diospyros and Diabetes-Mellitus--Type-2

Diabetes mellitus is a global disorder, and a major issue for health care systems. The current review outlooks the use of fruit flavonoids as natural remedy in the prevention of diabetes mellitus. The onset of diabetes mainly depends upon genetics and lifestyle issues. Currently used therapeutic options for the control of diabetes, like dietary amendments, oral hypoglycemic drugs, and insulin, have their own limitations. Fruit flavonoids possess various antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials and act on various cellular signaling pathways in pancreas, white adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver function, which in result induces antidiabetic effects. Recently, antidiabetic effect of fruit flavonoids has been studied using various animal models and clinical trials. Research studies revealed a statistically significant potential of fruit flavonoids in managing the altered glucose and oxidative metabolisms in diabetes. Unlike synthetic antidiabetic agents, fruit flavonoids manage diabetes without compromising cellular homeostasis thereby posing no side effects. Further studies are required in purification and characterization of different fruit flavonoids with respect to their beneficial effect for diabetic patients.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Biological Availability; Carica; Citrus; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diospyros; Disease Models, Animal; Flavonoids; Fruit; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Pancreas; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Psidium

The effects of ethanolic extract of Diospyros kaki (EED) on diabetic cognitive impairment were investigated in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse. After HFD was fed to mouse for 16 weeks, EED was administrated to mouse for 4 weeks. EED reduced fasting blood glucose level and improved cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. EED improved serum biomarkers related to lipid and liver damage better than positive control (PC). In addition, EED ameliorated impaired cholinergic system, increased oxidative stress as well as mitochondrial dysfunction compared with HFD group. In the molecular study, EED downregulated the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), which phosphorylates the serine residue of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1pSer). Finally, various physiological compounds such as tannin-based ingredients were identified using UPLC-QTOF/MS

Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diospyros; Fruit; Insulin; Mice

Date plum persimmon (Diospyros lotus L.) is a fruit crop from the Ebenaceae family. Its microorganism-fermented extract (DPEML) was shown to exhibit a hypoglycemic effect in our previous work. Here, we investigated the effects of DPEML fermented by Microbacterium flavum YM18-098 and Lactobacillus plantarum B7 on the high glucose-induced apoptosis of MIN6 cells and explored its potential cell protective mechanisms. DPEML ameliorated the apoptosis of MIN6 cells cultured under high glucose conditions, thereby improving cell viability. DPEML upregulated the Bcl-2/Bax mRNA ratio to obstruct an intrinsic apoptotic pathway and concomitantly downregulated the expression of the apoptosis-linked proteins, AIF, and Cyt-C, in high glucose-induced MIN6 cells. Furthermore, DPEML promoted the insulin secretion of MIN6 cells grown under chronically high-glucose conditions by upregulating Ins mRNA expression. In summary, our study suggested that DPEML is a promising functional food for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: We investigated the effects of DPEML fermented by Microbacterium flavum YM18-098 and Lactobacillus plantarum B7 on the high glucose-induced apoptosis of MIN6 cells and explored its potential cell protective mechanisms. DPEML ameliorated the apoptosis of MIN6 cells cultured under high glucose conditions, thereby improving cell viability. DPEML upregulated the Bcl-2/Bax mRNA ratio to obstruct an intrinsic apoptotic pathway and concomitantly downregulated the expression of the apoptosis-linked proteins, AIF and Cyt-C, in high glucose-induced MIN6 cells. Furthermore, DPEML promoted the insulin secretion of MIN6 cells grown under chronically high-glucose conditions by upregulating Ins mRNA expression. We suggested that DPEML is a promising functional food for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Topics: Apoptosis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diospyros; Glucose; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Plant Extracts

Topics: alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diospyros; Humans; Molecular Docking Simulation; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Tannins

Topics: alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Blood Glucose; Caco-2 Cells; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Digestion; Diospyros; Fruit; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Plant Extracts; Starch; Tannins

Persimmon Leaf (PL), commonly consumed as herbal tea and traditional medicines, contains a variety of compounds that exert antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. However, little is known about the in vivo effects and underlying mechanisms of PL on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetes. Powered PL (5%, w/w) was supplemented with a normal diet to C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice for 5 weeks. PL decreased blood glucose, HOMA-IR, plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, as well as liver weight, hepatic lipid droplets, triglycerides and cholesterol contents, while increasing plasma HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin levels. The anti-hyperglycemic effect was linked to decreased activity of gluconeogenic enzymes as well as increased glycogen content, glucokinase activity and its mRNA level in the liver. PL also led to a decrease in lipogenic transcriptional factor PPARγ as well as gene expression and activity of enzymes involved in lipogenesis, with a simultaneous increase in fecal lipids, which are seemingly attributable to the improved hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis and decreased hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, PL ameliorated plasma and hepatic oxidative stress. Supplementation with PL may be an effective dietary strategy to improve type 2 diabetes accompanied by dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis by partly modulating the activity or gene expression of enzymes related to antioxidant, glucose and lipid homeostasis.

Topics: Adiponectin; Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Supplements; Diospyros; Dyslipidemias; Fatty Liver; Gene Expression; Glucokinase; Glycogen; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Metabolism; Lipogenesis; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oxidative Stress; Phytotherapy; Plant Leaves; Plant Preparations; PPAR gamma; RNA, Messenger; Triglycerides

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is a very popular fruit in East Asian countries, but its peels are not consumed despite the fact that they contain many antioxidants such as carotenoids and polyphenols. We prepared a fat-soluble extract from persimmon peel (PP) and fed type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats an AIN-93G rodent diet supplemented with persimmon peel extract (PP diet) for 12 weeks. Compared with the control AIN-93G diet, the PP diet significantly reduced plasma glutamic-pyruvate transaminase activity, with accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin in the liver. DNA microarray analysis revealed that the PP diet altered hepatic gene expression profiles. In particular, expression of insulin signaling pathway-related genes was significantly enriched in differentially expressed gene sets. Moreover, Western blotting analysis showed an increase in insulin receptor beta tyrosine phosphorylation in rats fed the PP diet. These data suggest that the PP diet improves insulin resistance in GK rats.

Topics: Animals; Cryptoxanthins; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diospyros; Fruit; Gene Expression; Insulin; Liver; Male; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Phosphorylation; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Insulin; Signal Transduction; Tyrosine; Xanthophylls

A novel α-glucosidase inhibitor, vomifoliol 9-O-α-arabinofuranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, was isolated for the first time from leaves of Diospyros Kaki and its bioactivity analyzed. This inhibitor exhibited strong anti-α-glucosidase activity with an IC50 value of 170.62nM and stimulated a dose-dependent increase in the uptake of a fluorescent d-glucose analog, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), in HepG2 cells at a rate higher than that of insulin controls. It was also found to be associated with adipocyte differentiation and moderate increases in 2-NBDG uptake by 3T3-L1 cells. These findings suggest that vomifoliol 9-O-α-arabinofuranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside could augment peripheral glucose as an insulin-sensitizing agent against Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan; Animals; Butanols; Cell Differentiation; Cyclohexanols; Cyclohexanones; Deoxyglucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diospyros; Disaccharides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Mice

Diospyros peregrina is an edible fruit of costal West-Bengal. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the role of aqueous extract of D. peregrina fruit in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Oral administration of extract at the doses of 50 and 100mg/kg body weight per day for 28 days to diabetic rats was found to possess significant dose dependant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity. An increased reactive oxygen species and insufficient antioxidant activity is associated with diabetes mellitus, which is mainly responsible for diabetic pathogenesis. The role of extract on antioxidant markers of liver and kidney were estimated. The diabetic rats exhibited lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in hepatic and renal tissues as compared with normal rats. The activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH were found to be increased in extract treated diabetic rats in selected tissues. The increased level of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxide) in diabetic rats was also found to be reverted back to near normal status in extract treated groups.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Catalase; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diospyros; Glutathione; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hypoglycemic Agents; Hypolipidemic Agents; Kidney; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superoxide Dismutase; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances