digoxin and Diabetic-Ketoacidosis

Topics: Aged; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atrial Fibrillation; Autoimmune Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Digoxin; Female; Humans; Nausea; Weight Loss

A diagram based on in-vivo relationships between arterial hydrogen ion activity (H+) and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) in primary abnormalities of acid base homeostasis is presented. It is designed to facilitate the interpretation of pH data by including the 95% confidence limits described in patients with simple metabolic and respiratory acid base disorders. These bands have been formulated from observation of simple acid base abnormalities and indicate the appropriate respiratory or renal compensatory response to the primary pH defect. A plot which falls outside these limits therefore indicates the presence of a mixed acid base disorder. The diagram presents a physiological approach to clinical disorders of pH regulation demonstrating maintenance of intra-cellular fluid homeostasis during primary extracellular fluid disturbances. Diagnostic and therapeutic advantages are further illustrated and discussed in six case reports.

Topics: Acid-Base Imbalance; Acidosis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alkalosis; Alkalosis, Respiratory; Dehydration; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Digoxin; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Insulin; Male; Middle Aged; Sodium Chloride

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Bundle-Branch Block; Cellulitis; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Digoxin; Female; Glucose; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Insulin; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Potassium; Streptococcal Infections