digitoxin and Edema

Knowledge-based expert systems for medical applications have received considerable attention in recent years. In this review, fundamental terms and notions of artificial intelligence techniques as applied to expert systems are introduced. The most well-known and influential medical expert systems are discussed in detail, and newer efforts are surveyed. A critical comparison of strengths and weaknesses of the systems is made, discussing depth and complexity of knowledge, acquisition of knowledge, user interaction and explanations, knowledge engineering tools, system evaluations, and user resistance. Long- and short-term trends are appraised.

Topics: Cholestasis; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; Digitalis; Edema; Glaucoma; Heart Diseases; Humans; Infections; Information Systems; Lung Diseases; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Software

Topics: Aldosterone; Digitalis; Digitalis Glycosides; Diuretics; Edema; Electrolytes; Heart Failure; Hypokalemia; Physiology; Potassium; Sodium; Toxicology; Vasopressins

Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atrial Fibrillation; Creatinine; Digitalis; Digoxin; Dyspnea; Edema; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New York; Phytotherapy; Placebos; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Respiratory Insufficiency; Skilled Nursing Facilities; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Cephalometry; Digitoxin; Dosage Forms; Edema; Female; Humans; Male; Pediatric Dentistry; Postoperative Complications; Surgery, Oral; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Germ

This is an essay dealing with the 1785 cohort study by William Withering (the "account"), in which he reported the results of the treatment with foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) in 163 patients suffering from various forms of hydropsy (water retention). Withering reported the results of all patients, and classified them into responders and non-responders. He identified the responders as suffering from heart failure. In the 18th century, medical treatments were judged as successful if they complied with the criteria a priori of the theory of the four humors, and not on the patient's response to the treatment. Withering was the first not only to compare the patient's conditions before and after treatment, but also to identify the individual clinical characteristics of the patients who responded. In modern medicine, drugs are released on the market and approved for use after what is known as "population-derived clinical research", principally randomized controlled trials, and guidelines. More than 200 years ago, Withering anticipated the current and growing trend towards individual responses to treatment, and personalized medicine.

Topics: Digitalis; Edema; Heart Failure; History, 18th Century; Humans; Precision Medicine; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Digitalis; Drug Approval; Drug Interactions; Edema; History, 18th Century; Humans; Phytotherapy

Topics: Digitalis; Edema; History, 18th Century; Humans; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic

Topics: Beverages; Digitalis; Edema; England; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Pharmacology; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; United States

Topics: Digitalis; Edema; England; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; Humans; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic

Intrauterine hydrops was diagnosed by two dimensional echocardiography. The fetus had a pericardial effusion and a thick interatrial septum without a foramen ovale flap. The condition was treated by giving the mother digitalis. Postnatally, the effusion had disappeared and a parachute mitral valve was found.

Topics: Digitalis; Echocardiography; Edema; Female; Fetal Diseases; Heart Septal Defects; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis

Topics: Digitalis; Edema; England; History, 18th Century; Humans; Pharmacognosy; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic

Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Digitalis Glycosides; Digitoxin; Dyspnea; Edema; Humans; Male

Topics: Botany; Digitalis; Edema; England; History of Medicine; Humans; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cardiac Output; Cardiac Volume; Diet; Digitoxin; Edema; Female; Heart; Heart Rate; Humans; Middle Aged; Physical Exertion; Plasma Volume; Sodium Chloride

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Digitalis; Edema; England; Female; Heart Diseases; History, 18th Century; Humans; Male; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Reference Books

Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Digitoxin; Edema; Electrocardiography; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Myocardium; Rats; Swimming; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Cricetinae; Diet; Digitoxin; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Epinephrine; Female; Heart Diseases; Heart Failure; Magnesium; Male; Muscular Dystrophies; Myocardium; Orotic Acid; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Propranolol

Topics: Adult; Animals; Digitoxin; Dogs; Edema; Female; Humans; Rabbits; Varicose Veins

Topics: Adult; Aged; Digitoxin; Edema; Female; Hematoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Solutions; Tooth Extraction

Topics: Abortion, Therapeutic; Blood Circulation; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Delivery, Obstetric; Diet; Diet Therapy; Digitalis; Digitalis Glycosides; Diuretics; Edema; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular; Pulse; Respiratory Function Tests

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aldosterone; Anura; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Desoxycorticosterone; Digitalis; Diuretics; Edema; Electrolytes; Heart Failure; Humans; Hydroflumethiazide; Potassium; Research; Sodium; Urine

Topics: Digitalis; Digitalis Glycosides; Edema; Lung; Plant Extracts; Pulmonary Edema

Topics: Digitalis; Diuretics; Edema; Heart Failure; Humans; Organomercury Compounds; Pulmonary Embolism; Tachycardia; Thrombosis

Topics: Breast Diseases; Digitalis; Edema; Humans; Hypertrophy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Poisoning

Topics: Body Fluids; Digitalis; Digitalis Glycosides; Digitoxin; Edema; Exudates and Transudates; Humans