dipivefrin has been researched along with Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in 44 studies
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer
dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "To investigate the effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous flare of topical applications of latanoprost and dipivefrin alone or combined." | 9.08 | Effects of latanoprost and dipivefrin, alone or combined, on intraocular pressure and on blood-aqueous barrier permeability. ( Alm, A; Mäepea, O; Widengård, I, 1998) |
| "In this double-blind prospective trial the efficacy of lowering the intraocular pressure of l-moprolol given alone and in combination with dipivefrin was tested." | 9.07 | The efficacy of the combination of l-moprolol and dipivefrin in reducing the intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma or in ocular hypertension. ( Barbieri, P; Bujtar, E; Orzalesi, N; Rossetti, L; Velati, P, 1994) |
| "Thirty patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma were tested to see if, and to what extent, guanethidine/dipivefrin and pilocarpine produced a supplementary reduction in intraocular pressure." | 7.67 | [Guanethidine/dipivefrin and pilocarpine in the treatment of increased intraocular pressure]. ( Dausch, D; Ober, M; Scharrer, A, 1987) |
| "Dipivefrin (Propine) is an effective ocular hypotensive agent." | 5.27 | Follicular conjunctivitis on Dipivefrin therapy for glaucoma. ( Coleiro, JA; Lockyer, JA; Sigurdsson, H, 1988) |
| "In a randomized clinical trial, 100 consecutive subjects with ocular hypertension or high-tension primary open-angle glaucoma in at least one eye were randomly assigned to either group A, which was administered timolol 0." | 5.08 | Serial administration of adrenergic antagonist and agonist ("pulsatile therapy") reduces the incidence of long-term drift to timolol in humans. ( Gandolfi, SA; Vecchi, M, 1996) |
| "To investigate the effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous flare of topical applications of latanoprost and dipivefrin alone or combined." | 5.08 | Effects of latanoprost and dipivefrin, alone or combined, on intraocular pressure and on blood-aqueous barrier permeability. ( Alm, A; Mäepea, O; Widengård, I, 1998) |
| "In this double-blind prospective trial the efficacy of lowering the intraocular pressure of l-moprolol given alone and in combination with dipivefrin was tested." | 5.07 | The efficacy of the combination of l-moprolol and dipivefrin in reducing the intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma or in ocular hypertension. ( Barbieri, P; Bujtar, E; Orzalesi, N; Rossetti, L; Velati, P, 1994) |
| "Thirty patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma were tested to see if, and to what extent, guanethidine/dipivefrin and pilocarpine produced a supplementary reduction in intraocular pressure." | 3.67 | [Guanethidine/dipivefrin and pilocarpine in the treatment of increased intraocular pressure]. ( Dausch, D; Ober, M; Scharrer, A, 1987) |
| "5% twice daily in 39 patients with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma already being treated with dipivefrin 0." | 3.67 | Effect of adding betaxolol to dipivefrin therapy. ( Kushner, FH; Ritch, R; Weinreb, RN, 1986) |
| "A survey of the literature concerning the interaction of timolol and epinephrine in lowering intraocular pressure, and a study comparing the efficacy of timolol and dipivefrin (a prodrug of epinephrine) to that of timolol and pilocarpine are presented." | 3.66 | Combined timolol and epinephrine therapy for open angle glaucoma. ( Hurvitz, L; Knupp, JA; Mandell, AI; Shields, MB; Spaeth, GL, 1983) |
| " Relative to its less lipid soluble parent compound, dipivefrin has been shown in clinical trials to control intraocular pressure effectively at concentrations 10-20 times less than epinephrine with a resultant decreased incidence of ocular and systemic side effects." | 3.66 | An advance in ophthalmic pharmacology. The use of the epinephrine pro-drug dipivalyl epinephrine in the treatment of glaucoma. ( Garzia, R, 1982) |
| "05% dipivefrin every 12 hours might be an adequate dosage for maximal effect." | 2.67 | Nasolacrimal occlusion improves the therapeutic index of antiglaucoma medications. ( Sharir, M; Zimmerman, TJ, 1994) |
| "The prevalence of open angle glaucoma is disproportionately high in the African American population." | 2.67 | Levobunolol compared to dipivefrin in African American patients with open angle glaucoma. ( Drake, MV; Goodwin, L; Harris, D; Wilson, MR, 1993) |
| "1% dipivefrin are at the top of the dose-response curve." | 2.67 | Therapeutic index of epinephrine and dipivefrin with nasolacrimal occlusion. ( Fuqua, M; Nardin, GF; Sharir, M; Zimmerman, TJ, 1992) |
| " Long-term use of these medications can cause significant changes on ocular surfaces." | 1.29 | Effects of antiglaucoma drugs on ocular surface. ( Akgün, U; Duman, S; Gedikoğlu, G; Karagöz, Y; Kasim, R; Koç, F; Nurözler, A; Yalvaç, IS, 1995) |
| "Dipivefrin hydrochloride is a lipophilic prodrug for epinephrine hydrochloride, allowing lower concentration of the drug to achieve the same intraocular pressure lowering effect and having also less harmful effects than epinephrine hydrochloride." | 1.29 | Corneal vascularization and opacification during long-term use of dipivefrin. ( Hakala, T; Helin, H; Krootila, K; Salminen, L, 1995) |
| "A series of 35 patients with pigmentary glaucoma were asked to report possible side effects of topical glaucoma medication using a multiple-choice questionnaire." | 1.28 | Side effects of topical treatment in pigmentary glaucoma. ( Lehto, I, 1992) |
| "Dipivefrin (Propine) is an effective ocular hypotensive agent." | 1.27 | Follicular conjunctivitis on Dipivefrin therapy for glaucoma. ( Coleiro, JA; Lockyer, JA; Sigurdsson, H, 1988) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 20 (45.45) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 22 (50.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 2 (4.55) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 0 (0.00) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Zhong, L | 1 |
| Li, M | 1 |
| Călugăru, M | 1 |
| Călugăru, D | 1 |
| West, RH | 2 |
| Cebon, L | 2 |
| Gillies, WE | 3 |
| Knupp, JA | 1 |
| Shields, MB | 2 |
| Mandell, AI | 1 |
| Hurvitz, L | 1 |
| Spaeth, GL | 1 |
| Kerr, CR | 1 |
| Hass, I | 1 |
| Drance, SM | 1 |
| Walters, MB | 1 |
| Schulzer, M | 1 |
| Garzia, R | 1 |
| McGuinness, R | 1 |
| Frumar, KD | 1 |
| Azuma, I | 2 |
| Hirano, T | 1 |
| Yalvaç, IS | 1 |
| Gedikoğlu, G | 1 |
| Karagöz, Y | 1 |
| Akgün, U | 1 |
| Nurözler, A | 1 |
| Koç, F | 1 |
| Kasim, R | 1 |
| Duman, S | 1 |
| Diggory, P | 1 |
| Cassels-Brown, A | 1 |
| Vail, A | 1 |
| Abbey, LM | 1 |
| Hillman, JS | 1 |
| Rossetti, L | 1 |
| Barbieri, P | 1 |
| Velati, P | 1 |
| Bujtar, E | 1 |
| Orzalesi, N | 1 |
| Alimgil, ML | 1 |
| Erda, S | 1 |
| Benian, O | 1 |
| Shao, H | 1 |
| Sun, XY | 1 |
| Bai, FG | 1 |
| Sharir, M | 2 |
| Zimmerman, TJ | 2 |
| Drake, MV | 1 |
| Wilson, MR | 1 |
| Harris, D | 1 |
| Goodwin, L | 1 |
| Albracht, DC | 1 |
| LeBlanc, RP | 1 |
| Cruz, AM | 1 |
| Lamping, KA | 1 |
| Siegel, LI | 1 |
| Stern, KL | 1 |
| Kelley, EP | 1 |
| Stoecker, JF | 1 |
| Blank, J | 1 |
| Starr, A | 1 |
| Javitt, JC | 1 |
| Salminen, L | 1 |
| Krootila, K | 1 |
| Helin, H | 1 |
| Hakala, T | 1 |
| Gandolfi, SA | 2 |
| Vecchi, M | 1 |
| Werner, E | 1 |
| Widengård, I | 1 |
| Mäepea, O | 1 |
| Alm, A | 1 |
| Brooks, AM | 1 |
| Arici, MK | 1 |
| Arici, DS | 1 |
| Topalkara, A | 1 |
| Güler, C | 1 |
| Ophir, A | 1 |
| Ticho, U | 1 |
| Lehto, I | 1 |
| Nardin, GF | 1 |
| Fuqua, M | 1 |
| Shin, DH | 2 |
| Tsai, CS | 1 |
| Parrow, KA | 2 |
| Kim, C | 1 |
| Wan, JY | 1 |
| Shi, DX | 2 |
| Cantor, LB | 1 |
| Robin, AL | 2 |
| Hong, YJ | 1 |
| McCarty, B | 1 |
| Begg, IS | 1 |
| Cottle, RW | 1 |
| Dandona, L | 1 |
| Morrison, JC | 1 |
| Quigley, HA | 1 |
| Coleiro, JA | 1 |
| Sigurdsson, H | 1 |
| Lockyer, JA | 1 |
| Mills, KB | 1 |
| Jacobs, NA | 1 |
| Hashimoto, E | 1 |
| Hashimoto, T | 1 |
| Namba, K | 1 |
| Hagiwara, T | 1 |
| Utsumi, T | 1 |
| Tsoy, EA | 1 |
| Meekins, BB | 1 |
| Ober, M | 2 |
| Scharrer, A | 2 |
| Dausch, D | 1 |
| Duffey, RJ | 1 |
| Ferguson, JG | 1 |
| Weinreb, RN | 1 |
| Ritch, R | 1 |
| Kushner, FH | 1 |
| Liesegang, TJ | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [NCT00000144] | Phase 3 | 0 participants | Interventional | 1984-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Following Patients After Selective and Pascal Laser Trabeculoplasty for Treatment of Chronic Open-Angle Glaucoma[NCT02679482] | 36 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2014-09-30 | Recruiting | |||
| External Micropulse Diode Laser Transscleral Trabeculoplasty(EMDLT) For Severe Open Angle Glaucoma[NCT00443664] | Early Phase 1 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Recruiting | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
2 reviews available for dipivefrin and Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
[Latanoprost topical ophthalmic combinations].
Topics: Acetazolamide; Administration, Topical; Antihypertensive Agents; Brimonidine Tartrate; Dinoprost; Dr | 2004 |
Pilocarpine and dipivefrin.
Topics: Epinephrine; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Pilocarpine | 1991 |
17 trials available for dipivefrin and Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Cardiovascular effects of epinephrine and dipivalyl epinephrine applied topically to the eye in patients with glaucoma.
Topics: Aged; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular System; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Epinephr | 1982 |
Avoiding unsuspected respiratory side-effects of topical timolol with cardioselective or sympathomimetic agents.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Betaxolol; Cross-Over Studies; Epinephrine; Exercise Tolerance; Female; For | 1995 |
The efficacy of the combination of l-moprolol and dipivefrin in reducing the intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma or in ocular hypertension.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Comb | 1994 |
[The additive effect of dipivefrin in patients with wide angle glaucoma treated with long-term beta-blocker therapy in comparison with clonidine].
Topics: Clonidine; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Hum | 1994 |
Nasolacrimal occlusion improves the therapeutic index of antiglaucoma medications.
Topics: Aged; Carbachol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; E | 1994 |
Levobunolol compared to dipivefrin in African American patients with open angle glaucoma.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Black People; Double-Blind Method; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; I | 1993 |
A double-masked comparison of betaxolol and dipivefrin for the treatment of increased intraocular pressure.
Topics: Aged; Betaxolol; Double-Blind Method; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Heart Rate; Humans; | 1993 |
Serial administration of adrenergic antagonist and agonist ("pulsatile therapy") reduces the incidence of long-term drift to timolol in humans.
Topics: Adrenergic Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Tolerance; Epin | 1996 |
Effects of latanoprost and dipivefrin, alone or combined, on intraocular pressure and on blood-aqueous barrier permeability.
Topics: Adrenergic Agonists; Aged; Blood-Aqueous Barrier; Conjunctival Diseases; Drug Administration Schedul | 1998 |
Therapeutic index of epinephrine and dipivefrin with nasolacrimal occlusion.
Topics: Absorption; Cornea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Epinephrine; Glaucoma, Op | 1992 |
The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT). 2. Results of argon laser trabeculoplasty versus topical medicines. The Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle | 1990 |
The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT). 2. Results of argon laser trabeculoplasty versus topical medicines. The Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle | 1990 |
The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT). 2. Results of argon laser trabeculoplasty versus topical medicines. The Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle | 1990 |
The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT). 2. Results of argon laser trabeculoplasty versus topical medicines. The Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle | 1990 |
The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT). 2. Results of argon laser trabeculoplasty versus topical medicines. The Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle | 1990 |
The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT). 2. Results of argon laser trabeculoplasty versus topical medicines. The Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle | 1990 |
The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT). 2. Results of argon laser trabeculoplasty versus topical medicines. The Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle | 1990 |
The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT). 2. Results of argon laser trabeculoplasty versus topical medicines. The Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle | 1990 |
The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT). 2. Results of argon laser trabeculoplasty versus topical medicines. The Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle | 1990 |
Restoring sensitivity to timolol after long-term drift in primary open-angle glaucoma.
Topics: Aged; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Tolerance; Epinephrine; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-A | 1990 |
Is it worthwhile to add dipivefrin HCl 0.1% to topical beta 1-, beta 2-blocker therapy?
Topics: Administration, Topical; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinep | 1989 |
Epidemiologic approach to open-angle glaucoma: 2. Survival analysis of adverse drug reactions. Report of the Canadian Ocular Adverse Drug Reaction Registry Program. The Collaborative Glaucoma Study Group.
Topics: Acetazolamide; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angl | 1989 |
"Outlier" intraocular pressure readings: valid or invalid for statistical analysis?
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Double- | 1989 |
A single-blind randomised trial comparing adrenaline 1.0% with dipivalyl epinephrine (propine) 0.1% in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
Topics: Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Male; Ocular Hype | 1988 |
Comparison of two treatment schedules for combined timolol and dipivefrin therapy.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Ope | 1986 |
25 other studies available for dipivefrin and Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
[Calf trabecular cell culture in vitro, morphological and cytoskeletal ultrastructures and kinetics investigation].
Topics: Actin Cytoskeleton; Animals; Aqueous Humor; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Cytoskeleton; Epinephrine; Glau | 1999 |
Drop attack in glaucoma. The Melbourne experience with topical miotics, adrenergic and neuronal blocking drops.
Topics: Echothiophate Iodide; Epinephrine; Glaucoma; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Mio | 1983 |
Experience with dipivalyl epinephrine. Its effectiveness, alone or in combination, and its side effects.
Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Glaucoma; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Headache; Humans; Intraocula | 1983 |
Combined timolol and epinephrine therapy for open angle glaucoma.
Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Pilocarp | 1983 |
An advance in ophthalmic pharmacology. The use of the epinephrine pro-drug dipivalyl epinephrine in the treatment of glaucoma.
Topics: Cornea; Drug Administration Schedule; Epinephrine; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressur | 1982 |
Timolol and dipivalyl epinephrine combination therapy.
Topics: Aged; Chronic Disease; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Ope | 1982 |
[Long-term topical use of D.P.E. solutions in open-angle glaucoma (author's transl)].
Topics: Adult; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmic Solutions | 1981 |
Effects of antiglaucoma drugs on ocular surface.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Adrenergic Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Benzalkonium | 1995 |
[Comparison of 0.1% dipivalyl epinephrine and 1% epinephrine in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Mi | 1994 |
Glaucoma and the law. Cox v District of Columbia.
Topics: District of Columbia; Epinephrine; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prisoners; Timol | 1993 |
Corneal vascularization and opacification during long-term use of dipivefrin.
Topics: Blepharitis; Conjunctival Diseases; Corneal Neovascularization; Corneal Opacity; Epinephrine; Female | 1995 |
Progressive normal-tension glaucoma. I. Analysis.
Topics: Adrenergic Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Disease Progression; Epinephrine; Female; Gl | 1996 |
An in-service investigation of the additive effect of topical adrenergic agonists and beta-blockers.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Adrenergic Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and | 1998 |
Adverse effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the ocular surface.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Betaxolol; Conjunctiva; Epinephrine; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; | 2000 |
Delayed filtering bleb encapsulation.
Topics: Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Intraocular P | 1992 |
Side effects of topical treatment in pigmentary glaucoma.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Follow-Up Stud | 1992 |
Intraocular pressure-dependent retinal vascular change in adult chronic open-angle glaucoma patients.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chronic Disease; Epinephri | 1991 |
The role of apraclonidine hydrochloride in laser therapy for glaucoma.
Topics: Acetazolamide; Adult; Aged; Animals; Clonidine; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; I | 1989 |
Follicular conjunctivitis on Dipivefrin therapy for glaucoma.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, | 1988 |
[Pupillary dynamics in patients with primary open angle glaucoma].
Topics: Adult; Aged; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Light; Male; Middle Aged; Photic Sti | 1987 |
[Guanethidine/dipivefrin and pilocarpine in the treatment of increased intraocular pressure].
Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Guanethidine; Humans; Intraocular Pres | 1987 |
Interaction of dipivefrin and epinephrine with the pilocarpine ocular therapeutic system (Ocusert)
Topics: Adult; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Glauc | 1986 |
Effect of adding betaxolol to dipivefrin therapy.
Topics: Aged; Betaxolol; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Male; | 1986 |
[Experiences with the effectiveness and tolerance of guanethidine/dipivefrin-AT in the treatment of increased intraocular pressure].
Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Guanethidine; Humans; Intraocular Pres | 1986 |
Bulbar conjunctival follicles associated with dipivefrin therapy.
Topics: Aged; Conjunctival Diseases; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; T | 1985 |