diacetylmonoxime and Poisoning

Rapid decontamination of the skin is the single most important action to prevent dermal absorption of chemical contaminants in persons exposed to chemical warfare agents (CWA) and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) as a result of accidental or intentional release. Chemicals on the skin may be removed by mechanical means through the use of dry sorbents or water. Recent interest in decontamination systems which both partition contaminants away from the skin and actively neutralize the chemical has led to the development of several reactive decontamination solutions. This article will review the recently FDA-approved Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) and will summarize the toxicity and efficacy studies conducted to date. Evidence of RSDL's superior performance against vesicant and organophosphorus chemical warfare agents compared to water, bleach, and dry sorbents, suggests that RSDL may have a role in mass human exposure chemical decontamination in both the military and civilian arenas.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Aluminum Compounds; Animals; Chemical Warfare Agents; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Decontamination; Diacetyl; Drug Packaging; Humans; Magnesium Compounds; Poisoning; Silicates; Skin; Skin Absorption; Skin Cream; Time Factors

The therapeutic efficacy of 2-pyridine aldoxime methochloride and diacetylmonoxime (DAM) alone and in combination with atropine was determined in oral fenitrothion toxicity in buffalo calves. DAM alone and in combination with atropine constitute the most effective therapy of fenitrothion poisoning. As compared to 2-pyridine aldoxime methochloride, DAM was also more effective in reactivating the fenitrothion-inhibited erythrocyte and plasma acetylcholinesterase and serum carboxylesterase enzymes and reversing fenitrothion-induced hyperglycaemia, hyperproteinaemia and hypercreatinaemia in animals.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Antidotes; Atropine; Blood Glucose; Blood Proteins; Buffaloes; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Creatinine; Diacetyl; Fenitrothion; Insecticides; Male; Oximes; Poisoning; Random Allocation

2,3-Butanedione monoxime and atropine alone or in combination were evaluated for their ability to alleviate the toxicity and to reverse the biochemical changes induced by dichlorvos in the blood of buffalo calves. Treatment with 2,3-butanedione monoxime plus atropine 30 min after oral administration of dichlorvos (160 mg/kg) eliminated the apparent toxic signs within 10-15 min, completely prevented lethality, and reversed the dichlorvos-induced alterations in the concentrations of serum carboxylesterase, total plasma proteins, blood glucose and plasma cholinesterase within 2, 4, 12 and 168 h, respectively. Treatment with either 2,3-butanedione monoxime or atropine alone was less effective but the former was the more potent of the two in counteracting the biochemical effects of dichlorvos. These antidotal studies suggest that 2,3-butanedione monoxime in conjunction with atropine would provide effective therapy against severe dichlorvos intoxication in buffalo.

Topics: Animals; Atropine; Blood Glucose; Blood Proteins; Buffaloes; Carboxylesterase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Cholinesterases; Diacetyl; Dichlorvos; Drug Therapy, Combination; Male; Poisoning