7
Placebo	8.8468

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	5.7
Placebo	7.3205

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	6.2715
Placebo	6.9521

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK561679	5.2715
Placebo	6.531

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 15 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 15 minutes prior to the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 45 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 60 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 75 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 90 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 15 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 15 minutes prior to the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 45 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 60 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 75 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script

Alcohol craving was measured using the Alcohol Urges Questionnaire (AUQ). The AUQ is an 8-item self-administered instrument that assesses craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (i.e., right now). The score ranges from 8 (lowest craving value) to 56 (highest craving value). (NCT01227980)
Timeframe: 90 minutes after the beginning of script presentation, which occurred on Day 24, 25, or 26 of the treatment period

Alcohol Craving Rating in Response to Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine

Alcohol craving was measured using the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS). It is a 5-item self-administered instrument that measures frequency, intensity, and duration of thoughts about drinking, along with ability to resist drinking. There is a single outcome score than ranges from 0 to 30, with 30 being the maximum amount of alcohol craving. (NCT00605904)
Timeframe: 180 minutes after the start of the infusion

Alcohol Craving Rating in Response to Saline Infusion

Alcohol Craving Rating in Response to Yohimbine Infusion

Ratio of Glutamate to Creatine in the Anterior Cingulate of the Brain, Measured on Day 25

The ratio of glutamate to creatine was determined using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a technique that complements magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRS is used to determine the concentration of brain metabolites, such as glutamate, in brain tissue. MRS utilizes a magnetic field to look at magnetic nuclei, which absorb and re-emit electromagnetic energy in the presence of the magnetic field. By looking at the peaks in the resultant spectra the structure and concentration of metabolites can be determined. (NCT00106106)
Timeframe: Day 25

Ratio of Glutamate to Creatine in the Anterior Cingulate of the Brain, Measured on Day 4

Authors	Studies
Wallhed Finn, S	1
Lundin, A	1
Sjöqvist, H	1
Danielsson, AK	1
Fillmore, N	1
Bell, S	1
Shen, C	1
Nguyen, V	1
La, J	1
Dubreuil, M	1
Strymish, J	1
Brophy, M	1
Mehta, G	1
Wu, H	1
Lieberman, J	2
Do, N	1
Sander, C	1
Slavin-Stewart, C	1
Minhas, M	1
Turna, J	1
Brasch, J	1
Olagunju, AT	1
Chaimowitz, G	1
MacKillop, J	1
Worley, J	1
Chen, M	1
Huang, Z	1
Xia, M	1
Ding, Y	1
Shan, T	1
Guan, Z	1
Dai, X	1
Xu, X	1
Huang, Y	1
Huang, M	1
Zhao, C	1
Pontzen, N	1
Schomerus, G	1
Steinberg, H	1
Morice, CK	1