deferoxamine and Anemia, Cooley's studies

Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.
desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"This post hoc analysis of the phase 3b/4, randomized, open-label FIRST (Ferriprox in Patients with IRon Overload in Sickle Cell Disease Trial) study (NCT02041299) included patients 17 years and younger with SCD or other anemias receiving deferiprone or deferoxamine."	10.23	Deferiprone versus deferoxamine for transfusional iron overload in sickle cell disease and other anemias: Pediatric subgroup analysis of the randomized, open-label FIRST study. ( Ebeid, FSE; El-Beshlawy, A; Elalfy, MS; Fradette, C; Hamdy, M; Inusa, B; Kanter, J; Kwiatkowski, JL; Lee, D; Temin, NT; Tricta, F; Veríssimo, MPA; Williams, S, 2024)
"We assessed whether oxidant-stress and inflammation in beta-thalassemia could be controlled by the novel oral iron chelator deferasirox as effectively as by deferoxamine."	9.13	Inflammation and oxidant-stress in beta-thalassemia patients treated with iron chelators deferasirox (ICL670) or deferoxamine: an ancillary study of the Novartis CICL670A0107 trial. ( Alberti, D; Coates, T; Evans, P; Giardina, PJ; Harmatz, P; Holland, J; Kwiatkowski, JL; Macklin, EA; Neufeld, EJ; Olivieri, N; Porter, J; Vichinsky, E; Walter, PB, 2008)
"Oral deferiprone (L1) appears to be promising in the treatment of beta-thalassemia major (TM) patients."	9.12	Evaluation of the efficacy of oral deferiprone in beta-thalassemia major by multislice multiecho T2*. ( Capra, M; Cracolici, E; De Marchi, D; Lombardi, M; Maggio, A; Malizia, R; Midiri, M; Pepe, A; Positano, V; Prossomariti, L, 2006)
"Deferiprone (L1) has been recommended as an effective oral chelation therapy for patients with beta-thalassemia major (TM)."	9.12	Deferiprone or deferoxamine vs. combination therapy in patients with beta-thalassemia major: a case study in Taiwan. ( Hsiao, CC; Jang, RC; Liang, DC; Peng, CT; Wang, LY; Wu, KH; Wu, SF; Yang, CP, 2006)
" deferoxamine in 586 patients with beta-thalessemia and transfusional hemosiderosis."	9.12	Deferasirox for the treatment of chronic iron overload in transfusional hemosiderosis. ( Al-Fayoumi, S; Castillo, S; Chakraborti, T; Choudary, J; Frankewich, R; Kacuba, A; Pazdur, R; Rieves, D; Robie-Suh, K; Shashaty, G; Weiss, K, 2006)
"Iron chelation therapy (ICT) with deferoxamine (DFO), the current standard for the treatment of iron overload in patients with transfusion-dependent disorders such as beta-thalassemia, requires regular subcutaneous or intravenous infusions."	9.12	Prospective evaluation of patient-reported outcomes during treatment with deferasirox or deferoxamine for iron overload in patients with beta-thalassemia. ( Abetz, L; Abish, S; Agaoglu, L; Baladi, JF; Bejaoui, M; Cappellini, MD; Cario, H; Coates, T; Ferster, A; Girot, R; Jeng, M; Lai, ME; Loggetto, S; Mangiagli, A; Opitz, H; Porter, J; Ressayre-Djaffer, C; Rofail, D; Strauss, G; Vichinsky, E; Watman, N; Zoumbos, N, 2007)
"The optimal regimen of intravenous deferoxamine for iron overload in high-risk homozygous beta-thalassemia is unknown because only short-term follow-up has been described in small patient groups."	9.09	Long-term outcome of continuous 24-hour deferoxamine infusion via indwelling intravenous catheters in high-risk beta-thalassemia. ( Davis, BA; Porter, JB, 2000)
"For nearly 30 years, patients with transfusional iron overload have depended on nightly deferoxamine infusions for iron chelation."	8.83	Oral chelators deferasirox and deferiprone for transfusional iron overload in thalassemia major: new data, new questions. ( Neufeld, EJ, 2006)
"In this retrospective cohort study, we described the evolution and outcome of 9 pregnancies in Italian thalassemic women who received deferoxamine (DFO) inadvertently during early pregnancy."	7.96	Use of deferoxamine (DFO) in transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia during pregnancy: A retrospective study. ( Brunelli, R; Capone, C; D'Ambrosio, V; Del Negro, V; Giancotti, A; Piccioni, MG; Schiavi, MC; Smacchia, MP; Vena, F, 2020)
"The current standard option for iron chelation therapy (ICT) in transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia is deferoxamine (DFO)."	7.80	Compliance and satisfaction with deferasirox (Exjade®) compared with deferoxamine in patients with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia. ( Haghpanah, S; Karimi, M; Zahedi, Z; Zarei, T, 2014)
"There are limited studies on renal involvement in beta-thalassemia, mainly involving patients on deferoxamine, reporting both glomerular and tubular dysfunction."	7.76	Renal dysfunction in patients with beta-thalassemia major receiving iron chelation therapy either with deferoxamine and deferiprone or with deferasirox. ( Athanassiou-Metaxa, M; Economou, M; Papachristou, F; Printza, N; Teli, A; Tsatra, I; Tzimouli, V, 2010)
"Although IFN therapy is known to cause neutropenia, data on the risk of deferiprone (DFP)-induced haematological complications in patients receiving IFN are lacking."	7.76	The impact of previous or concomitant IFN therapy on deferiprone-induced agranulocytosis and neutropenia: a retrospective study. ( Ammirabile, M; Cinque, P; Costantini, S; Di Costanzo, G; Di Matola, T; Lanza, AG; Pagano, L; Prossomariti, L; Ricchi, P; Spasiano, A, 2010)
"Cardiac events and death are not uncommon in adults with beta-thalassemia (b-TM) taking deferoxamine (DFO) monotherapy because of poor compliance and possibly the less effectiveness of DFO in controlling cardiac iron overload."	7.76	Cardiac events and cardiac T2* in Egyptian children and young adults with beta-thalassemia major taking deferoxamine. ( Abdin, IA; Ebeid, FS; El Safy, UR; Elalfy, MS; Ibrahim, AS; Salem, DS, 2010)
"This study evaluated the incidence of sensory neural hearing loss (SNHL) in beta-thalassemia major patients treated with deferoxamine in Mofid Children's Hospital."	7.74	Sensory neural hearing loss in beta-thalassemia major patients treated with deferoxamine. ( Alavi, S; Aminasnafi, A; Amini, R; Arzanian, MT; Esfehani, H; Gachkar, L; Garallahi, F; Moghadassian, H; Shamsian, BS, 2008)
"With the introduction of long-term subcutaneous administration of deferoxamine (DFO), there has been a decline in the morbidity and mortality of transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia patients."	7.69	Long-term intravenous deferoxamine treatment for noncompliant transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia patients. ( Carmi, D; Cohen, IJ; Goshen, J; Kaplinsky, C; Tamary, H; Yaniv, I; Zaizov, R, 1994)
"A new constellation of spinal changes are observed in homozygous beta-thalassemia major (HBT) patients receiving deferoxamine (DF), an iron-chelating drug used in combination with transfusion therapy in certain anemic syndromes."	7.68	Spinal deformities in deferoxamine-treated homozygous beta-thalassemia major patients. ( Babyn, PS; Hartkamp, MJ; Olivieri, F, 1993)
"DFP/DFX combination proved superior in improving cardiac T2*, treatment compliance, and patients satisfaction with no greater adverse events."	6.80	Efficacy and safety of a novel combination of two oral chelators deferasirox/deferiprone over deferoxamine/deferiprone in severely iron overloaded young beta thalassemia major patients. ( Adly, AM; Elalfy, MS; Elhenawy, YI; Samir, A; Tony, S; Wali, Y, 2015)
"Deferasirox (ICL670) is a once-daily oral iron chelator developed for the treatment of chronic iron overload from blood transfusions."	6.72	A phase 3 study of deferasirox (ICL670), a once-daily oral iron chelator, in patients with beta-thalassemia. ( Agaoglu, L; Alberti, D; Athanassiou-Metaxa, M; Aydinok, Y; Bejaoui, M; Cappellini, MD; Capra, M; Coates, T; Cohen, A; Drelichman, G; Fattoum, S; Galanello, R; Giardina, P; Janka-Schaub, G; Kattamis, A; Kilinc, Y; Kourakli-Symeonidis, A; Magnano, C; Marks, P; Olivieri, N; Opitz, H; Perrotta, S; Piga, A; Porter, J; Ressayre-Djaffer, C; Thuret, I; Verissimo, M; Vermylen, C, 2006)
"Deferiprone monotherapy was significantly more effective than deferoxamine over 1 year in improving asymptomatic myocardial siderosis in beta-thalassemia major."	6.72	Randomized controlled trial of deferiprone or deferoxamine in beta-thalassemia major patients with asymptomatic myocardial siderosis. ( Aessopos, A; Berdoukas, V; Galanello, R; Gotsis, ED; Karagiorga, M; Ladis, V; Pennell, DJ; Piga, A; Smith, GC; Tanner, MA; Westwood, MA; Wonke, B, 2006)
"Iron overload is the main cause of morbidity and mortality especially from heart failure in patients with beta thalassemia major (TM)."	6.72	Combined therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone in beta thalassemia major patients with transfusional iron overload. ( Daar, S; Pathare, AV, 2006)
"Deferiprone was more efficacious than DFO in improving cardiac ejection fraction [MD 2."	6.50	A systematic review and meta-analysis of deferiprone monotherapy and in combination with deferoxamine for reduction of iron overload in chronically transfused patients with β-thalassemia. ( Kuo, KH; Mrkobrada, M, 2014)
"Deferasirox is a new orally effective iron chelator which has been shown to be non-inferior to deferoxamine in clinical trials."	6.44	Current status of iron overload and chelation with deferasirox. ( Choudhry, VP; Naithani, R, 2007)
"This post hoc analysis of the phase 3b/4, randomized, open-label FIRST (Ferriprox in Patients with IRon Overload in Sickle Cell Disease Trial) study (NCT02041299) included patients 17 years and younger with SCD or other anemias receiving deferiprone or deferoxamine."	6.23	Deferiprone versus deferoxamine for transfusional iron overload in sickle cell disease and other anemias: Pediatric subgroup analysis of the randomized, open-label FIRST study. ( Ebeid, FSE; El-Beshlawy, A; Elalfy, MS; Fradette, C; Hamdy, M; Inusa, B; Kanter, J; Kwiatkowski, JL; Lee, D; Temin, NT; Tricta, F; Veríssimo, MPA; Williams, S, 2024)
"Iron overload is a major complication of transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) and requires iron chelation (IC) therapy."	5.62	Using of deferasirox and deferoxamine in refractory iron overload thalassemia. ( Buaboonnam, J; Narkbunnam, N; Phuakpet, K; Pongtanakul, B; Sanpakit, K; Takpradit, C; Vathana, N; Viprakasit, V, 2021)
"In our study, chelation treatment during pregnancy did not prevent the delivery of healthy children."	5.43	Iron chelation therapy of transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia during pregnancy in the era of novel drugs: is deferasirox toxic? ( Agapidou, A; Diamantidis, MD; Fotiou, P; Manafas, A; Neokleous, N; Vetsiou, E; Vlachaki, E, 2016)
"Iron overload is a common complication of patients with β-thalassemia major (TM)."	5.40	Combination therapy of deferasirox and deferoxamine shows significant improvements in markers of iron overload in a patient with β-thalassemia major and severe iron burden. ( Akianidis, V; Christoulas, D; Karavas, A; Komninaka, V; Terpos, E; Voskaridou, E, 2014)
"Thalassemia major is an inherited form of chronic hemolytic anemia that results in iron overload due to regular blood transfusions."	5.40	Modified desensitization protocols for a pediatric patient with anaphylactic reaction to deferoxamine. ( Poachanukoon, O; Satayasai, W; Silapamongkonkul, P; Surapolchai, P, 2014)
"Deferasirox is a newer chelation therapy that is taken orally once daily."	5.38	Lifetime cost-utility analyses of deferasirox in beta-thalassaemia patients with chronic iron overload: a UK perspective. ( Chandiwana, D; Karnon, J; Tolley, K; Vieira, J, 2012)
"Deferiprone has been reported to be superior to deferoxamine for the removal of cardiac iron and improvement in left ventricular (LV) function but little is known of their relative effects on the right ventricle (RV), which is being increasingly recognised as an important prognostic factor in cardiomyopathy."	5.37	Effect of deferiprone or deferoxamine on right ventricular function in thalassemia major patients with myocardial iron overload. ( Aessopos, A; Alam, MH; Alpendurada, F; Berdoukas, V; Carpenter, JP; Galanello, R; Gotsis, ED; Karagiorga, M; Ladis, V; Pennell, DJ; Piga, A; Roughton, M; Smith, GC; Tanner, MA; Westwood, MA, 2011)
"Bone disease in beta-thalassemia major (betaTM) remains poorly understood."	5.36	Iron chelation therapy in Upper Egyptian transfusion-dependent pediatric homozygous beta-thalassemia major: impact on serum L-carnitine/free fatty acids, osteoprotegerin/the soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappabeta ligand systems, and bone m ( El-Metwally, TH; Hamed, EA; Kamal, MM; Mohamed, NA, 2010)
"Beta-thalassemia major (beta-TM), patients, asymptomatic and with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were studied echocardiographically."	5.36	Effect of combined chelation therapy with deferiprone and deferoxamine on left ventricular diastolic function in adult beta-thalassemia major patients. ( Farmaki, K; Fragatou, S; Kremastinos, D; Kyrzopoulos, S; Paraskevaidis, I; Tsiapras, D; Voudris, V, 2010)
"Five thalassemia major (TM) patients who were undergoing chelation monotherapy with DFO were enrolled."	5.35	Effects of combined deferiprone and deferoxamine chelation therapy on iron load indices in beta-thalassemia. ( Aessopos, A; Assimakopoulos, G; Polonofi, K; Rigaki, K; Tsironi, M, 2008)
"In 15 patients with beta-thalassemia major (age: 21 +/- 6 years, liver iron concentration: 2200 +/- 1200 microg/g-liver), NTBI and other hematologic parameters (transferrin saturation, transferrin receptor) were measured weekly."	5.33	Non-transferrin-bound iron during blood transfusion cycles in beta-thalassemia major. ( Caruso, V; Dürken, M; Engelhardt, R; Fischer, R; Grosse, R; Janka, GE; Lund, U; Magnano, C; Nielsen, P, 2005)
"We enrolled nine patients with thalassemia major complicated by some degree of myocardial dysfunction."	5.33	Regression of myocardial dysfunction after switching from desferrioxamine to deferiprone therapy in beta-thalassemia major patients. ( Chang, JS; Huang, YC; Peng, CT; Wu, KH, 2006)
"Deferiprone (L1) was found to have greater efficacy at depleting myocardial iron than desferrioxamine (DFX)."	5.32	Combined therapy with deferiprone and desferrioxamine successfully regresses severe heart failure in patients with beta-thalassemia major. ( Chang, JS; Peng, CT; Tsai, CH; Wu, KH, 2004)
"Iron overload was evaluated for 26 beta-thalassemia homozygous patients, and 14 of them were submitted to intensive chelation therapy with high doses of intravenous deferoxamine (DF)."	5.31	Urinary iron excretion induced by intravenous infusion of deferoxamine in beta-thalassemia homozygous patients. ( Boturao-Neto, E; Marcopito, LF; Zago, MA, 2002)
"Three iron chelators are used to treat transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia: desferrioxamine (DFO), deferasirox (DFX), and deferiprone (DFP)."	5.30	Therapeutic mechanism of combined oral chelation therapy to maximize efficacy of iron removal in transfusion-dependent thalassemia major - a pilot study. ( Chen, X; Hsieh, YW; Lin, CH; Peng, CT; Song, TS; Weng, TF; Wu, CC; Wu, KH, 2019)
"The prospective, open-label, 1-yr ESCALATOR study in the Middle East was designed to evaluate once-daily deferasirox in patients > or =2 yr with beta-thalassaemia major and iron overload who were previously chelated with deferoxamine and/or deferiprone."	5.14	Efficacy and safety of deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, in heavily iron-overloaded patients with beta-thalassaemia: the ESCALATOR study. ( Al Jefri, A; Al Zir, K; Daar, S; El-Beshlawy, A; Elalfy, MS; Habr, D; Hmissi, A; Kriemler-Krahn, U; Taher, A, 2009)
" In 18 requiring thyroxine supplementation for hypothyroidism, 10 were able to discontinue, and four reduced their thyroxine dose."	5.14	Normalisation of total body iron load with very intensive combined chelation reverses cardiac and endocrine complications of thalassaemia major. ( Berdoukas, V; Chouliaras, G; Farmaki, K; Pappa, C; Tzoumari, I, 2010)
"In patients with severe myocardial siderosis and impaired LV function, combined chelation therapy with subcutaneous deferoxamine and oral deferiprone reduces myocardial iron and improves cardiac function."	5.13	Combined chelation therapy in thalassemia major for the treatment of severe myocardial siderosis with left ventricular dysfunction. ( Agus, A; Dessi, C; Galanello, R; Nair, SV; Pennell, DJ; Pibiri, M; Smith, GC; Tanner, MA; Walker, JM; Westwood, MA, 2008)
"We assessed whether oxidant-stress and inflammation in beta-thalassemia could be controlled by the novel oral iron chelator deferasirox as effectively as by deferoxamine."	5.13	Inflammation and oxidant-stress in beta-thalassemia patients treated with iron chelators deferasirox (ICL670) or deferoxamine: an ancillary study of the Novartis CICL670A0107 trial. ( Alberti, D; Coates, T; Evans, P; Giardina, PJ; Harmatz, P; Holland, J; Kwiatkowski, JL; Macklin, EA; Neufeld, EJ; Olivieri, N; Porter, J; Vichinsky, E; Walter, PB, 2008)
"Deferoxamine retinopathy is the informally designated term used to describe a characteristic pattern of outer retinal degeneration in iron-overloaded chronic anemia patients who are treated with deferoxamine."	5.12	Iron overload and iron chelating agent exposure in anemia-associated outer retinal degeneration: a case report and review of the literature. ( Belmouhand, M; Eckmann-Hansen, C; Ilginis, T; Larsen, M; Leinøe, EB; Mortensen, BK, 2021)
"Oral deferiprone (L1) appears to be promising in the treatment of beta-thalassemia major (TM) patients."	5.12	Evaluation of the efficacy of oral deferiprone in beta-thalassemia major by multislice multiecho T2*. ( Capra, M; Cracolici, E; De Marchi, D; Lombardi, M; Maggio, A; Malizia, R; Midiri, M; Pepe, A; Positano, V; Prossomariti, L, 2006)
"Deferiprone (L1) has been recommended as an effective oral chelation therapy for patients with beta-thalassemia major (TM)."	5.12	Deferiprone or deferoxamine vs. combination therapy in patients with beta-thalassemia major: a case study in Taiwan. ( Hsiao, CC; Jang, RC; Liang, DC; Peng, CT; Wang, LY; Wu, KH; Wu, SF; Yang, CP, 2006)
" We compared the efficacy of oral deferiprone (L1) to subcutaneous desferrioxamine (DFO) chelation therapy for the prevention of major endocrinopathies (growth hormone insufficiency, diabetes mellitus and gonadal dysfunction) among patients with beta-thal major to see if we could offer these patients an easier and more painless way to reduce their body iron load and related endocrine complications."	5.12	Comparison of oral and subcutaneous iron chelation therapies in the prevention of major endocrinopathies in beta-thalassemia major patients. ( Peng, CT; Tsai, CH; Tsai, FJ; Wang, CH; Wu, KH, 2006)
"The main adverse effect of deferiprone is the development of neutropenia, which occurs via an unknown mechanism."	5.12	Peripheral blood haematopoietic progenitor cells in patients with beta thalassaemia major receiving desferrioxamine or deferiprone as chelation therapy. ( Athanassiou-Metaxa, M; Haralambidou-Vranitsa, S; Ioannidou-Papagiannaki, E; Klonizakis, I; Perifanis, V; Tziomalos, K; Vlachaki, E, 2007)
" deferoxamine in 586 patients with beta-thalessemia and transfusional hemosiderosis."	5.12	Deferasirox for the treatment of chronic iron overload in transfusional hemosiderosis. ( Al-Fayoumi, S; Castillo, S; Chakraborti, T; Choudary, J; Frankewich, R; Kacuba, A; Pazdur, R; Rieves, D; Robie-Suh, K; Shashaty, G; Weiss, K, 2006)
"Iron chelation therapy (ICT) with deferoxamine (DFO), the current standard for the treatment of iron overload in patients with transfusion-dependent disorders such as beta-thalassemia, requires regular subcutaneous or intravenous infusions."	5.12	Prospective evaluation of patient-reported outcomes during treatment with deferasirox or deferoxamine for iron overload in patients with beta-thalassemia. ( Abetz, L; Abish, S; Agaoglu, L; Baladi, JF; Bejaoui, M; Cappellini, MD; Cario, H; Coates, T; Ferster, A; Girot, R; Jeng, M; Lai, ME; Loggetto, S; Mangiagli, A; Opitz, H; Porter, J; Ressayre-Djaffer, C; Rofail, D; Strauss, G; Vichinsky, E; Watman, N; Zoumbos, N, 2007)
"The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combined therapy with deferoxamine (DFO) and deferiprone (DFP) in patients with beta-thalassemia major and increased serum ferritin."	5.11	Effectiveness and safety of combined iron-chelation therapy with deferoxamine and deferiprone. ( Alymara, V; Bouranta, P; Bourantas, D; Bourantas, KL; Chaidos, A; Gouva, M; Tzouvara, E; Vassou, A, 2004)
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the variations of heart magnetic resonance imaging in beta-thalassemia major patients treated with Deferoxamine B mesylate (DF) or Deferiprone (L1) chelation therapy is a useful tool of the indirect myocardial iron content determination."	5.10	Potential myocardial iron content evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging in thalassemia major patients treated with Deferoxamine or Deferiprone during a randomized multicenter prospective clinical study. ( Bartolotta, V; Borsellino, Z; Capra, M; D'Ascola, DG; Galia, M; Gerardi, C; Maggio, A; Magnano, C; Malizia, R; Mangiagli, A; Midiri, M; Morabito, A; Rigano, P; Rizzo, M, 2003)
"The optimal regimen of intravenous deferoxamine for iron overload in high-risk homozygous beta-thalassemia is unknown because only short-term follow-up has been described in small patient groups."	5.09	Long-term outcome of continuous 24-hour deferoxamine infusion via indwelling intravenous catheters in high-risk beta-thalassemia. ( Davis, BA; Porter, JB, 2000)
"The efficacy of a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) in alleviating the pain associated with subcutaneous needle insertion for infusion of the iron-chelating agent, deferoxamine, was examined in 12 patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia."	5.08	Use of a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics for prolonged subcutaneous drug administration. ( Berkovitch, M; Davis, S; Donsky, J; Koren, G; Matsui, D; Olivieri, NF, 1995)
"Deferiprone is an orally active iron-chelating agent that is being evaluated as a treatment for iron overload in thalassemia major."	5.08	Long-term safety and effectiveness of iron-chelation therapy with deferiprone for thalassemia major. ( Brittenham, GM; Burt, AD; Cameron, RG; Fleming, KA; McClelland, RA; McLaren, CE; Olivieri, NF; Templeton, DM, 1998)
"Iron chelating agents - deferoxamine (DFO), deferiprone (DFP), and deferasirox (DFX) - are used to treat chronic iron overload in patients with β-thalassemia in an attempt to reduce morbidity and mortality related to siderosis."	4.93	Clinical monitoring and management of complications related to chelation therapy in patients with β-thalassemia. ( El Rassi, F; Saliba, AN; Taher, AT, 2016)
"For nearly 30 years, patients with transfusional iron overload have depended on nightly deferoxamine infusions for iron chelation."	4.83	Oral chelators deferasirox and deferiprone for transfusional iron overload in thalassemia major: new data, new questions. ( Neufeld, EJ, 2006)
" In this report, we describe two pediatric patients diagnosed with nephrolithiasis while undergoing treatment with the chelating agents deferasirox, deferiprone, and deferoxamine for iron overload secondary to repeat blood transfusion."	4.31	Nephrolithiasis in two patients on iron chelation therapy: A case report. ( Baker, Z; Dillon, H; Pena, A; Sparks, S; Syed, H; Wang, Y, 2023)
"In this retrospective cohort study, we described the evolution and outcome of 9 pregnancies in Italian thalassemic women who received deferoxamine (DFO) inadvertently during early pregnancy."	3.96	Use of deferoxamine (DFO) in transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia during pregnancy: A retrospective study. ( Brunelli, R; Capone, C; D'Ambrosio, V; Del Negro, V; Giancotti, A; Piccioni, MG; Schiavi, MC; Smacchia, MP; Vena, F, 2020)
"In this study, we compared the long-term effects of different iron chelation regimens (deferoxamine, deferiprone, deferoxamine + deferiprone, and deferasirox) in preventing or reversing endocrinopathy (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, or hypogonadism) and bone disease (measured through DEXA) in 165 adults with β-thalassemia major (TM) (mean age 39."	3.83	Longitudinal changes of endocrine and bone disease in adults with β-thalassemia major receiving different iron chelators over 5 years. ( Daniele, C; Equitani, F; Guitarrini, MR; Losardo, A; Maffei, L; Monti, S; Pasin, M; Poggi, M; Pugliese, P; Smacchia, MP; Sorrentino, F; Terlizzi, F; Toscano, V, 2016)
"The current standard option for iron chelation therapy (ICT) in transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia is deferoxamine (DFO)."	3.80	Compliance and satisfaction with deferasirox (Exjade®) compared with deferoxamine in patients with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia. ( Haghpanah, S; Karimi, M; Zahedi, Z; Zarei, T, 2014)
" Only recently data from combination of Deferasirox/Deferoxamine (DFX/DFO) have been reported showing that it can be safe and efficacious to remove iron overload, particularly in patients who do not respond adequately to a single chelating agent."	3.80	Combination of deferasirox and deferoxamine in clinical practice: an alternative scheme of chelation in thalassemia major patients. ( Cappellini, MD; Cassinerio, E; Duca, L; Fraquelli, M; Orofino, N; Poggiali, E; Roghi, A; Zanaboni, L, 2014)
"There are limited studies on renal involvement in beta-thalassemia, mainly involving patients on deferoxamine, reporting both glomerular and tubular dysfunction."	3.76	Renal dysfunction in patients with beta-thalassemia major receiving iron chelation therapy either with deferoxamine and deferiprone or with deferasirox. ( Athanassiou-Metaxa, M; Economou, M; Papachristou, F; Printza, N; Teli, A; Tsatra, I; Tzimouli, V, 2010)
"Although IFN therapy is known to cause neutropenia, data on the risk of deferiprone (DFP)-induced haematological complications in patients receiving IFN are lacking."	3.76	The impact of previous or concomitant IFN therapy on deferiprone-induced agranulocytosis and neutropenia: a retrospective study. ( Ammirabile, M; Cinque, P; Costantini, S; Di Costanzo, G; Di Matola, T; Lanza, AG; Pagano, L; Prossomariti, L; Ricchi, P; Spasiano, A, 2010)
"Cardiac events and death are not uncommon in adults with beta-thalassemia (b-TM) taking deferoxamine (DFO) monotherapy because of poor compliance and possibly the less effectiveness of DFO in controlling cardiac iron overload."	3.76	Cardiac events and cardiac T2* in Egyptian children and young adults with beta-thalassemia major taking deferoxamine. ( Abdin, IA; Ebeid, FS; El Safy, UR; Elalfy, MS; Ibrahim, AS; Salem, DS, 2010)
"Our previous study showed that combined therapy with deferiprone (L1) and deferoxamine (DFO) was safe and efficacious in reducing iron overload in poorly-chelated thalassemia major patients for the short-term but the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2* evaluation was not available at that time."	3.75	A practical chelation protocol based on stratification of thalassemic patients by serum ferritin and magnetic resonance imaging cardiac T2*. ( Chan, GC; Cheuk, DK; Chiang, AK; Chu, WC; Ha, SY; Ho, MH; Mok, AS; Raskalkar, DD, 2009)
"This study evaluated the incidence of sensory neural hearing loss (SNHL) in beta-thalassemia major patients treated with deferoxamine in Mofid Children's Hospital."	3.74	Sensory neural hearing loss in beta-thalassemia major patients treated with deferoxamine. ( Alavi, S; Aminasnafi, A; Amini, R; Arzanian, MT; Esfehani, H; Gachkar, L; Garallahi, F; Moghadassian, H; Shamsian, BS, 2008)
"We assessed the degree of iron overload in thalassemia intermedia and major patients by measuring hepatic iron concentration in liver biopsy samples and serum ferritin, estimated erythropoietic drive by assaying soluble transferrin receptor and serum erythropoietin levels and correlated these with urinary hepcidin measurements."	3.74	Liver iron concentrations and urinary hepcidin in beta-thalassemia. ( Faa, G; Galanello, R; Ganz, T; Giagu, N; Maccioni, L; Nemeth, E; Origa, R, 2007)
"Deferoxamine therapy in lifelong transfusion-dependent anaemias, as beta-thalassemia major, is associated with an increased risk of ototoxic changes."	3.74	Distortion-product otoacoustic emission: early detection in deferoxamine induced ototoxicity. ( Bertetto, IB; Capobianco, S; Delehaye, E; Meloni, F, 2008)
"Combination chelation therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone has recently been suggested as a more effective tissue iron-chelating treatment for transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia patients, although a standard dosage protocol has not yet been established."	3.74	Intensive chelation therapy in beta-thalassemia and possible adverse cardiac effects of desferrioxamine. ( Aessopos, A; Deftereos, S; Farmakis, D; Kati, M; Polonifi, E; Tsironi, M, 2007)
" However, other factors may also have similar effects such as the level of iron overload, chronic immuno-stimulation due to transfusions, splenectomy and deferoxamine (DFO)."	3.74	Immune and neural status of thalassemic patients receiving deferiprone or combined deferiprone and deferoxamine chelation treatment. ( Athanassiou-Metaxa, M; Economou, M; Kanakoudi-Tsakalidou, F; Perifanis, V; Taparkou, A; Tourkantoni, N; Tzimouli, V; Zafiriou, D, 2008)
"New measures of iron accumulation in liver and heart (superconducting quantum inference device and magnetic resonance imaging), and oral iron chelators (deferiprone and deferasirox) are available for managing iron overload in thalassemia major."	3.74	Italian Society of Hematology practice guidelines for the management of iron overload in thalassemia major and related disorders. ( Angelucci, E; Barosi, G; Camaschella, C; Cappellini, MD; Cazzola, M; Galanello, R; Marchetti, M; Piga, A; Tura, S, 2008)
" In thalassemia major patients, combined therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone has maximized tissue iron removal and may reduce the overall occurrence of hemosiderotic heart failure."	3.73	Transfusional hemosiderosis and combined chelation therapy in sickle thalassemia. ( Aessopos, A; Andriopoulos, P; Deftereos, S; Farmakis, D; Moyssakis, I; Polonifi, K; Tsironi, M, 2005)
"We used combined therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone to treat 79 patients with severe iron overload (serum ferritin higher than 3000 ng/mL) who had low compliance with subcutaneous desferrioxamine."	3.73	Combined therapy with deferiprone and desferrioxamine in thalassemia major. ( Agus, A; Bina, P; Crobu, G; Defraia, E; Dessì, C; Galanello, R; Leoni, G; Muroni, PP; Origa, R, 2005)
" We used cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to assess the prevalence of myocardial iron overload and ventricular dysfunction in a large cohort of TM patients maintained on conventional chelation treatment with deferoxamine."	3.73	Myocardial iron loading in patients with thalassemia major on deferoxamine chelation. ( Anderson, LJ; Dessi, C; Galanello, R; Nair, SV; Pennell, DJ; Smith, GC; Tanner, MA; Walker, JM; Westwood, MA, 2006)
"Deferiprone (L1) is an orally active iron-chelation agent that is being evaluated as a treatment for iron overload in thalassemia major."	3.73	Liver fibrosis and iron levels during long-term deferiprone treatment of thalassemia major patients. ( Peng, CT; Tsai, CH; Wu, KH; Wu, SF, 2006)
"Strict lifelong adherence to the standard transfusion and deferoxamine therapy reduces considerably the occurrence of heart failure, LV dysfunction and pericarditis, prevents early heart failure and pulmonary hypertension, but does not eliminate completely cardiac disease in patients with thalassemia major."	3.72	Cardiac status in well-treated patients with thalassemia major. ( Aessopos, A; Diamanti-Kandaraki, E; Farmakis, D; Fragodimitri, C; Hatziliami, A; Joussef, J; Karabatsos, F; Karagiorga, M; Meletis, J; Mitilineou, E, 2004)
"With the introduction of long-term subcutaneous administration of deferoxamine (DFO), there has been a decline in the morbidity and mortality of transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia patients."	3.69	Long-term intravenous deferoxamine treatment for noncompliant transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia patients. ( Carmi, D; Cohen, IJ; Goshen, J; Kaplinsky, C; Tamary, H; Yaniv, I; Zaizov, R, 1994)
"A new constellation of spinal changes are observed in homozygous beta-thalassemia major (HBT) patients receiving deferoxamine (DF), an iron-chelating drug used in combination with transfusion therapy in certain anemic syndromes."	3.68	Spinal deformities in deferoxamine-treated homozygous beta-thalassemia major patients. ( Babyn, PS; Hartkamp, MJ; Olivieri, F, 1993)
"Enrolled patients (9 with β-thalassemia major and 33 with β-thalassemia hemoglobin E), ranging from 3 to 18 years in age, were divided into 3 groups; group 1 ferritin ≥1,000-2,500 ng/ml (n = 10), group 2 ferritin >2,500-4,000 ng/ml (n = 23) and group 3 ferritin >4,000 ng/ml (n = 9)."	2.80	Combined chelation therapy with daily oral deferiprone and twice-weekly subcutaneous infusion of desferrioxamine in children with β-thalassemia: 3-year experience. ( Chuansumrit, A; Kadegasem, P; Sasanakul, W; Sirachainan, N; Songdej, D; Sungkarat, W; Wongwerawattanakoon, P, 2015)
"DFP/DFX combination proved superior in improving cardiac T2*, treatment compliance, and patients satisfaction with no greater adverse events."	2.80	Efficacy and safety of a novel combination of two oral chelators deferasirox/deferiprone over deferoxamine/deferiprone in severely iron overloaded young beta thalassemia major patients. ( Adly, AM; Elalfy, MS; Elhenawy, YI; Samir, A; Tony, S; Wali, Y, 2015)
"Neutropenia and agranulocytosis were also detected, suggesting needing of strict hematological control."	2.80	Deferiprone versus deferoxamine in thalassemia intermedia: Results from a 5-year long-term Italian multicenter randomized clinical trial. ( Calvaruso, G; Colletta, G; Di Maggio, R; Gerardi, C; Lai, E; Maggio, A; Pitrolo, L; Quota, A; Rigoli, LC; Sacco, M; Vitrano, A, 2015)
"Current thalassemia major treatment includes blood transfusion and iron chelation, which is associated with growth disturbances and radiographic changes in the long bone metaphyses."	2.78	Deferoxamine-induced dysplasia-like skeletal abnormalities at radiography and MRI. ( Esmail, RI; Lotfy, HM; Magdy, RE; Seif El Dien, HM, 2013)
"Treatment with deferasirox significantly improves left ventricular function."	2.77	Cardiac iron removal and functional cardiac improvement by different iron chelation regimens in thalassemia major patients. ( Brevi, F; Cappellini, MD; Cassinerio, E; Graziadei, G; Milazzo, A; Pattoneri, P; Pedrotti, P; Roghi, A; Zanaboni, L, 2012)
"In β-thalassemia major (β-TM) patients, iron chelation therapy is mandatory to reduce iron overload secondary to transfusions."	2.76	Sequential alternating deferiprone and deferoxamine treatment compared to deferiprone monotherapy: main findings and clinical follow-up of a large multicenter randomized clinical trial in -thalassemia major patients. ( Argento, C; Campisi, S; Capra, M; Caruso, V; Cianciulli, P; Cuccia, L; D'Amico, G; D'Ascola, DG; Fidone, C; Filosa, A; Gagliardotto, F; Gerardi, C; Gluud, C; Maggio, A; Magnano, C; Malizia, R; Morabito, A; Pantalone, GR; Pepe, A; Prossomariti, L; Quota, A; Rigano, P; Rizzo, M; Romeo, MA; Violi, P; Vitrano, A, 2011)
"7%) discontinued because of adverse events."	2.76	Iron chelation with deferasirox in adult and pediatric patients with thalassemia major: efficacy and safety during 5 years' follow-up. ( Agaoglu, L; Aydinok, Y; Bejaoui, M; Canatan, D; Cappellini, MD; Capra, M; Clark, J; Cohen, A; Dong, V; Drelichman, G; Economou, M; Fattoum, S; Griffel, L; Kattamis, A; Kilinc, Y; Perrotta, S; Piga, A; Porter, JB, 2011)
"We evaluated 36 patients affected by thalassemia major treated with combined chelation therapy."	2.75	Combined chelation therapy in thalassemia major with deferiprone and desferrioxamine: a retrospective study. ( Ammirabile, M; Cinque, P; Costantini, S; Di Matola, T; Pagano, L; Prossomariti, L; Ricchi, P; Spasiano, A, 2010)
"A total of 70 transfusion-dependent thalassemia major patients were randomly selected to receive one of the following two treatments: deferiprone in combination with desferrioxamine (n=35, desferrioxamine+deferiprone group) or desferrioxamine alone (n=35, desferrioxamine-only group)."	2.74	Efficacy of combined desferrioxamine and deferiprone versus single desferrioxamine therapy in patients with major thalassemia. ( Cohan, N; Haghpanah, S; Jabbari, A; Zareifar, S, 2009)
"A total of 24 patients with thalassemia major were randomized to receive one of the following two treatments; DFP given at a daily dose of 75 mg/kg in combination with DFO (40-50 mg/kg twice weekly) (n=12) or as single agent (n=12)."	2.73	A randomized controlled 1-year study of daily deferiprone plus twice weekly desferrioxamine compared with daily deferiprone monotherapy in patients with thalassemia major. ( Aydinok, Y; Cetiner, N; Ellis, G; Manz, C; Nart, D; Terzi, A; Ulger, Z; Zimmermann, A, 2007)
"Deferasirox (ICL670) is a once-daily oral iron chelator developed for the treatment of chronic iron overload from blood transfusions."	2.72	A phase 3 study of deferasirox (ICL670), a once-daily oral iron chelator, in patients with beta-thalassemia. ( Agaoglu, L; Alberti, D; Athanassiou-Metaxa, M; Aydinok, Y; Bejaoui, M; Cappellini, MD; Capra, M; Coates, T; Cohen, A; Drelichman, G; Fattoum, S; Galanello, R; Giardina, P; Janka-Schaub, G; Kattamis, A; Kilinc, Y; Kourakli-Symeonidis, A; Magnano, C; Marks, P; Olivieri, N; Opitz, H; Perrotta, S; Piga, A; Porter, J; Ressayre-Djaffer, C; Thuret, I; Verissimo, M; Vermylen, C, 2006)
"Deferiprone monotherapy was significantly more effective than deferoxamine over 1 year in improving asymptomatic myocardial siderosis in beta-thalassemia major."	2.72	Randomized controlled trial of deferiprone or deferoxamine in beta-thalassemia major patients with asymptomatic myocardial siderosis. ( Aessopos, A; Berdoukas, V; Galanello, R; Gotsis, ED; Karagiorga, M; Ladis, V; Pennell, DJ; Piga, A; Smith, GC; Tanner, MA; Westwood, MA; Wonke, B, 2006)
"Iron overload is the main cause of morbidity and mortality especially from heart failure in patients with beta thalassemia major (TM)."	2.72	Combined therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone in beta thalassemia major patients with transfusional iron overload. ( Daar, S; Pathare, AV, 2006)
"Delayed puberty was present in 18."	2.72	Impact of long-term iron chelation therapy on growth and endocrine functions in thalassaemia. ( De Sanctis, V; Fortini, M; Galati, MC; Gasser, T; Raiola, G; Roos, M, 2006)
" We conclude that the short-term use of L1, with or without DFO, was safe and efficacious in our Chinese patient cohort."	2.72	A randomized controlled study evaluating the safety and efficacy of deferiprone treatment in thalassemia major patients from Hong Kong. ( Chan, GC; Chik, KW; Ha, SY; Lam, CW; Lee, AC; Ling, SC; Luk, CW; Ng, IO, 2006)
" Primary objectives included assessment of safety and tolerability (measured by adverse events and clinical laboratory monitoring), pharmacokinetics (measured as drug and drug-iron complex), and cumulative net iron excretion (measured by faecal and urine output minus food input)."	2.71	Effectiveness and safety of ICL670 in iron-loaded patients with thalassaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. ( Alberti, D; Anderson, JR; Giardina, PJ; Grady, RW; Krebs-Brown, AJ; Nathan, DG; Neufeld, EJ; Nisbet-Brown, E; Olivieri, NF; Séchaud, R; Sizer, KC, 2003)
"Measurements of chromosomal aberrations were made in 10 thalassaemia major patients treated long-term with deferiprone (at least 5 years) and compared with an equal number of patients matched for age, sex and iron overload, treated long-term with deferoxamine."	2.71	Chromosomal aberration frequencies in patients with thalassaemia major undergoing therapy with deferiprone and deferoxamine in a comparative crossover study. ( Galanello, R; Kirkland, D; Leoni, G; Marshall, R; Minto, S; Spino, M; Tricta, F, 2003)
" Of 38% (n = 28) of patients who rated themselves as very compliant, 19 had elevated LIC related to inadequate dosing of DFO and nine reported nonadherence in the past."	2.71	A simple model to assess and improve adherence to iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine in patients with thalassemia. ( Calvelli, L; Fischer, R; Foote, D; Fung, EB; Harmatz, P; Pakbaz, Z; Quirolo, K; Treadwell, M; Vichinsky, EP; Yamashita, R, 2005)
" Efforts to increase its oral bioavailability are now in progress."	2.67	Results from a phase I clinical trial of HBED. ( Giardina, PJ; Grady, RW; Hilgartner, MW; Salbe, AD, 1994)
"Nineteen transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia major patients were included in the study."	2.67	Early detection of nephrotoxic effects in thalassemic patients receiving desferrioxamine therapy. ( Carta, S; Cianciulli, P; Forte, L; Gilardi, E; Massa, A; Papa, G; Sollecito, D; Sorrentino, F, 1994)
"Diabetes mellitus was present in 6."	2.61	Elevated Prevalence of Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Other Endocrine Disorders in Patients with β-Thalassemia Major: A Meta-Analysis. ( Chen, DY; Chen, W; He, LN; Liu, NQ; Lu, D; Sun, XF; Xie, YJ; Xiong, ZY; Yang, Y; Yang, YH, 2019)
"Deferiprone was more efficacious than DFO in improving cardiac ejection fraction [MD 2."	2.50	A systematic review and meta-analysis of deferiprone monotherapy and in combination with deferoxamine for reduction of iron overload in chronically transfused patients with β-thalassemia. ( Kuo, KH; Mrkobrada, M, 2014)
"Iron overload is characterized by excessive iron deposition and consequent injury and dysfunction of the heart, liver, anterior pituitary, pancreas, and joints."	2.44	Chelation therapy for iron overload. ( Barton, JC, 2007)
"Deferasirox is a new orally effective iron chelator which has been shown to be non-inferior to deferoxamine in clinical trials."	2.44	Current status of iron overload and chelation with deferasirox. ( Choudhry, VP; Naithani, R, 2007)
"Iron overload is a major complication of transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) and requires iron chelation (IC) therapy."	1.62	Using of deferasirox and deferoxamine in refractory iron overload thalassemia. ( Buaboonnam, J; Narkbunnam, N; Phuakpet, K; Pongtanakul, B; Sanpakit, K; Takpradit, C; Vathana, N; Viprakasit, V, 2021)
"Management of beta-thalassemia major (TM) requires life-long hemotransfusions leading to iron overload."	1.56	Reduction of Liver Iron Load in Adult Patients with β-Thalassemia Major Treated with Modern Chelation Modalities. ( Georgiev, PG; Goranov, SE; Goranova-Marinova, VS; Sapunarova, KG, 2020)
" Desferrioxamine dosage was strongly correlated to the DCP area (r = 0."	1.51	A Pilot Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study on Superficial and Deep Capillary Plexus Foveal Avascular Zone in Patients With Beta-Thalassemia Major. ( Andreanos, K; Chalkiadaki, E; Droutsas, K; Georgalas, I; Kanakis, M; Makris, G; Papaconstantinou, D; Petrou, P, 2019)
"Hypothyroidism is one of the common endocrine complications described in patients with β-thalassemia major (β-TM)."	1.51	Compliance with Deferoxamine Therapy and Thyroid Dysfunction of Patients with β-Thalassemia Major in Syria. ( Alquobaili, F; Kabalan, Y; Mukhalalaty, Y; Yassouf, MY, 2019)
"Deferiprone was the most effective chelator to improve glucose homeostasis in chronically transfused thalassemics."	1.48	Glucose Homeostasis and Effect of Chelation on β Cell Function in Children With β-Thalassemia Major. ( Bagmar, S; Dabas, A; Gomber, S; Madhu, SV, 2018)
"Deferoxamine treatment of the iron-loaded zebrafish larvae showed a significant decrease in total iron concentration."	1.48	Zebrafish larvae as a model to demonstrate secondary iron overload. ( Baji, MH; Mustafa, I; Nasrallah, GK; Shraim, AM; Younes, NN, 2018)
"Deferasirox monotherapy was less effective than deferiprone in improving myocardial siderosis and biventricular function and less effective than desferrioxamine in improving the LVEF."	1.48	MRI multicentre prospective survey in thalassaemia major patients treated with deferasirox versus deferiprone and desferrioxamine. ( Allò, M; Cuccia, L; D'Ascola, DG; Gamberini, MR; Lisi, R; Mangione, M; Meloni, A; Pepe, A; Pistoia, L; Positano, V; Restaino, G; Ricchi, P; Righi, R; Rosso, R; Spasiano, A, 2018)
"Beta thalassemia major (BT) is an inherited blood disorder caused by reduced or absent synthesis of the hemoglobin beta chains, associated with profound anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, expanded bone marrow volume, siderosis and cardiomegaly."	1.46	Total antioxidant capacity in Mediterranean β-thalassemic patients. ( Cirotto, C; Fozza, C; Grigoriou, E; Kalpaka, A; Lymperaki, E; Pantaleo, A; Pau, MC; Tsamesidis, I; Turrini, F; Vagdatli, E, 2017)
" The combination of drugs was well tolerated and no new adverse effects were observed."	1.46	Efficacy and Safety of Combined Oral Chelation With Deferiprone and Deferasirox in Children With β-Thalassemia Major: An Experience From North India. ( Chandra, J; Dhingra, B; Jain, R; Mahto, D; Parakh, N; Sharma, S, 2017)
"The study included 60 β-thalassemia major patients."	1.43	CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBFOVEAL CHOROIDAL THICKNESS AND FOVEAL THICKNESS IN THALASSEMIC PATIENTS. ( Deghedy, MR; Ebeid, WM; El-Shazly, AA; Elkitkat, RS, 2016)
"In our study, chelation treatment during pregnancy did not prevent the delivery of healthy children."	1.43	Iron chelation therapy of transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia during pregnancy in the era of novel drugs: is deferasirox toxic? ( Agapidou, A; Diamantidis, MD; Fotiou, P; Manafas, A; Neokleous, N; Vetsiou, E; Vlachaki, E, 2016)
"63 cases of beta thalassemia major within the age group of 5-15 years on desferrioxamine for at least 1 year, were included."	1.42	Effect of iron chelator desferrioxamine on serum zinc levels in patients with beta thalassemia major. ( Irfan, SM; Kakar, J; Sultan, S; Zeeshan, R, 2015)
"Patients with thalassemia major become transfusion- dependent with subsequent iron overload."	1.42	Therapeutic efficacy of different iron chelators in Egyptian children with Beta Thalassemia with iron overload. ( Hagag, AA; Hamam, MA; Hazaa, SM; Taha, OA, 2015)
"Pulmonary iron overload was induced in heterozygous β-globin knockout mice (muβth-3/+, BKO)."	1.42	Effects of Iron Chelators on Pulmonary Iron Overload and Oxidative Stress in β-Thalassemic Mice. ( Chaisri, U; Fucharoen, S; Hemstapat, W; Morales, NP; Srichairatanakool, S; Svasti, S; Wichaiyo, S; Yatmark, P, 2015)
"Iron overload is a common complication of patients with β-thalassemia major (TM)."	1.40	Combination therapy of deferasirox and deferoxamine shows significant improvements in markers of iron overload in a patient with β-thalassemia major and severe iron burden. ( Akianidis, V; Christoulas, D; Karavas, A; Komninaka, V; Terpos, E; Voskaridou, E, 2014)
"Treatment of β-thalassemia major (β-TM) includes regular blood transfusions and iron chelation with subcutaneous injection of deferoxamine (DFO)."	1.40	Combined chelation therapy with deferoxamine and deferiprone in β-thalassemia major: compliance and opinions of young thalassemic patients. ( Economou, M; Hatzipantelis, ES; Karasmanis, K; Perifanis, V; Tziomalos, K; Vlachaki, E, 2014)
"Thalassemia major is an inherited form of chronic hemolytic anemia that results in iron overload due to regular blood transfusions."	1.40	Modified desensitization protocols for a pediatric patient with anaphylactic reaction to deferoxamine. ( Poachanukoon, O; Satayasai, W; Silapamongkonkul, P; Surapolchai, P, 2014)
"Deferiprone (20·6%) was less commonly prescribed in patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase; while a deferoxamine + deferiprone combination (17·9%) was more commonly used in patients with serum ferritin >2500 ng/ml or CMR T2* <20 ms."	1.39	Assessment and management of iron overload in β-thalassaemia major patients during the 21st century: a real-life experience from the Italian WEBTHAL project. ( Cappellini, MD; Caruso, V; Chiavilli, F; Commendatore, F; Forni, GL; Galanello, R; Longo, F; Mulas, S; Musallam, KM; Piga, A; Quarta, G, 2013)
"Deferiprone, because of its lower molecular weight, might cross into heart mitochondria more efficiently, improving their activity and, thereby, myocardial cell function."	1.39	Long-term treatment with deferiprone enhances left ventricular ejection function when compared to deferoxamine in patients with thalassemia major. ( Barone, R; Calvaruso, G; Campisi, S; Capra, M; Caruso, V; Casale, M; Ciancio, A; Cianciulli, P; Cuccia, L; D'Ascola, G; Filosa, A; Gagliardotto, F; Gerardi, C; Maggio, A; Pitrolo, L; Prossomariti, L; Rigano, P; Rizzo, M; Vitrano, A, 2013)
"Thirteen patients (35."	1.39	Audiologic and vestibular assessment in patients with β-thalassemia major receiving long-term transfusion therapy. ( Chao, YH; Lin, CD; Lin, CY; Peng, CT; Tsai, MH; Wu, HP; Wu, KH, 2013)
"Deferasirox (DFX) is a novel iron chelator that has been shown to have similar efficacy and safety compared with deferoxamine (DFO) in patients with β-thalassemia."	1.39	Cost-utility analysis of oral deferasirox versus infusional deferoxamine in transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia patients. ( Javanbakht, M; Karimi, M; Keshtkaran, A; Mashayekhi, A; Nuri, B; Salavati, S, 2013)
"There are no data from patients with β-thalassemia major."	1.39	Differential effects of the type of iron chelator on the absolute number of hematopoietic peripheral progenitors in patients with β-thalassemia major. ( Balocco, M; Forni, GL; Frassoni, F; Musallam, KM; Musso, M; Piaggio, G; Podestà, M; Pozzi, S; Rosa, A, 2013)
"Deferoxamine has universally been the standard therapeutic option for iron chelation therapy; however, its usage is troublesome, leading to suboptimal patient compliance."	1.39	Iron-chelation therapy with oral chelators in patients with thalassemia major. ( Kurtoglu, E; Uygun, V, 2013)
"Deferasirox is a newer chelation therapy that is taken orally once daily."	1.38	Lifetime cost-utility analyses of deferasirox in beta-thalassaemia patients with chronic iron overload: a UK perspective. ( Chandiwana, D; Karnon, J; Tolley, K; Vieira, J, 2012)
"Oral deferiprone was suggested to be more effective than subcutaneous desferrioxamine for removing heart iron."	1.37	Deferasirox, deferiprone and desferrioxamine treatment in thalassemia major patients: cardiac iron and function comparison determined by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. ( Bisconte, MG; Capra, M; Caruso, V; Cianciulli, P; Filosa, A; Lippi, A; Lombardi, M; Maggio, A; Malaventura, C; Meloni, A; Midiri, M; Missere, M; Pepe, A; Pitrolo, L; Positano, V; Prossomariti, L; Putti, MC; Quarta, A; Romeo, MA; Rossi, G, 2011)
" Desferiexamin was dosed in amount of 70 +/- 19 mg/kg."	1.37	Major beta-thalassemia, use of desferiexamine and renal proximal tubular damage. ( Ehteshami, S; Jafari, HM; Karami, H; Kosaryan, M; Reza Mahdavi, M; Vahidshahi, K, 2011)
"Deferiprone has been reported to be superior to deferoxamine for the removal of cardiac iron and improvement in left ventricular (LV) function but little is known of their relative effects on the right ventricle (RV), which is being increasingly recognised as an important prognostic factor in cardiomyopathy."	1.37	Effect of deferiprone or deferoxamine on right ventricular function in thalassemia major patients with myocardial iron overload. ( Aessopos, A; Alam, MH; Alpendurada, F; Berdoukas, V; Carpenter, JP; Galanello, R; Gotsis, ED; Karagiorga, M; Ladis, V; Pennell, DJ; Piga, A; Roughton, M; Smith, GC; Tanner, MA; Westwood, MA, 2011)
"For chronic conditions such as thalassemia major, even when oral chelation therapy is available, support by an integrated team including a clinical psychologist and nurse specialist working with the treatment center is recommended to achieve optimal results."	1.37	Challenges of adherence and persistence with iron chelation therapy. ( El-Beshlawy, A; Evangeli, M; Porter, JB, 2011)
"Bone disease in beta-thalassemia major (betaTM) remains poorly understood."	1.36	Iron chelation therapy in Upper Egyptian transfusion-dependent pediatric homozygous beta-thalassemia major: impact on serum L-carnitine/free fatty acids, osteoprotegerin/the soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappabeta ligand systems, and bone m ( El-Metwally, TH; Hamed, EA; Kamal, MM; Mohamed, NA, 2010)
"Beta-thalassemia major (beta-TM), patients, asymptomatic and with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were studied echocardiographically."	1.36	Effect of combined chelation therapy with deferiprone and deferoxamine on left ventricular diastolic function in adult beta-thalassemia major patients. ( Farmaki, K; Fragatou, S; Kremastinos, D; Kyrzopoulos, S; Paraskevaidis, I; Tsiapras, D; Voudris, V, 2010)
"The risk of cardiac death during 1990-1999 and 2000-2008 was compared."	1.36	Relation of chelation regimes to cardiac mortality and morbidity in patients with thalassaemia major: an observational study from a large Greek Unit. ( Berdoukas, V; Berdoussi, E; Chouliaras, G; Kattamis, C; Ladis, V; Moraitis, P; Zannikos, K, 2010)
"Myocardial iron overload is the leading cause of death in patients with beta-thalassemia major."	1.36	Increased survival and reversion of iron-induced cardiac disease in patients with thalassemia major receiving intensive combined chelation therapy as compared to desferoxamine alone. ( Bina, P; Carta, MP; Cianciulli, P; Farci, P; Galanello, R; Grady, RW; Lai, ME; Maggio, A; Pepe, A; Sau, F; Vacquer, S, 2010)
"Patients with thalassemia major accumulate body iron over time as a consequence of continuous red blood cell transfusions which cause hepatic, endocrine, and cardiac complications."	1.36	Combined iron chelation therapy. ( Agus, A; Campus, S; Danjou, F; Galanello, R; Giardina, PJ; Grady, RW, 2010)
"Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in two patients, and impaired glucose tolerance was found in four patients, giving a prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism of 12."	1.35	Prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism in beta-thalassemic children receiving hypertransfusions with a suboptimal dosage of iron-chelating therapy. ( Chareonmuang, R; Jaruratanasirikul, S; Laosombat, V; Leetanaporn, K; Sangsupavanich, P; Wongcharnchailert, M, 2008)
"Five thalassemia major (TM) patients who were undergoing chelation monotherapy with DFO were enrolled."	1.35	Effects of combined deferiprone and deferoxamine chelation therapy on iron load indices in beta-thalassemia. ( Aessopos, A; Assimakopoulos, G; Polonofi, K; Rigaki, K; Tsironi, M, 2008)
"In patients with thalassemia major (TM) who are non-compliant with long-term desferrioxamine (DFO) chelation, survival is limited mainly because of cardiac complications of transfusional hemosiderosis."	1.33	Reversal of heart failure in thalassemia major by combined chelation therapy: a case report. ( Aessopos, A; Andriopoulos, P; Deftereos, S; Farmakis, D; Meletis, J; Tsironi, M, 2005)
"Hypogonadism was noted in 59% of the patients who reached pubertal age, and short stature was found in 36% of patients who reached final height."	1.33	Serum ferritin level as a predictor of impaired growth and puberty in thalassemia major patients. ( Carmi, D; Kornreich, L; Miskin, H; Phillip, M; Shalitin, S; Tamary, H; Weintrob, N; Yaniv, I; Zilber, R, 2005)
"Patients with beta-thalassemia major often present with severe anemia and must undergo continuous transfusion therapy, consequently developing iron overload leading to hemochromatosis."	1.33	Lack of prognostic value of normalized integrated backscatter analysis of myocardium in patients with thalassemia major: a long-term follow-up study. ( Ait-Ali, L; Bellotti, P; Derchi, G; Forni, G; Jambrik, Z; Picano, E, 2005)
"In a subset of 10 patients with beta-thalassemia major, the hepatic storage iron concentration had been monitored repeatedly for 12-14 years by chemical analysis of tissue obtained by liver biopsy and by magnetic susceptometry."	1.33	Methods for noninvasive measurement of tissue iron in Cooley's anemia. ( Altmann, K; Azabagic, A; Brittenham, GM; Brown, TR; Hordof, AJ; Jensen, JH; Olivieri, NF; Prakash, A; Printz, BF; Sheth, S; Swaminathan, S; Tang, H; Tosti, CL, 2005)
"In 15 patients with beta-thalassemia major (age: 21 +/- 6 years, liver iron concentration: 2200 +/- 1200 microg/g-liver), NTBI and other hematologic parameters (transferrin saturation, transferrin receptor) were measured weekly."	1.33	Non-transferrin-bound iron during blood transfusion cycles in beta-thalassemia major. ( Caruso, V; Dürken, M; Engelhardt, R; Fischer, R; Grosse, R; Janka, GE; Lund, U; Magnano, C; Nielsen, P, 2005)
"Deferoxamine is a chelating agent that has extended the life expectancy of patients with thalassemia."	1.33	Auditory and visual toxicity during deferoxamine therapy in transfusion-dependent patients. ( Chen, LJ; Chen, SH; Cheng, SY; Liang, DC; Lin, HC; Liu, HC, 2005)
"Deferoxamine (DFO) therapy has been associated with improved survival of thalassemia patients."	1.33	Cardiac morbidity and mortality in deferoxamine- or deferiprone-treated patients with thalassemia major. ( Borgna-Pignatti, C; Cappellini, MD; Cnaan, A; De Stefano, P; Del Vecchio, GC; Forni, GL; Gamberini, MR; Ghilardi, R; Piga, A; Romeo, MA; Zhao, H, 2006)
"We report a case of successful treatment of pulmonary hypertension in a patient with beta-thalassemia major and review the literature on pulmonary hypertension and beta-thalassemia major."	1.33	Pulmonary hypertension and beta-thalassemia major: report of a case, its treatment, and a review of the literature. ( Farber, HW; Tam, DH, 2006)
"Thalassemia intermedia is a heterogeneous, transfusion-independent form of b-thalassemia, with a clinical course dominated by multi-organ effects of chronic tissue hypoxia, in which hemoglobin F percentage seems to play an important role."	1.33	Exchange blood transfusions for the treatment of leg ulcerations in thalassemia intermedia. ( Aessopos, A; Farmakis, D; Kati, M; Polonifi, E; Tsironi, M, 2006)
"We enrolled nine patients with thalassemia major complicated by some degree of myocardial dysfunction."	1.33	Regression of myocardial dysfunction after switching from desferrioxamine to deferiprone therapy in beta-thalassemia major patients. ( Chang, JS; Huang, YC; Peng, CT; Wu, KH, 2006)
"Comprehensive care for thalassemia major (TM) patients has achieved great advances in the world, yet psychosocial developmental aspects of care in families with afflicted members has made only limited progress."	1.33	Pilot study on the "quality of life" as reflected by psychosocial adjustment of children with thalassemia major undergoing iron-chelating treatment in western Taiwan. ( Kuo, HT; Peng, CT; Tsai, MY; Wu, KH, 2006)
"The parents of 18 thalassemia major patients (under 12 years of age) were interviewed (in two sessions) to determine their feelings, sources of stress, and support during their childrens' disease process."	1.33	Pilot study on parental stress and behavioral adjustment to the thalassemia major disease process in children undergoing iron-chelation in western Taiwan. ( Kuo, HT; Peng, CT; Tsai, MY, 2006)
"The treatment of thalassemia major patients imposes a financial burden on the family."	1.33	Common queries in thalassemia care. ( Marwaha, RK; Panigrahi, I, 2006)
"The incidence of cardiac death in both groups was analyzed."	1.33	Survival in thalassaemia major patients. ( Efthimiadis, GK; Giannakoulas, GA; Hassapopoulou, HP; Karvounis, HI; Louridas, GE; Parharidis, GE; Tsikaderis, DD, 2006)
" After that, DFO was further diluted and was restarted with lower dosage and longer infusion period."	1.33	Successful desensitization of a case with desferrioxamine hypersensitivity. ( Aydinok, Y; Can, D; Demir, E; Gülen, F; Gulen, H; Tanaç, R; Yenigün, A, 2006)
"With regard to bone resorption and remodeling markers, the urinary excretion of pyridinium crosslinks was higher in patients with thalassemia for HP fraction (p < 0."	1.33	Chelation therapy and bone metabolism markers in thalassemia major. ( De Sanctis, V; Fornasari, PM; Fortini, M; Gamberini, MR; Marconi, S; Pratelli, L; Verri, E; Zolezzi, C, 2006)
"One group consisted of thalassemia major cases on deferiprone (L1) and the second group were those receiving desferrioxamine therapy."	1.32	Antihistone and other autoantibodies in beta-thalassemia major patients receiving iron chelators. ( Badakere, S; Ghosh, K; Pradhan, V, 2003)
"A 17-year-old patient with sickle cell-beta thalassemia undergoing treatment with home iron chelation therapy inadvertently received ten times the recommended dose of intravenous deferoxamine."	1.32	Acute renal failure following deferoxamine overdose. ( Flynn, JT; Levine, JE; Prasannan, L, 2003)
" In thalassaemic patients, no significant correlations between retinal venous length and, respectively, plasma ferritin level and DFX daily dosage were documented."	1.32	Quantitative evaluation of the retinal venous tortuosity in chronic anaemic patients affected by beta-thalassaemia major. ( Costagliola, C; D'Angelo, S; Incorvaia, C; Parmeggiani, F; Perri, P; Sebastiani, A, 2003)
"Deferiprone is an iron chelator that has the potential to be more effective than deferoxamine in removing intracellular iron from the heart."	1.32	Comparative effects of deferiprone and deferoxamine on survival and cardiac disease in patients with thalassemia major: a retrospective analysis. ( Fogliacco, E; Gaglioti, C; Piga, A; Tricta, F, 2003)
"Deferiprone (L1) was found to have greater efficacy at depleting myocardial iron than desferrioxamine (DFX)."	1.32	Combined therapy with deferiprone and desferrioxamine successfully regresses severe heart failure in patients with beta-thalassemia major. ( Chang, JS; Peng, CT; Tsai, CH; Wu, KH, 2004)
"Treatment of patients with beta-thalassemia major has improved dramatically during the past 40 years; however, the current clinical status of these patients remains poorly characterized."	1.32	Complications of beta-thalassemia major in North America. ( Cohen, AR; Cunningham, MJ; Macklin, EA; Neufeld, EJ, 2004)
"Eighty-one patients with thalassemia major but no history of cardiac disease underwent quantitative annual LVEF monitoring by radionuclide ventriculography for a median of 6."	1.32	Value of sequential monitoring of left ventricular ejection fraction in the management of thalassemia major. ( Davis, BA; Jarritt, PH; O'Sullivan, C; Porter, JB, 2004)
"Type 3 hemochromatosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations of the TFR2 gene."	1.32	Type 3 hemochromatosis and beta-thalassemia trait. ( Arosio, C; Bovo, G; Mariani, R; Pelucchi, S; Piperno, A; Riva, A; Salvioni, A; Vergani, A, 2004)
"A 21-year-old woman with beta-thalassemia major (beta-TM) and GH deficiency developed end-stage heart failure, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class IV, within 3 months after withdrawal of recombinant human growth hormone (GH)."	1.32	Is growth hormone deficiency contributing to heart failure in patients with beta-thalassemia major? ( Erfurth, EM; Holmer, H; Kornhall, B; Nilsson, PG, 2004)
"We report a case of thalassemia major with biopsy-proven pulmonary iron overload, in which thoracic high-resolution computed tomography revealed a morphological-functional correlation consistent with small airway disease."	1.31	Pulmonary iron overload in thalassemia major presenting as small airway disease. ( Khong, PL; Lam, WK; Ooi, GC; Trendell-Smith, NJ; Tsang, KW, 2002)
" Thus we suggest periodical audiologic checkups and a low dosage of DFO (below 50 mg/kg/day) given on at least 5-6 days a week for the prevention and prompt diagnosis of audiologic complications."	1.31	Evaluation of the incidence of sensorineural hearing loss in beta-thalassemia major patients under regular chelation therapy with desferrioxamine. ( Asadi-Pooya, AA; Asadi-Pooya, K; Karimi, M; Khademi, B; Yarmohammadi, H, 2002)
"Iron overload was evaluated for 26 beta-thalassemia homozygous patients, and 14 of them were submitted to intensive chelation therapy with high doses of intravenous deferoxamine (DF)."	1.31	Urinary iron excretion induced by intravenous infusion of deferoxamine in beta-thalassemia homozygous patients. ( Boturao-Neto, E; Marcopito, LF; Zago, MA, 2002)
"Deferoxamine therapy was continued throughout 2 pregnancies, while in the other it was stopped after 8 weeks: no abnormalities were noted in the children."	1.31	High-risk pregnancy in beta-thalassemia major women. Report of three cases. ( De Marzi, CA; Magliari, F; Perniola, R; Rosatelli, MC, 2000)
"A male thalassemia major patient who developed bone and cartilage abnormalities with a standard dose of desferrioxamine (DFX) given subcutaneously from the age of 4 years was treated with the oral iron chelator deferiprone (L1)."	1.31	Treatment with deferiprone (L1) in a thalassemic patient with bone lesions due to desferrioxamine. ( Campisi, S; De Sanctis, V; Di Silvestro, G; Mangiagli, A; Urso, L, 2000)
"Juvenile hemochromatosis is a rare genetic disorder that causes iron overload."	1.31	Juvenile hemochromatosis associated with B-thalassemia treated by phlebotomy and recombinant human erythropoietin. ( Brunello, F; Camaschella, C; De Gobbi, M; Mazza, U; Paccotti, P; Pasquero, P, 2000)
"All patients with beta -thalassemia major received daily chelation therapy with subcutaneous injection of desferrioxamine (30-50 mgkg(-1)per day)."	1.31	Audiological evaluation in adult beta-thalassemia major patients under regular chelation treatment. ( Ambrosetti, U; Cappellini, MD; Dondè, E; Piatti, G, 2000)
"Thirty-five patients with homozygous ss-thalassemia major who were undergoing regular transfusions and chelation therapy underwent coronal T1-weighted MR imaging of the femur, including the femoral head and the distal femoral epiphysis."	1.31	Deferoxamine-induced bone dysplasia in the distal femur and patella of pediatric patients and young adults: MR imaging appearance. ( Chan, Y; Cheng, JC; Chik, KW; Chu, WC; Li, C; Pang, L, 2000)
"In transfusion-dependent ss-thalassemia major, increased iron deposition in the pituitary gland has a cytotoxic effect, leading mainly to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism."	1.31	T2 relaxation rate as an index of pituitary iron overload in patients with beta-thalassemia major. ( Argyropoulou, MI; Bitsis, S; Efremidis, S; Kiortsis, DN; Metafratzi, Z; Tsatsoulis, A, 2000)
"Our patient's unusual presentation of intussusception was secondary to the mass effect caused by lymphoid hyperplasia, specifically hypertrophied Peyer's patches in the ileum caused by Y enterocolitica infection."	1.31	Intussusception due to Yersinia enterocolitica enterocolitis in a patient with beta-thalassemia. ( Hansen, MG; Levy, M; Pearl, G, 2001)
"To describe the burden of thalassemia major and its treatment, in terms of prevalence of iron-overload-related complications, direct and indirect costs, and the patient's physical and social well-being."	1.31	Impact of thalassemia major on patients and their families. ( Arana, A; Caro, JJ; Eleftheriou, A; Green, TC; Huybrechts, K; Wait, S; Ward, A, 2002)
"Management of thalassemia major requires patients to have life-long access to a treatment regimen of regular blood transfusions coupled with iron chelation therapy."	1.31	An international survey of patients with thalassemia major and their views about sustaining life-long desferrioxamine use. ( Arana, A; Caro, JJ; Eleftheriou, A; Green, TC; Huybrechts, K; Wait, S; Ward, A, 2002)
"Management of these patients requires proper dosing of desferrioxamine and transfusion therapy, along with regular monitoring of body iron burden and hemoglobin."	1.30	Desferrioxamine ototoxicity in an adult transfusion-dependent population. ( Alberti, PW; Chiodo, AA; Francombe, WH; Sher, GD; Tyler, B, 1997)
"Forty patients with beta-thalassemia major (BTM), between 11 and 19 years of age and maintained on long-term desferrioxamine (DFO) treatment, were examined by evoked potential and nerve conduction velocity studies to investigate a possible involvement of the auditory, visual, somatosensory, or peripheral nervous pathways."	1.30	Neurophysiologic evaluation of long-term desferrioxamine therapy in beta-thalassemia patients. ( Athanasiou, MA; Augoustidou-Savvopoulou, PA; Kontopoulos, EE; Kousi, AA; Tsantali, CT; Tsoubaris, PD; Zafeiriou, DI, 1998)
"The twin-pregnancy was complicated by preeclampsia."	1.30	Pregnancy and lactation in homozygous beta-thalassemia major. ( Glanzmann, R; Holzgreve, W; Nars, PW; Surbek, DV, 1998)
" The authors have previously demonstrated that in vitro exposure of mononuclear cells to DFX decreases the bioavailability of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) which has a stimulatory effect on HIV-1 replication."	1.30	Reduction of tumour necrosis factor alpha expression and signalling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with thalassaemia or sickle cell anaemia upon treatment with desferrioxamine. ( Baud, L; Bellocq, A; Cadranel, J; Fouqueray, B; Girot, R; Israël-Biet, D; Kanfer, A; Perez, J, 1999)
"Risk factors associated with IDDM and IGT were lack of compliance with chelation therapy, iron overload and the presence of cirrhosis and severe fibrosis."	1.30	Epidemiology and chelation therapy effects on glucose homeostasis in thalassaemic patients. ( De Sanctis, V; Fortini, M; Gamberini, MR; Gilli, G; Testa, MR, 1998)
"Pregnancy was well tolerated by the heart in all women and no endocrinological disorders were observed."	1.30	Fertility in thalassemia: the Greek experience. ( Karagiorga-Lagana, M, 1998)
"Lens opacities were presented in 14 patients--22%."	1.30	[The mechanism of cataract formation in persons with beta-thalassemia]. ( Padakis, A; Popescu, C; Siganos, D; Zanakis, E, 1998)
"The survival of patients with beta-thalassemia major and intermedia has improved considerably."	1.30	Beta-thalassemia and pulmonary function. ( Allegra, L; Ambrosetti, U; Cappellini, MD; Fiorelli, G; Piatti, G; Turati, F, 1999)
"While red cells from individuals with beta thalassemias are characterized by evidence of elevated in vivo oxidation, it has not been possible to directly examine the relationship between excess alpha-hemoglobin chains and the observed oxidant damage."	1.29	Effect of excess alpha-hemoglobin chains on cellular and membrane oxidation in model beta-thalassemic erythrocytes. ( Beuzard, Y; Hebbel, RP; Lubin, BH; Repka, T; Rouyer-Fessard, P; Scott, MD; van den Berg, JJ, 1993)
"Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a frequent complication in patients with beta-thalassaemia major."	1.29	Diabetes mellitus in children suffering from beta-thalassaemia. ( al-Fawaz, I; al-Swailem, A; el-Hazmi, MA; Warsey, AS, 1994)
" Unfortunately it presents some toxic effects."	1.29	[Evaluation of desferrioxamine ototoxicity in thalassemic patients. Follow-up over a 5-year period and results]. ( Greco Miani, A; Meleleo, D; Parlatore, L; Sacco, M; Serra, E; Tricarico, N, 1994)
"A case of severe cardiac failure due to iron overload in a patient with beta-thalassemia major is reported."	1.29	Regression of cardiac insufficiency after ambulatory intravenous deferoxamine in thalassemia major. ( Balmer-Ruedin, D; Halperin, DS; Oberhansli, I; Wacker, P; Wyss, M, 1993)
"Twenty one children of beta thalassemia major aged between 2 and 14 years of age on regular blood transfusion were given subcutaneous desferrioxamine."	1.29	Desferrioxamine induced urinary iron excretion in thalassemia. ( Choudhury, P; Dubey, AP; Kumar, S; Puri, RK; Talukdar, B, 1993)
"Nevertheless, osteopenia remains the main negative factor of thalassemia."	1.29	[The evolutionary effects of therapy on the skeletal lesions in beta-thalassemia]. ( Bariani, L; Castaldi, G; Orzincolo, C; Scutellari, PN, 1994)
"Dobutamine is a sympathomimetic drug (beta 1 agonist) that increases myocardial contractility and at high doses also systolic arterial blood pressure and heart rate."	1.29	Cardiac study by dobutamine stress echocardiography in thalassemic patients. ( Agostini, A; Angelucci, E; Cesaroni, P; Lucarelli, G; Mariotti, E; Sgarbi, E, 1993)
"Systemic yersiniosis was further confirmed by the finding of antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica O5."	1.29	[Hepatic abscess due to Yersinia in a child with thalassemia]. ( Brunel, F; Croize, J; Durand, C; François, P; Jeannoel, P, 1993)

Research

Studies (442)

Authors

Clinical Trials (18)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Core Study: Cardiac Function After 12 Months of Treatment With Deferasirox vs. Deferoxamine, by Change in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	2 (0.45)	18.7374
1990's	112 (25.34)	18.2507
2000's	185 (41.86)	29.6817
2010's	128 (28.96)	24.3611
2020's	15 (3.39)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Tanous, O	1
Azulay, Y	1
Halevy, R	1
Dujovny, T	1
Swartz, N	1
Colodner, R	1
Koren, A	1
Levin, C	1
Zargari, A	1
Wu, S	1
Greenway, A	1
Cheng, K	1
Kaplan, Z	1
Kwiatkowski, JL	3
Dillon, H	1
Baker, Z	1
Pena, A	1
Wang, Y	1
Syed, H	1
Sparks, S	1
Hamdy, M	1
El-Beshlawy, A	5
Veríssimo, MPA	1
Kanter, J	1
Inusa, B	1
Williams, S	1
Lee, D	1
Temin, NT	1
Fradette, C	1
Tricta, F	3
Ebeid, FSE	1
Elalfy, MS	4
Fragodimitri, C	2
Schiza, V	1
Giakoumis, A	1
Drakaki, K	1
Salichou, A	1
Karampatsos, F	1
Yousef, J	1
Karageorga, M	1
Berdoukas, V	7
Aessopos, A	11
Georgalas, I	1
Makris, G	1
Papaconstantinou, D	1
Petrou, P	1
Chalkiadaki, E	1
Droutsas, K	1
Andreanos, K	1
Kanakis, M	1
Piccioni, MG	1
Capone, C	1
Vena, F	1
Del Negro, V	1
Schiavi, MC	1
D'Ambrosio, V	1
Giancotti, A	1
Smacchia, MP	2
Brunelli, R	1
Pepe, A	8
Meloni, A	5
Filosa, A	10
Pistoia, L	2
Borsellino, Z	2
D'Ascola, DG	5
Lisi, R	2
Putti, MC	5
Allò, M	2
Gamberini, MR	8
Quarta, A	2
Fidone, C	2
Casini, T	1
Restaino, G	2
Midiri, M	5
Mangione, M	2
Positano, V	5
Casale, M	3
Saiyarsarai, P	1
Khorasani, E	1
Photogeraphy, H	1
Ghaffari Darab, M	1
Seyedifar, M	1
Georgiev, PG	1
Sapunarova, KG	1
Goranova-Marinova, VS	1
Goranov, SE	1
Takpradit, C	1
Viprakasit, V	2
Narkbunnam, N	1
Vathana, N	1
Phuakpet, K	1
Pongtanakul, B	1
Sanpakit, K	1
Buaboonnam, J	1
Pinto, VM	1
Forni, GL	7
Zardkhoni, SZ	1
Moghaddam, AG	1
Rad, F	1
Ghatee, MA	1
Omidifar, N	1
Ghaedi, M	1
Etemadfar, P	1
Qaderi, S	1
Mousavi, SH	1
Ahmadi, A	1
Arif, S	1
Madadi, S	1
Ayoubi, S	1
Lucero-Prisno, DE	1
Belmouhand, M	1
Eckmann-Hansen, C	1
Ilginis, T	1
Leinøe, EB	1
Mortensen, BK	1
Larsen, M	1
Kolnagou, A	8
Kontoghiorghe, CN	1
Kontoghiorghes, GJ	10
Biliotti, E	1
Palazzo, D	1
Serani, M	1
Silvestri, AM	1
Volpicelli, L	1
Esvan, R	1
Franchi, C	1
Spaziante, M	1
Sorrentino, F	4
Taliani, G	1
Nasseri, E	1
Mohammadi, E	1
Tamaddoni, A	1
Qujeq, D	1
Zayeri, F	1
Zand, H	1
Fozza, C	2
Asara, MA	1
Vacca, N	1
Caggiari, S	1
Monti, A	1
Zaccheddu, F	1
Capobianco, G	1
Dessole, S	1
Dore, F	1
Antonucci, R	1
Tsamesidis, I	1
Vagdatli, E	1
Kalpaka, A	1
Cirotto, C	1
Pau, MC	1
Pantaleo, A	1
Turrini, F	1
Grigoriou, E	1
Lymperaki, E	1
Gomber, S	1
Dabas, A	1
Bagmar, S	1
Madhu, SV	1
Mirlohi, MS	1
Yaghooti, H	1
Shirali, S	1
Aminasnafi, A	2
Olapour, S	1
Nasrallah, GK	1
Younes, NN	1
Baji, MH	1
Shraim, AM	1
Mustafa, I	1
Ballas, SK	1
Zeidan, AM	1
Duong, VH	1
DeVeaux, M	1
Heeney, MM	1
Fortin, PM	1
Fisher, SA	1
Madgwick, KV	1
Trivella, M	1
Hopewell, S	1
Doree, C	1
Estcourt, LJ	1
Cuccia, L	7
Rosso, R	1
Spasiano, A	5
Righi, R	1
Ricchi, P	5
Abu Shosha, GM	1
Ghosh, K	5
Eghbali, A	2
Khalilpour, A	1
Taherahmadi, H	1
Bagheri, B	2
Lin, CH	1
Chen, X	1
Wu, CC	1
Wu, KH	10
Song, TS	1
Weng, TF	1
Hsieh, YW	1
Peng, CT	12
He, LN	1
Chen, W	1
Yang, Y	1
Xie, YJ	1
Xiong, ZY	1
Chen, DY	1
Lu, D	1
Liu, NQ	1
Yang, YH	1
Sun, XF	1
Derin, S	1
Erdogan, S	1
Sahan, M	1
Azik, MF	1
Derin, H	1
Topal, Y	1
Topal, H	1
Shokri, P	1
Afzal, RR	1
Yassouf, MY	1
Alquobaili, F	1
Kabalan, Y	1
Mukhalalaty, Y	1
Seif El Dien, HM	1
Esmail, RI	1
Magdy, RE	1
Lotfy, HM	1
Piga, A	16
Longo, F	2
Musallam, KM	5
Cappellini, MD	13
Quarta, G	1
Chiavilli, F	1
Commendatore, F	1
Mulas, S	1
Caruso, V	8
Galanello, R	18
Abdelmoktader, AM	1
Azer, HY	1
Gharagozloo, M	3
Karimi, M	8
Amirghofran, Z	2
Vitrano, A	5
Rigano, P	4
Calvaruso, G	3
Barone, R	1
Capra, M	9
Gagliardotto, F	3
Pitrolo, L	5
Prossomariti, L	9
Gerardi, C	5
Campisi, S	8
Cianciulli, P	9
Rizzo, M	4
D'Ascola, G	2
Ciancio, A	2
Maggio, A	10
Porter, JB	15
Wood, J	2
Olivieri, N	4
Vichinsky, EP	2
Taher, A	4
Neufeld, E	1
Giardina, P	3
Thompson, A	1
Moore, B	1
Evans, P	3
Kim, HY	1
Macklin, EA	3
Trachtenberg, F	1
Ammirabile, M	3
Costantini, S	3
Di Matola, T	3
Cinque, P	3
Voskaridou, E	1
Komninaka, V	1
Karavas, A	1
Terpos, E	1
Akianidis, V	1
Christoulas, D	1
Chao, YH	1
Lin, CY	1
Tsai, MH	1
Wu, HP	1
Lin, CD	1
Origa, R	6
Danjou, F	4
Cossa, S	1
Matta, G	2
Bina, P	4
Dessì, C	10
Defraia, E	3
Foschini, ML	3
Leoni, G	4
Morittu, M	3
Haghpanah, S	3
Zarei, T	2
Zahedi, Z	2
Hatzipantelis, ES	2
Karasmanis, K	1
Perifanis, V	10
Vlachaki, E	7
Tziomalos, K	2
Economou, M	8
Viola, F	2
Barteselli, G	2
DellʼArti, L	1
Vezzola, D	2
Mapelli, C	2
Villani, E	2
Ratiglia, R	2
Pennell, DJ	13
Lai, Y	1
Belhoul, KM	2
Elalfy, M	2
Yesilipek, A	2
Kilinç, Y	4
Lawniczek, T	1
Habr, D	3
Weisskopf, M	1
Zhang, Y	1
Aydinok, Y	11
Theodoridou, S	1
Vyzantiadis, TA	1
Teli, A	2
Neokleous, N	2
Kargioti, A	1
Vakalopoulou, S	1
Garypidou, V	1
Gombakis, N	1
Papachristou, F	3
Qiu, D	1
Chan, GC	6
Chu, J	1
Chan, Q	1
Ha, SY	6
Moseley, ME	1
Khong, PL	3
Coates, TD	1
Cassinerio, E	2
Orofino, N	1
Roghi, A	2
Duca, L	1
Poggiali, E	1
Fraquelli, M	1
Zanaboni, L	4
Yatmark, P	3
Morales, NP	3
Chaisri, U	3
Wichaiyo, S	3
Hemstapat, W	3
Srichairatanakool, S	4
Svasti, S	3
Fucharoen, S	7
Dee, CM	1
Cheuk, DK	3
Chiang, AK	3
Kuo, KH	1
Mrkobrada, M	1
Lai, YR	1
Shen, J	1
Gelman, R	1
Kiss, S	1
Tsang, SH	1
Songdej, D	1
Sirachainan, N	1
Wongwerawattanakoon, P	1
Sasanakul, W	1
Kadegasem, P	1
Sungkarat, W	1
Chuansumrit, A	1
Surapolchai, P	1
Poachanukoon, O	1
Satayasai, W	1
Silapamongkonkul, P	1
Ozturk, Z	1
Genc, GE	1
Kupesiz, A	1
Kurtoglu, E	3
Gumuslu, S	1
Picardo, E	1
Mitidieri, M	1
Minniti, E	1
Ambroggio, S	1
D'Addato, F	1
Benedetto, C	1
Gregori, G	1
Baù, MG	1
Adly, AM	1
Wali, Y	1
Tony, S	1
Samir, A	1
Elhenawy, YI	1
Arandi, N	1
Safaei, S	1
Ashrafi, A	1
Eatemadfar, P	1
Radwan, AH	1
Taher, AT	5
Di Maggio, R	2
Lai, E	1
Colletta, G	1
Quota, A	2
Rigoli, LC	1
Sacco, M	2
Sultan, S	1
Irfan, SM	1
Kakar, J	1
Zeeshan, R	1
Moi, P	2
Follesa, I	1
Zappu, A	3
Cunico, A	1
Civolani, A	1
Podda, RA	1
Saliba, AN	2
Crisponi, G	1
Nurchi, VM	1
Crespo-Alonso, M	1
Sanna, G	1
Zoroddu, MA	1
Alberti, G	1
Biesuz, R	1
Hagag, AA	1
Hamam, MA	1
Taha, OA	1
Hazaa, SM	1
Bellanti, F	1
Del Vecchio, GC	2
Cosmi, C	1
Fotzi, I	1
Bakshi, SD	1
Danhof, M	1
Della Pasqua, O	1
El Rassi, F	1
Osma, U	1
Eyigor, H	1
Yilmaz, MD	1
Aygener, N	1
Pelucchi, S	2
Pelloni, I	1
Arosio, C	2
Mariani, R	2
Piperno, A	2
El-Shazly, AA	1
Elkitkat, RS	1
Ebeid, WM	1
Deghedy, MR	1
Diamantidis, MD	1
Agapidou, A	1
Vetsiou, E	1
Manafas, A	1
Fotiou, P	1
Poggi, M	1
Pugliese, P	1
Daniele, C	1
Equitani, F	1
Terlizzi, F	1
Guitarrini, MR	1
Monti, S	1
Maffei, L	1
Losardo, A	1
Pasin, M	1
Toscano, V	1
Yadav, SP	1
Lin, HJ	1
Kou, HS	1
Chiou, SS	2
Wu, SM	1
Arshad, B	1
Iqbal, T	1
Akram, S	1
Mushtaq, M	1
Orecchia, V	1
Leoni, GB	1
Demurtas, A	1
Loche, S	1
Rossi, G	3
Bentley, A	1
Frizziero, L	1
Hanif, A	1
Gumus, E	1
Abbasoglu, O	1
Tanyel, C	1
Gumruk, F	1
Ozen, H	1
Yuce, A	1
Parakh, N	1
Chandra, J	1
Sharma, S	1
Dhingra, B	1
Jain, R	2
Mahto, D	1
Kidson-Gerber, G	1
Lindeman, R	2
Mahmoud, A	1
Shamsian, BS	2
Moghadassian, H	1
Gachkar, L	1
Arzanian, MT	2
Alavi, S	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label Phase II Trial Evaluating Deferasirox Compared With Deferoxamine in Patients With Cardiac Iron Overload Due to Chronic Blood Transfusions[NCT00600938]	Phase 2	197 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-11-30	Completed
A Prospective Randomized Comparative Study of Efficacy and Safety of Combined Deferiprone (DFP) and Deferasirox Versus DFP and Desferrioxamine (DFO) Therapy in Diseases With Severe Iron Overload[NCT01511848]	Phase 2/Phase 3	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Not yet recruiting
Combined Therapy of Silymarin and Desferrioxamine in Patients With B-thalassemia Major: a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial[NCT00999349]	Phase 2/Phase 3	140 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Active, not recruiting
An Extension Study of Iron Chelation Therapy With Deferasirox (ICL670)in β-thalassemia Patients With Transfusional Iron Overload[NCT00171210]	Phase 3	506 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-10-31	Completed
Denosumab Versus Zoledronic Acid for Patients With Beta-Thalassemia Major-Induced Osteoporosis[NCT03040765]	Phase 3	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-14	Terminated (stopped due to failed to recruit eligible subjects)
Randomized Open-label Phase III Study With Deferiprone and/or Desferrioxamine in Iron Overloaded Patients[NCT00350662]	Phase 3	95 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-01-31	Completed
An Iron Balance Study Comparing Deferasirox, Deferoxamine and the Combination of Both Drugs[NCT00738413]	Phase 1/Phase 2	6 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Recruiting
Thalassemia Clinical Research Network (TCRN)[NCT00000623]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2000-07-31	Completed
Clinical Importance of Treating Iron Overload in Sickle Cell Disease[NCT00981370]	Phase 3	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Terminated (stopped due to 1 consented patient never started on study drug, lost to follow up)
A Trial of Oral Nifedipine for the Treatment of Iron Overload[NCT00712738]	Phase 1	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-06-20	Completed
Acute Effect of a Single Dose of Oral Iron on Pancreatic Beta Cell Function in Healthy Individuals: a Quasi-experimental Single Arm Before-and-after (Pre-post) Study[NCT05238987]		15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-10-10	Completed
The Effect of Metoprolol Succinate on the Cardiac Function of Patients With Thalassemia Cardiomyopathy a Double Blind Randomized Study[NCT01863173]	Phase 2/Phase 3	45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
Iron-mediated Vascular Disease in Sickle Cell Disease.[NCT01239901]		150 participants (Actual)	Observational	2009-12-31	Completed
Hepcidin Levels in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)[NCT02258997]		42 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-03-31	Completed
A Randomized, Comparative, Open Label Phase III Trial on Efficacy & Safety of Long-term Treatment With ICL670 Compared to Deferoxamine in Beta-thalassemia Patients With Transfusional Hemosiderosis[NCT00061750]	Phase 3	595 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-05-31	Completed
A Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Double Blind Trial of the Effect of Combined Therapy With Deferoxamine and Deferiprone on Myocardial Iron in Thalassemia Major Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance[NCT00103753]	Phase 4	65 participants	Interventional	2004-05-31	Active, not recruiting
Chelation Therapy of Iron Overload With Oral Pyridoxal Isonicotinoyl Hydrazone[NCT00000588]	Phase 2	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1989-06-05	Completed
[NCT00000595]	Phase 2	0 participants	Interventional	1978-01-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

An absolute change from baseline in LVEF after 12 months treatment with deferasirox and compared to.DFO was tested using an analysis of covariance model including baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as a covariate. (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 12 Month

Core Study: Cardiac Function After 6 Months of Treatment With Deferasirox vs. Deferoxamine, by Change in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)

Intervention	Percent (Least Squares Mean)
Core: Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	-0.5
Core: Deferoxamine (DFO). For Extension Labeled as DFO to DFO	-0.0

An absolute change from baseline in LVEF after 6 months treatment with deferasirox and DFO was summarized (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 6 Month

Core Study: Cardiac Function and the Proportion of Patients Dropping Out Due to Cardiac Dysfunction After Treatment With Deferasirox vs. Deferoxamine

Intervention	Percent (Mean)
Core: Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	-0.95
Deferoxamine (DFO). For Extension Labeled as DFO to DFO	-0.37

The number of patients withdrawn from the study due to LVEF <50%, T2* <6 ms or significant decreases in T2* ≥ 33% from baseline was provided per treatment group. (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 12 Month

Core Study: Change From Baseline in Myocardial T2* (Magnetic Resonance T2-star (T2*) Technique for the Measurement of Tissue Iron) After 12 Months Treatment

Intervention	Participants (Number)
Core: Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	3
Core; Deferoxamine (DFO). For Extension Labeled as DFO to DFO	2

Non- inferiority in efficacy of deferasirox compared to deferoxamine (DFO) in treating cardiac iron overload as measured by T2*. A non-inferiority margin of 0.9 (90%) was applied. Due to limitations in performing heart biopsies, T2* (T2 star), a Magnetic Resonance (MR) relaxation parameter expressed in milliseconds, as is an important tool to noninvasively quantify cardiac iron concentration. Studies have shown that myocardial T2* evaluations may predict cardiac events, e.g., impaired (<56%) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is prevalent among patients with low T2*: found in 62% of patients with T2*<8 ms; 20% with T2* of 8-12 ms; and in 5% with T2* >12 ms (Tanner 2006) (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 12 Month

Core Study: Change From Baseline in Myocardial T2* After 6 Months Treatment

Intervention	Millisecond (Geometric Mean)
Core: Deferasirox (ICL)	1.12
Core: Deferoxamine (DFO)	1.07

Summary statistics of T2* ratio Month 6/baseline (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 6 Month

Core Study: Single and Repeated Dose Pharmacokinetics of Deferasirox, Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve for a Dosing Interval (AUCtau)

Intervention	Ratio (Geometric Mean)
Core: Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	1.04
Core: Deferoxamine (DFO). For Extension Labeled as DFO to DFO	1.04

The plasma level of deferasirox (ICL670) obtained in this study was summarized descriptively. Plasma concentration was plotted by patient and by visit. Descriptive statistics included the mean, median, SD, and CV, min and max. deferasirox pharmacokinetics (PK) trough levels over the 12 months of treatment and obtained PK profiles for the 40 mg/kg/day deferasirox dose, area under the plasma concentration-time curve for a dosing interval (AUCtau) (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 12 Month

Core Study: Single and Repeated Dose Pharmacokinetics of Deferasirox, Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

Intervention	(h.ng/mL) (Mean)
Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	2129.70

The plasma level of deferasirox (ICL670) obtained in this study was summarized descriptively. Plasma concentration was plotted by patient and by visit. Descriptive statistics included the mean, median, SD, and CV, min and max. deferasirox pharmacokinetics (PK) trough levels over the 12 months of treatment and obtained PK profiles for the 40 mg/kg/day deferasirox dose, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 12 Month

Core Study: Single and Repeated Dose Pharmacokinetics of Deferasirox, Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax)

Intervention	umol/L (Mean)
Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	150.09

The plasma level of deferasirox (ICL670) obtained in this study was summarized descriptively. Plasma concentration was plotted by patient and by visit. Descriptive statistics included the mean, median, SD, and CV, min and max. deferasirox pharmacokinetics (PK) trough levels over the 12 months of treatment and obtained PK profiles for the 40 mg/kg/day deferasirox dose, time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 12 Month

Core Study: Cardiac Function After 6 and 12 Months of Treatment With Deferasirox vs. Deferoxamine, by Change in Left Ventricular Mass Indices (LVMI)

Intervention	(h) (Median)
Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	4.00

An absolute change from baseline in LVMI after 6, and 12 months treatment with deferasirox and DFO was summarized (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 6 Month, 12 Month

Core Study: Cardiac Function After 6 and 12 Months Treatment With Deferasirox vs. Deferoxamine, by Change in Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume Indices (LVESVI)

Intervention	gram/m^2 (Mean)
	Change from Baseline at 6 Month (n= 85, 73)	Change from Baseline at 12 Month/EOS (n= 91, 81)
Core: Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	1.01	4.13
Core: Deferoxamine (DFO). For Extension Labeled as DFO to DFO	3.32	5.25

An absolute change from baseline in LVESVI after 6 and 12 months treatment with deferasirox and DFO was summarized. Changes in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) measured left ventricular end systolic after 6 and 12 months treatment. Left ventricular (LV) end-systolic volume indexed to body surface area (ESVI) is a simple yet powerful echocardiographic marker of LV remodeling that can be measured easily. Left ventricular (LV) end-systolic volume (ESV) has been shown to be an important determinant of survival after myocardial infarction (MI) (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 6 Month, 12 Month

Core Study: Core Study: Cardiac Function After 6 and 12 Months of Treatment With Deferasirox vs. Deferoxamine, by Change in Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Indices (LVEDVI)

Intervention	Milliliter (Mean)
	Change from baseline at 6 Month (n= 85, 73)	Change from Baseline at 12 Month/EOS (n= 91, 81)
Core: Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	1.8	1.57
Core: Deferoxamine (DFO). For Extension Labeled as DFO to DFO	0.88	0.10

An absolute change from baseline in LVEDVI after 6, and 12 months treatment with deferasirox and DFO was summarized (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 6 Month, 12 Month

Core Study: Safety and Tolerability of Deferasirox vs Deferoxamine Over the 12 Months Treatment Period.

Intervention	Percent (Mean)
	Change from Baseline at 6 Month (n= 85, 73)	Change from Baseline at 12 Month/EOS (n= 91, 81)
Core; Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	1.81	1.79
Core: Deferoxamine (DFO). For Extension Labeled as DFO to DFO	1.48	1.10

Number of patients with adverse events, serious adverse events and death (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: 12 Month

Core Study: Single and Repeated Dose Pharmacokinetics of Deferasirox, Time Points of Concentration Data

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	At least one AE	Serious Adverse Events	Death. None were considered related to study drug.
Core: Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	65	10	1
Core: Deferoxamine (DFO). For Extension Labeled as DFO to DFO	69	10	1

The plasma level of deferasirox (ICL670) obtained in this study was summarized descriptively. Plasma concentration was plotted by patient and by visit. For trough concentration assessments, a 2-mL blood sample was to be taken on arrival at the study site, i.e. prior to the patient receiving the daily deferasirox dose (pre-dose blood sample). A second 2-mL blood sample was to be taken 2 hours later (post-dose sample). At all other visits (Visits 3 - 14), a pre-dose sample was to be taken. For PK profile assessments, 3 blood samples were taken after 1, 2, and 4 hours post-dose in addition to the 2-mL pre-dose (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: Month 1 and month 2 (pre-dose, 1,2 and 4 hours post-dose)

Extension Study: Cardiac Function From Baseline to Month 24 by Change in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)

Intervention	(umol/L) (Mean)
	Month 1, 0 hour (predose)	Month 1, 1 hour (post dos)	Month 1, 2 hour (post dose)	Month 1, 4 hour (post dose)	Month 2, 0 hour (predose)	Month 2, 1 hour (post dose)	Month 2, 2 hour (post dose)	Month 2, 4 hour (post dose)
Deferasirox (ICL). For Extension Labeled as ICL to ICL	32.25	96.32	136.47	133.33	38.66	119.48	177.19	180.76

Cardiac function endpoints (LVEF) obtained by CMR at baseline, Months 6, 12, 18 and 24 were summarized by means of descriptive statistics. These analyses were conducted for the measured values as well as for the absolute changes from baseline (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

Extension Study: Cardiac Function From Baseline to Month 24 by Change in Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Indices (LVEDVI)

Intervention	Percent (Mean)
	Month 6 (n=71,26,40,1)	Month 12 (n= 66,29,42,1)	Month 18 (n=68,26,39,1 )	Month 24 (n= 63,25,33,1)
Extension: DFO to DFO	-1.8	0.3	-0.8	-0.6
Extension: DFO to ICL	0.1	0.0	-1.3	0.2
Extension: ICL to DFO	-1.0	0	-10.0	-18.0
Extension: ICL to ICL	-1.1	-0.5	-0.1	0.6

Cardiac function endpoint (LVEDVI ) obtained by CMR at baseline, Months 6, 12, 18 and 24 were summarized by means of descriptive statistics. These analyses were conducted for the measured values as well as for the absolute changes from baseline (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

Extension Study: Cardiac Function From Baseline to Month 24 by Change in Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume Indices (LVESVI)

Intervention	mL/m^2 (Mean)
	Month 6 (n=69,26,40,1)	Month 12 (n=64,28,40,1)	Month 18 (n=67,24,35,1)	Month 24 (n=60,23,33,0)
Extension: DFO to DFO	3.5	-0.6	4.2	9.5
Extension: DFO to ICL	0.5	3.0	8.3	5.4
Extension: ICL to DFO	1.0	4.0	36.0	NA
Extension: ICL to ICL	2.0	2.0	6.5	3.4

Cardiac function endpoints (LVESVI) obtained by CMR at baseline, Months 6, 12, 18 and 24 were summarized by means of descriptive statistics. These analyses were conducted for the measured values as well as for the absolute changes from baseline (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

Extension Study: Cardiac Function From Baseline to Month 24 by Change in Left Ventricular Mass Indices (LVMI)

Intervention	mL/m^2 (Mean)
	Month 6 (n=69,26,40,1)	Month 12 (n=64,28,40,1 )	Month 18 (n=67,24,35,1 )	Month 24 (n=60,23,33,0 )
Extension: DFO to DFO	3.4	-0.8	2.8	4.3
Extension: DFO to ICL	0	0.6	4.1	1.7
Extension: ICL to DFO	1	2	28.0	NA
Extension: ICL to ICL	1.7	1.5	2.4	1.6

Cardiac function endpoints (LVMI) obtained by CMR at baseline, Months 6, 12, 18 and 24 were summarized by means of descriptive statistics. These analyses were conducted for the measured values as well as for the absolute changes (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

Extension Study: Change From Baseline in Myocardial T2* After 24 Months Treatment

Intervention	gram/m^2 (Mean)
	Month 6 (n=69,26,40,1)	Month 12 (n=64,28,40,1)	Month 18 (n=67,24,35,1)	Month 24 (n=60,23,33,0)
Extension: DFO to DFO	1.8	9.1	-0.1	6.7
Extension: DFO to ICL	3.2	3.4	4.0	10.3
Extension: ICL to DFO	-6.0	1	37.0	NA
Extension: ICL to ICL	1.4	4.2	4.8	5.6

The measured T2* values, the ratio (post-baseline / baseline T2*) at Month 6, 12, 18 and 24 was summarized for FAS population along with two-sided 95% CIs. The geometric means of the ratio was presented for all treatment groups (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

Extension Study: Change in Liver Iron Concentration (LIC) From Baseline at Month 24

Intervention	Ratio (Geometric Mean)
	Month 6 (n=71,26,40,1)	Month 12(n=66, 29, 41, 1)	Month 18 (n=68, 26, 39, 1)	Month 24 (n=63, 25, 33, 1)
Extension : ICL to ICL	1.06	1.17	1.24	1.38
Extension; DFO to ICL	1.03	1.07	1.13	1.21
Extension: DFO to DFO	1.05	1.06	1.18	1.33
Extension: ICL to DFO	1.00	1.17	1.05	1.11

Results of liver iron content (LIC) measurements by MRI was summarized by descriptive statistics. The absolute value and the absolute change from baseline in LIC at Months 6, 12, 18 and 24 were provided by treatment group. (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

Extension Study: Change in Serum Ferritin From Baseline by Month

Intervention	mg Fe/g dw (Mean)
	Month 6 (n=71,26,38,1)	Month 12 (n=69,29,40,1)	Month 18 (n=70,23,38,1)	Month 24 (n=60,24,33,1)
Extension: DFO to DFO	-12.66	-19.44	-26.09	-26.02
Extension: DFO to ICL	-6.30	-7.98	-10.87	-10.96
Extension: ICL to DFO	-3.80	-3.90	-2.90	-3.20
Extension: ICL to ICL	-4.56	-10.22	-12.26	-15.74

Serum ferritin values was summarized by descriptive statistics. Absolute value and the absolute change from baseline in serum ferritin by month was provided by treatment group. (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

Extension Study: The Cardiac Iron Concentration From T2* Values

Intervention	ug/L (Mean)
	Month 6 (n=72,28,38,0)	Month 12 (n=70,29,40,1)	Month 18 (n=66,24,39,1)	Month 24 (n=59,24,30,0)
Extension: DFO to DFO	-1307.14	-1877.00	-2426.92	-2724.00
Extension: DFO to ICL	-1054.87	-1223.73	-1494.82	-1513.23
Extension: ICL to DFO	NA	-498.00	-1067.00	NA
Extension: ICL to ICL	-626.10	-988.46	-1962.14	-2239.03

Cardiac iron concentration (derived from T2* values) at baseline, Months 6, 12, 18 and 24 were summarized by descriptive statistics. The absolute change from baseline at Months 6, 12, 18 and 24 were also summarized by treatment group. Lliver iron concentration is expressed in units (mg of iron / g of liver tissue dry weight (dw) (NCT00600938)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

Absolute Change in Liver Iron Content From Start of ICL670 Treatment to End of Study Measured by Biopsy

Intervention	mg Fe/g dw (Mean)
	Month 6 (n=71,26,40,1)	Month 12 (n=66,29,41,1)	Month 18 (n=68,26,39,1)	Month 24 (n=63,25,33,1)
Extension: DFO to DFO	-0.12	-0.12	-0.45	-0.69
Extension: DFO to ICL	-0.08	-0.14	-0.20	-0.34
Extension: ICL to DFO	0	-0.77	-0.24	-0.52
Extension: ICL to ICL	-0.12	-0.38	-0.47	-0.70

Measurement of median absolute change in liver iron content (LIC) from start of treatment with Deferasirox (ICL670) to end of study obtained through biopsy. Absolute change = End of study value - start of treatment value. LIC is expressed in mg of iron per gram of liver dry weight (mg Fe/g dw). (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Absolute Change in Liver Iron Content From Start of ICL670 Treatment to End of Study Measured by SQUID

Intervention	mg Fe/g dw (Median)
Crossover	-2.8
ICL670	-3.2

Measurement of the median absolute change in liver iron content (LIC) from start of treatment with Deferasirox (ICL670) to end of study obtained through Superconducting Quantum Interfering Device (SQUID). Absolute change = End of study value - start of treatment value. LIC is expressed in mg of iron per gram of liver dry weight (mg Fe/g dw). (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Change in Surrogate Marker: Serum Iron From Start of Treatment With ICL670 to End of Study

Intervention	mg Fe/g dw (Median)
Crossover	-1.1
ICL670	-1.6

"Measurement of the relative change of potential surrogate markers: Serum Iron (µmol/L) from start of treatment with Deferasirox (ICL670) to end of study.~(Serum Iron at the End of Study-Serum Iron at Start of ICL670)/Serum Iron at Start of ICL670*100." (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Change in Surrogate Marker: Serum Transferrin From Start of Treatment With ICL670 to End of Study

Intervention	Percent change (Mean)
Crossover	1.5
ICL670	10.3

"Measurement of the relative change in percent of potential surrogate marker: Serum Transferrin (g/L) from start of treatment with Deferasirox (ICL670) to end of study.~(Serum Transferrin at the End of Study-Serum Transferrin at Start of ICL670)/Serum Transferrin at Start of ICL670*100." (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Change in Surrogate Marker: Transferrin Saturation From Start of Treatment With ICL670 to End of Study

Intervention	Percent change (Mean)
Crossover	7.7
ICL670	7.0

"Measurement of the relative change of potential surrogate marker: Transferrin Saturation (Percent) from start of treatment with Deferasirox (ICL670) to end of study.~(Transferrin Saturation at the End of Study-Tranferrin Saturation at Start of ICL670)/Transferrin Saturation at Start of ICL670*100." (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Change of Total Body Iron Excretion Rate (TBIE) From Start of ICL670 Treatment to the End of Study

Intervention	Percent change (Mean)
Crossover	-5.4
ICL670	3.4

Median change in TBIE (mg/kg/day) from start of treatment with Deferasirox (ICL670) to end of study. (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Long-term Effect of ICL670 on Hepatic Iron Stores Measured by Means of Liver Iron Content (LIC) as Assessed by Liver Biopsy

Intervention	mg/kg/day (Median)
Crossover	0.37
ICL670	0.38

Mean absolute change of LIC from start of Deferasirox (ICL670) treatment to the end of study assessed by liver biopsy. Reported in milligrams of Iron per gram dry weight (mg Fe/g dw). (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Long-term Effect of ICL670 on Hepatic Iron Stores Measured by Means of Liver Iron Content (LIC) as Assessed by SQUID

Intervention	mg Fe/g dw (Mean)
Crossover	-2.4
ICL670	-4.1

Mean absolute change in LIC from start of Deferasirox (ICL670) treatment to the end of the study assessed by Superconducting Quantum Interfering Device (SQUID) measurement used as a non-invasive alternative to Biopsy for pediatric participants. Reported in milligrams of Iron per gram dry weight (mg Fe/g dw). (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Long-term Effect of Treatment With ICL670 on the Changes in Serum Ferritin Levels From Start of ICL670 Treatment to End of Study

Intervention	mg Fe/g dw (Mean)
Crossover	-0.5
ICL670	-0.7

Mean Absolute Change in serum ferritin (ug/L) from start of treatment with Deferasirox (ICL670) to end of study taking into account the therapeutic goal which will either be to maintain iron balance or to induce negative iron balance. End of study taken as the mean of, at most, the last three available results after start of treatment with ICL670. (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Relative Change in Liver Iron Content From Start of ICL670 Treatment to End of Study as Measured by SQUID

Intervention	μg/L (Mean)
Crossover	-122.1
ICL670	-527.8

Relative change in liver iron content (LIC) measured by Superconducting Quantum Interfering Device (SQUID), calculated by: End of study value - Start of ICL670 treatment value (absolute change) / Start of ICL670 treatment value. (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Relative Change in Liver Iron Content From Start of ICL670 Treatment to End of Study Measured by Biopsy

Intervention	percent of start value (Median)
Crossover	-20.8
ICL670	-33.0

Relative change in liver iron content (LIC) as measured by biopsy and calculated by: End of study value - Start of ICL670 treatment value (absolute change) / Start of ICL670 treatment value. (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: Start of ICL670 treatment, End of Study or study discontinuation (up to 5 years)

Long Term Safety and Tolerability Profile of ICL670 Based on the Number of Participants Who Experienced Any Adverse Event

Intervention	percent of start value (Median)
Crossover	-25.4
ICL670	-26.0

Adverse events results are based on preferred terms with at least 7% of participants in any group. (NCT00171210)
Timeframe: up to 5 years

Article	Year
Clinical Challenges with Iron Chelation in Beta Thalassemia. Hematology/oncology clinics of North America, 2023, Volume: 37, Issue:2 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Pyr	2023
Cost-utility of new film-coated tablet formulation of deferasirox vs deferoxamine among major beta-thalassemia patients in Iran. Medicine, 2020, Jul-10, Volume: 99, Issue:28 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iran; Iron Chelating Age	2020
Management of Iron Overload in Beta-Thalassemia Patients: Clinical Practice Update Based on Case Series. International journal of molecular sciences, 2020, Nov-20, Volume: 21, Issue:22 Topics: Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Cardiomyopathies; Chelation Therapy; Deferoxamine; Drug	2020
Iron overload and iron chelating agent exposure in anemia-associated outer retinal degeneration: a case report and review of the literature. BMC ophthalmology, 2021, Jul-13, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Retinal Degeneration;	2021
The effect of iron chelation therapy on overall survival in sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia: A systematic review. American journal of hematology, 2018, Volume: 93, Issue:7 Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron Ch	2018
Interventions for improving adherence to iron chelation therapy in people with sickle cell disease or thalassaemia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 05-08, Volume: 5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Child; Defer	2018
Elevated Prevalence of Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Other Endocrine Disorders in Patients with β-Thalassemia Major: A Meta-Analysis. BioMed research international, 2019, Volume: 2019 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferoxamine; Diabetes Mellitus; Endocrine System Diseases; Glu	2019
A systematic review and meta-analysis of deferiprone monotherapy and in combination with deferoxamine for reduction of iron overload in chronically transfused patients with β-thalassemia. Hemoglobin, 2014, Volume: 38, Issue:6 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Female; Humans; Iron Chelating Agent	2014
The first case of breast cancer in thalassemic patient: case report and review of literature. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2015, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltratin	2015
Clinical monitoring and management of complications related to chelation therapy in patients with β-thalassemia. Expert review of hematology, 2016, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Disease Mana	2016
Update on survival in thalassemia major. Hemoglobin, 2009, Volume: 33 Suppl 1 Topics: Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Iron	2009
Iron chelation therapy in thalassemia major: a systematic review with meta-analyses of 1520 patients included on randomized clinical trials. Blood cells, molecules & diseases, 2011, Oct-15, Volume: 47, Issue:3 Topics: Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Therapy	2011
[Iron chelating therapy in adults: How and when ?]. La Revue de medecine interne, 2013, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Humans; Ir	2013
Growth and puberty and its management in thalassaemia. Hormone research, 2002, Volume: 58 Suppl 1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amenorrhea; beta-Thalassemia; Body Height; Calcification, Physiologic; Child; Def	2002
Oral chelators deferasirox and deferiprone for transfusional iron overload in thalassemia major: new data, new questions. Blood, 2006, May-01, Volume: 107, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Oral; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Clinical Trials as Topic; Costs and Cost Analysis	2006
Chelation therapy for iron overload. Current gastroenterology reports, 2007, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferasirox; Deferipron	2007
Current status of iron overload and chelation with deferasirox. Indian journal of pediatrics, 2007, Volume: 74, Issue:8 Topics: Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Clinical Trials as Topic; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron Chela	2007
Lessons from preclinical and clinical studies with 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one, CP94 and related compounds. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1994, Volume: 356 Topics: Animals; beta-Thalassemia; Cell Line; Deferoxamine; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents	1994
Thalassaemia and other haemoglobinopathies in general practice. Australian family physician, 1994, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; alpha-Thalassemia; beta-Thalassemia; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Carrier State; Chelation Th	1994
[Congenital anemia]. Der Internist, 1994, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Combined Modality	1994
Ribonucleotide reductase, lipoxygenase and the intracellular low-molecular-weight iron pool. Biochemical Society transactions, 1997, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Deferoxamine; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Humans; Iro	1997
Long-term trials of deferiprone in Cooley's anemia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1998, Jun-30, Volume: 850 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Clinical Trials as Topic; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Ferritins; Humans; Iron; Iron	1998
Bone disease in beta-thalassaemia major. British journal of haematology, 1998, Volume: 103, Issue:4 Topics: Anemia; beta-Thalassemia; Bone Diseases; Deferoxamine; Female; Humans; Male; Osteoporosis	1998
Current trends in management of the beta thalassemias. Indian pediatrics, 1999, Volume: 36, Issue:12 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Chelating Agents; Deferoxamine; Hu	1999
Oral iron chelation therapy for thalassaemia: an uncertain scene. British journal of haematology, 2000, Volume: 111, Issue:1 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron	2000
Benefits and complications of regular blood transfusion in patients with beta-thalassaemia major. Vox sanguinis, 2000, Volume: 79, Issue:3 Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Group Incompatibility; Blood Transfusion; Cardiovascular	2000
Iron status and the outcome of HIV infection: an overview. Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, 2001, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Anti-Infective Agents; be	2001
[Therapeuetic management of patients with thalassemia major]. Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990), 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:2 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron Chelati	2001
Chelation therapy in beta-thalassemia: an optimistic update. Seminars in hematology, 2001, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Deferoxamine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overl	2001

Article	Year
Deferiprone versus deferoxamine for transfusional iron overload in sickle cell disease and other anemias: Pediatric subgroup analysis of the randomized, open-label FIRST study. Pediatric blood & cancer, 2024, Volume: 71, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron; Iron C	2024
Benefits of Curcumin Supplementation on Antioxidant Status in β-Thalassemia Major Patients: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Annals of nutrition & metabolism, 2017, Volume: 71, Issue:3-4 Topics: Adult; Antioxidants; beta-Thalassemia; Biomarkers; Curcumin; Deferoxamine; Dietary Supplements; Doub	2017
Pantoprazole reduces serum ferritin in patients with thalassemia major and intermedia: A randomized, controlled study. Therapie, 2019, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Female; Ferritin	2019
Therapeutic mechanism of combined oral chelation therapy to maximize efficacy of iron removal in transfusion-dependent thalassemia major - a pilot study. Expert review of hematology, 2019, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Chelation Therapy; Deferasirox; De	2019
A 1-year randomized trial of deferasirox alone versus deferasirox and deferoxamine combination for the treatment of iron overload in thalassemia major. Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis, 2019, Volume: 58, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Double-Blind M	2019
Deferoxamine-induced dysplasia-like skeletal abnormalities at radiography and MRI. Pediatric radiology, 2013, Volume: 43, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Bone Diseases, Developmental; Chelating Agents; Child; Child, P	2013
Immunomodulatory effects of silymarin in patients with β-thalassemia major. International immunopharmacology, 2013, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Cell Proliferation; Complement C3; Complement C4; Cytokines; De	2013
Treatment of heart failure in adults with thalassemia major: response in patients randomised to deferoxamine with or without deferiprone. Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2013, May-20, Volume: 15 Topics: Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Heart Failure	2013
A 1-year randomized controlled trial of deferasirox vs deferoxamine for myocardial iron removal in β-thalassemia major (CORDELIA). Blood, 2014, Mar-06, Volume: 123, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Female; Ferritins;	2014
Sustained improvements in myocardial T2* over 2 years in severely iron-overloaded patients with beta thalassemia major treated with deferasirox or deferoxamine. American journal of hematology, 2015, Volume: 90, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Child; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine;	2015
Combined chelation therapy with daily oral deferiprone and twice-weekly subcutaneous infusion of desferrioxamine in children with β-thalassemia: 3-year experience. Acta haematologica, 2015, Volume: 133, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Alanine Transaminase; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; C	2015
Efficacy and safety of a novel combination of two oral chelators deferasirox/deferiprone over deferoxamine/deferiprone in severely iron overloaded young beta thalassemia major patients. European journal of haematology, 2015, Volume: 95, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxa	2015
Deferiprone versus deferoxamine in thalassemia intermedia: Results from a 5-year long-term Italian multicenter randomized clinical trial. American journal of hematology, 2015, Volume: 90, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Agranulocytosis; Arthralgia; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine;	2015
Efficacy and safety of deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, in heavily iron-overloaded patients with beta-thalassaemia: the ESCALATOR study. European journal of haematology, 2009, Volume: 82, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Child, Preschool; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxa	2009
Combined therapy of silymarin and desferrioxamine in patients with beta-thalassemia major: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2009, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antioxidants; beta-Thalassemia; Deferoxamine; Double-Blind	2009
Efficacy of combined desferrioxamine and deferiprone versus single desferrioxamine therapy in patients with major thalassemia. Archives of Iranian medicine, 2009, Volume: 12, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Urea N	2009
Normalisation of total body iron load with very intensive combined chelation reverses cardiac and endocrine complications of thalassaemia major. British journal of haematology, 2010, Volume: 148, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Glucose; Cardiomyopathies; Child; Deferiprone; Deferoxami	2010
Deferoxamine versus combined therapy for chelating liver, spleen and bone marrow iron in beta-thalassemic patients: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Hemoglobin, 2010, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Bone Marrow; Chelation Therapy; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Therapy, Combinati	2010
Combined chelation therapy in thalassemia major with deferiprone and desferrioxamine: a retrospective study. European journal of haematology, 2010, Volume: 85, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Administrati	2010
Efficacy, compliance and toxicity factors are affecting the rate of normalization of body iron stores in thalassemia patients using the deferiprone and deferoxamine combination therapy. Hemoglobin, 2011, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: beta-Thalassemia; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ferritins; Humans; Iron; Iro	2011
Intermediate-term evaluation of a pratical chelation protocol based on stratification of thalassemic patients by serum ferritin and magnetic resonance imaging cardiac t2. Hemoglobin, 2011, Volume: 35, Issue:3* Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferiprone; Defero	2011
Sequential alternating deferiprone and deferoxamine treatment compared to deferiprone monotherapy: main findings and clinical follow-up of a large multicenter randomized clinical trial in -thalassemia major patients. Hemoglobin, 2011, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Administrati	2011
Iron chelation with deferasirox in adult and pediatric patients with thalassemia major: efficacy and safety during 5 years' follow-up. Blood, 2011, Jul-28, Volume: 118, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Ov	2011
Timed non-transferrin bound iron determinations probe the origin of chelatable iron pools during deferiprone regimens and predict chelation response. Haematologica, 2012, Volume: 97, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Proteins; Blood Transfusion; Chelation Therapy; Child; Deferipro	2012
Compliance of deferoxamine injection in beta-thalassaemia major patients in Iran. Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England), 2012, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferoxamine; Humans; Ira	2012
Cardiac iron removal and functional cardiac improvement by different iron chelation regimens in thalassemia major patients. Annals of hematology, 2012, Volume: 91, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Comorbidity; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Therap	2012
Long-term use of deferiprone significantly enhances left-ventricular ejection function in thalassemia major patients. American journal of hematology, 2012, Volume: 87, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Comb	2012
The effect of combined therapy with deferoxamine and deferiprone on serum ferritin level of beta-thalassemic patients. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2012, Volume: 17, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Administration Routes; D	2012
Toward optimizing the use of deferasirox: potential benefits of combined use with deferoxamine. Haematologica, 2013, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hu	2013
The effects of chelators on zinc levels in patients with thalassemia major. Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS), 2013, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Demography; Female;	2013
A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of therapeutic effects of silymarin in β-thalassemia major patients receiving desferrioxamine. European journal of haematology, 2013, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; beta-Thalassemia; Deferoxamine; Double-Blind Met	2013
Comparison between desferrioxamine and combined therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone in iron overloaded thalassaemia patients. British journal of haematology, 2003, Volume: 121, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Chelating Agents; Child; Deferiprone; Defero	2003
Effectiveness and safety of ICL670 in iron-loaded patients with thalassaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. Lancet (London, England), 2003, May-10, Volume: 361, Issue:9369 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Area Under Curve; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Dose-Re	2003
Safety monitoring of cardiac and hepatic systems in beta-thalassemia patients with chelating treatment in Taiwan. European journal of haematology, 2003, Volume: 70, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Child; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Female; Fe	2003
Potential myocardial iron content evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging in thalassemia major patients treated with Deferoxamine or Deferiprone during a randomized multicenter prospective clinical study. Hemoglobin, 2003, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; beta-Thalassemia; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Female; Heart Function Tests; Hum	2003
Chromosomal aberration frequencies in patients with thalassaemia major undergoing therapy with deferiprone and deferoxamine in a comparative crossover study. Mutagenesis, 2003, Volume: 18, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Cell Cycle; Chelation Therapy; Chromosome Aberrations; Cross-Ov	2003
Combined therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone in thalassemic patients: effect on urinary iron excretion. Haematologica, 2003, Volume: 88, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Combined Modality Therapy; Deferiprone; Defe	2003
Hydroxyurea in the treatment of major beta-thalassemia and importance of genetic screening. Annals of hematology, 2004, Volume: 83, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelating Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Combined Modality Th	2004
Combined chelation therapy with deferiprone and desferrioxamine in iron overloaded beta-thalassemia patients. Haematologica, 2004, Volume: 89, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Therapy, Com	2004
Effectiveness and safety of combined iron-chelation therapy with deferoxamine and deferiprone. The hematology journal : the official journal of the European Haematology Association, 2004, Volume: 5, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Dose-Response	2004
A simple model to assess and improve adherence to iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine in patients with thalassemia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2005, Volume: 1054 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Biomarkers; Chelation Therapy; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferox	2005
A phase 3 study of deferasirox (ICL670), a once-daily oral iron chelator, in patients with beta-thalassemia. Blood, 2006, May-01, Volume: 107, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Defer	2006
A phase 3 study of deferasirox (ICL670), a once-daily oral iron chelator, in patients with beta-thalassemia. Blood, 2006, May-01, Volume: 107, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Defer	2006
A phase 3 study of deferasirox (ICL670), a once-daily oral iron chelator, in patients with beta-thalassemia. Blood, 2006, May-01, Volume: 107, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Defer	2006
A phase 3 study of deferasirox (ICL670), a once-daily oral iron chelator, in patients with beta-thalassemia. Blood, 2006, May-01, Volume: 107, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Defer	2006
Randomized controlled trial of deferiprone or deferoxamine in beta-thalassemia major patients with asymptomatic myocardial siderosis. Blood, 2006, May-01, Volume: 107, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Cardiomyopathies; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Female; Humans; Iron; Iron Che	2006
Subcutaneous bolus injection of deferoxamine is an alternative method to subcutaneous continuous infusion. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology, 2006, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; beta-Thalassemia; Biopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferoxamine; Female; Ferritins; Huma	2006
Combined therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone in beta thalassemia major patients with transfusional iron overload. Annals of hematology, 2006, Volume: 85, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Erythrocyte	2006
Evaluation of the efficacy of oral deferiprone in beta-thalassemia major by multislice multiecho T2. European journal of haematology, 2006, Volume: 76, Issue:3* Topics: Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Female; Humans; Iron Overload; Magnetic Resonanc	2006
Glucose metabolism disorders improvement in patients with thalassaemia major after 24-36 months of intensive chelation therapy. Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER, 2004, Volume: 2 Suppl 2 Topics: Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Diabetes Mellitus; Drug Thera	2004
Deferiprone or deferoxamine vs. combination therapy in patients with beta-thalassemia major: a case study in Taiwan. Hemoglobin, 2006, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; beta-Thalassemia; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy,	2006
Impact of long-term iron chelation therapy on growth and endocrine functions in thalassaemia. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM, 2006, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Body Height; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferoxamine; Female; Glu	2006
Effective combination therapy of deferiprone and deferoxamine for the rapid clearance of excess cardiac IRON and the prevention of heart disease in thalassemia. The Protocol of the International Committee on Oral Chelators. Hemoglobin, 2006, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; beta-Thalassemia; Cardiomyopathies; Chelation Therapy; Clinical Protocols; Com	2006
Comparison of oral and subcutaneous iron chelation therapies in the prevention of major endocrinopathies in beta-thalassemia major patients. Hemoglobin, 2006, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Child; Combined Modali	2006
A randomized controlled study evaluating the safety and efficacy of deferiprone treatment in thalassemia major patients from Hong Kong. Hemoglobin, 2006, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Arthralgia; beta-Thalassemia; Biopsy, Needle; Chelation Therapy; Child; Combined	2006
Randomized phase II trial of deferasirox (Exjade, ICL670), a once-daily, orally-administered iron chelator, in comparison to deferoxamine in thalassemia patients with transfusional iron overload. Haematologica, 2006, Volume: 91, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Female; Humans; Iron Chel	2006
Four-year evaluation of myocardial and liver iron assessed prospectively with serial MRI scans in young patients with beta-thalassaemia major: comparison between different chelation regimens. European journal of haematology, 2007, Volume: 78, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Child; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Thera	2007
Peripheral blood haematopoietic progenitor cells in patients with beta thalassaemia major receiving desferrioxamine or deferiprone as chelation therapy. European journal of haematology, 2007, Volume: 78, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Female; Granulocyte Colony-St	2007
Deferasirox for the treatment of chronic iron overload in transfusional hemosiderosis. Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.), 2006, Volume: 20, Issue:14 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferasi	2006
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of the effect of combined therapy with deferoxamine and deferiprone on myocardial iron in thalassemia major using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation, 2007, Apr-10, Volume: 115, Issue:14 Topics: Adult; Agranulocytosis; Arthralgia; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine;	2007
Phase Ib clinical trial of starch-conjugated deferoxamine (40SD02): a novel long-acting iron chelator. British journal of haematology, 2007, Volume: 138, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferoxamine; Femal	2007
Prospective evaluation of patient-reported outcomes during treatment with deferasirox or deferoxamine for iron overload in patients with beta-thalassemia. Clinical therapeutics, 2007, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antidotes; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferasirox; Def	2007
Pattern of iron chelation therapy in Egyptian beta thalassemic patients: Mansoura University Children's Hospital experience. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2007, Volume: 12, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Child; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Thera	2007
Effect of transfusional iron intake on response to chelation therapy in beta-thalassemia major. Blood, 2008, Jan-15, Volume: 111, Issue:2 Topics: Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Child, Preschool; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Erythrocyte Transfusion; F	2008
A randomized controlled 1-year study of daily deferiprone plus twice weekly desferrioxamine compared with daily deferiprone monotherapy in patients with thalassemia major. Haematologica, 2007, Volume: 92, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Ir	2007
Combined chelation therapy in thalassemia major for the treatment of severe myocardial siderosis with left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2008, Feb-25, Volume: 10 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Cardiomyopathies; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug The	2008
Inflammation and oxidant-stress in beta-thalassemia patients treated with iron chelators deferasirox (ICL670) or deferoxamine: an ancillary study of the Novartis CICL670A0107 trial. Haematologica, 2008, Volume: 93, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; C-Reactive Protein; Child; Deferasiro	2008
Use of a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics for prolonged subcutaneous drug administration. Journal of clinical pharmacology, 1995, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; beta-Thalassemia; Deferoxamine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female;	1995
High transfusion in children with beta-thalassemia/Hb E: clinical and laboratory assessment of 18 cases. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 1993, Volume: 24 Suppl 1 Topics: Adolescent; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferoxamine; Female; Ferr	1993
Results from a phase I clinical trial of HBED. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1994, Volume: 356 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelating Agents; Deferoxamine; Edetic Acid; Female; Humans; Ir	1994
Early detection of nephrotoxic effects in thalassemic patients receiving desferrioxamine therapy. Kidney international, 1994, Volume: 46, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adolescent; Adult; beta 2-Microglobulin; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child,	1994
Evaluation of a new method of administration of the iron chelating agent deferoxamine. The Journal of pediatrics, 1997, Volume: 130, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Deferoxamine; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Injections,	1997
The impact of neocyte transfusion in the management of thalassaemia. Vox sanguinis, 1996, Volume: 70, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; beta-Thalassemia; Cell Separation; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Chelation Therapy;	1996
Immune function in patients with beta thalassaemia receiving the orally active iron-chelating agent deferiprone. British journal of haematology, 1997, Volume: 98, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibody Formation; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferiprone; Defer	1997
Renal tubular function in beta-thalassemia. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 1998, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Amino Acids; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferoxamine;	1998
Long-term safety and effectiveness of iron-chelation therapy with deferiprone for thalassemia major. The New England journal of medicine, 1998, Aug-13, Volume: 339, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Biopsy; Child; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Disease Progression;	1998
Combined therapy with deferiprone and desferrioxamine. British journal of haematology, 1998, Volume: 103, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; beta-Thalassemia; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Dr	1998
Urinary zinc excretion and zinc status of patients with beta-thalassemia major. Biological trace element research, 1999, Volume: 70, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Blood Transfusion; Chelating Agents; Child; Deferoxamine; Eryth	1999
Long-term outcome of continuous 24-hour deferoxamine infusion via indwelling intravenous catheters in high-risk beta-thalassemia. Blood, 2000, Feb-15, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Actuarial Analysis; Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Catheters, Indwelling; Chelating Agents; De	2000
Early iron reduction programme for thalassaemia patients after bone marrow transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation, 2000, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alanine Transaminase; beta-Thalassemia; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Chelating Ag	2000
Combined oral and parenteral iron chelation in beta thalassaemia major. The Medical journal of Malaysia, 2000, Volume: 55, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Th	2000
Comparison between deferoxamine and deferiprone (L1) in iron-loaded thalassemia patients. European journal of haematology, 2001, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Child; Deferiprone; De	2001
Long-term assessment of efficacy and safety of L1, an oral iron chelator, in transfusion dependent thalassaemia: Indian trial. British journal of haematology, 1992, Volume: 82, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating	1992

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Pyrexia	Cough	Headache	Diarrhoea	Vomiting	Influenza	Abdominal pain	Nasopharyngitis	Nausea	Oropharyngeal pain	Pharyngitis	Back Pain	Abdominal pain upper	Rhinitis	Bronchitis	Arthralgia	Upper respiratory tract infection	Transfusion reaction	Blood creatinine increased	Gastroenteritis	Asthenia	Rash	Tonsillitis	Fatigue	Pain in extremity	Acute tonsillitis	Dyspepsia	Urinary tract infection	Urticaria	Toothache	Sinusitis	Cholelithiasis
Crossover	109	85	81	73	61	65	59	56	52	50	57	49	52	45	41	39	32	36	22	31	31	24	22	22	21	21	17	14	14	14	13	11
ICL670	113	110	84	69	75	70	75	73	63	62	55	59	52	52	45	45	52	34	47	37	31	34	30	29	30	29	21	23	23	22	22	23

deferoxamine and Anemia, Cooley's