Page last updated: 2024-09-05

deferasirox and HbS Disease

deferasirox has been researched along with HbS Disease in 37 studies

Research

Studies (37)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's8 (21.62)29.6817
2010's24 (64.86)24.3611
2020's5 (13.51)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Delicou, S; Koskinas, J; Manganas, K; Xydaki, A1
Qadah, T1
Guerriero, R; Guilliams, KP; Hulbert, ML; Shinawi, MS; Stoll, JM; Towerman, AS; Willis, DN1
Benites, BD; Costa, FF; Gilli, SCO; Olalla Saad, ST; Ribeiro, LB; Soares, EA1
Bejaoui, M; Bonifazi, D; Ceci, A; Christou, S; Cosmi, C; Cuccia, L; Del Vecchio, GC; Della Pasqua, O; El-Beshlawy, A; Felisi, M; Filosa, A; Hassab, H; Kattamis, A; Kreka, M; Maggio, A; Origa, R; Putti, MC; Reggiardo, G; Sherief, L; Spino, M; Telfer, P; Tempesta, B; Tricta, F; Tsang, YC; Vitrano, A; Zaka, A1
Crawford, RD; Oyedeji, CI; Shah, N1
Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K1
Doree, C; Estcourt, LJ; Fisher, SA; Fortin, PM; Hopewell, S; Madgwick, KV; Trivella, M1
Hassan, MK; Mohsin, AM1
Akın, M; Akkaynak, D; Antmen, B; Apak, H; Aral, YZ; Aydogan, G; Ayhan, AC; Biner, B; Çalışkan, Ü; Eren, TG; Ertem, M; Gümrük, F; İrken, G; Işık Balcı, Y; Karakaş, Z; Karasu, G; Kazancı, EG; Koç, A; Koçak, Ü; Küpesiz, OA; Kurtoğlu, E; Meral Güneş, A; Oktay, G; Oymak, Y; Patıroğlu, T; Salcioglu, Z; Şaşmaz, İ; Söker, M; Timur, Ç; Tunç, B; Türkkan, E; Ünal, S; Uygun, V; Vergin, C; Yeşilipek, MA; Yıldırmak, Y1
Alvarez, O; Aygun, B; Bonner, M; Flanagan, J; Lockhart, A; Miller, ST; Mueller, BU; Owen, W; Schultz, W; Scott, JP; Ware, RE; Yovetich, NA1
Walia, HS; Yan, J1
Barrette, S; Files, B; Habr, D; Minniti, CP; Torres, M; Vichinsky, E; Zhang, Y1
Gadong, N; Hemmaway, C; Kaya, B; Newell, H; Simmons, A; Telfer, P; Tsouana, E; Whitmarsh, S1
Cohen, AR; Davis, BR; Heeney, MM; Kwiatkowski, JL; Lee, MT; Odame, I; Owen, WC; Pressel, S; Rogers, ZR; Schultz, WH; St Pierre, T; Ware, RE; Wood, JC1
Halligan, K; Hickling, M; Menaker, N; Nepo, A; Paige, J; Shur, N; Weintraub, L1
Brewster, UC; McPhedran, P; Yusuf, B1
Alvarez, O; Lewis, N; Lopez-Mitnik, G; Paley, C; Pow Sang, CD; Robinson, N; Rodriguez-Cortes, H1
Cappellini, MD; Taher, A1
Christoulas, D; Dimopoulou, M; Douskou, M; Mpoutou, E; Plata, E; Sioni, A; Terpos, E; Voskaridou, E1
Antes, G; Bassler, D; Fleeman, N; Meerpohl, JJ; Niemeyer, C; Rücker, G1
Inati, A; Khoriaty, E; Musallam, KM; Taher, AT1
Brittenham, GM1
Bernaudin, F; Coates, T; Deng, W; Forni, GL; Gardner, R; Giannone, V; Griffel, L; Hassell, K; Heeney, MM; Inusa, B; Kutlar, A; Lane, P; Mathias, L; Porter, J; Tebbi, C; Vichinsky, E; Wilson, F1
Corral, M; Duh, MS; Guo, A; Jordan, LB; Sengupta, A; Vekeman, F1
Belini Junior, E; Bonini-Domingos, CR; Cancado, RD; Chiattone, C; da Silva, DG; de Almeida, EA; Torres, Lde S1
El-Beshlawy, A; Evangeli, M; Porter, JB1
Alvarez, O; Cohen, AR; Garro, J; Kwiatkowski, JL; Lane, P; Mortier, N; Mueller, B; Nagasubramanian, R; Sarnaik, S; Schultz, W; Thompson, A; Ware, RE; Woods, GM; Yovetich, N1
Bruniera, P; Cancado, R; Chiattone, C; de Moraes Bastos, R; Olivato, MC; Rezende Melo, M; Szarf, G1
Armstrong, EP; Ballas, SK; Sasane, M; Skrepnek, GH; Snodgrass, SM1
Ruivard, M1
Bekiari, E; Mainou, M; Tsapas, A; Vetsiou, E; Vlachaki, E1
Okpala, I1
Alberti, D; Bernaudin, F; Coates, T; Eckman, J; Files, B; Fischer, R; Forni, GL; Fung, E; Hassell, K; Holland, J; Kelly, P; Lane, P; Marks, P; Mueller, BU; Okpala, I; Onyekwere, O; Porter, J; Ressayre-Djaffer, C; Swerdlow, P; Vichinsky, E; Wilson, F1
Barton, JC1
Hampton, T1
Abetz, L; Baladi, JF; Coates, T; Coïc, L; Files, B; Fischer, R; Forni, GL; Lane, P; Marks, P; Mueller, BU; Onyekwere, O; Pakbaz, Z; Porter, J; Rofail, D; Swerdlow, P; Vichinsky, E1

Reviews

8 review(s) available for deferasirox and HbS Disease

ArticleYear
Deferasirox versus deferoxamine in managing iron overload in patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    The Journal of international medical research, 2022, Volume: 50, Issue:12

    Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Triazoles

2022
Efficacy and safety of iron chelators in thalassemia and sickle cell disease: a multiple treatment comparison network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
    Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 2018, Volume: 11, Issue:6

    Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Network Meta-Analysis; Pyridones; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Silymarin; Thalassemia; Triazoles

2018
Interventions for improving adherence to iron chelation therapy in people with sickle cell disease or thalassaemia.
    The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 05-08, Volume: 5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Child; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Patient Compliance; Pyridones; Quality of Life; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Triazoles

2018
Deferasirox for managing transfusional iron overload in people with sickle cell disease.
    The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2010, Aug-04, Issue:8

    Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Chelation Therapy; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Erythrocyte Transfusion; Ferritins; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Triazoles

2010
Iron-chelating therapy for transfusional iron overload.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2011, Jan-13, Volume: 364, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Chelation Therapy; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Erythrocyte Transfusion; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Male; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Triazoles

2011
[Iron chelating therapy in adults: How and when ?].
    La Revue de medecine interne, 2013, Volume: 34, Issue:1

    Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Myocardium; Pyridones; Siderophores; Triazoles

2013
Investigational agents for sickle cell disease.
    Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 2006, Volume: 15, Issue:8

    Topics: Acetamides; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Antisickling Agents; Benzaldehydes; Benzoates; Carnitine; Cell Adhesion; Deferasirox; Endothelium, Vascular; Etilefrine; Female; Genetic Therapy; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Iron Chelating Agents; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated; Priapism; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Triazoles; Trityl Compounds; Vasoconstrictor Agents

2006
Chelation therapy for iron overload.
    Current gastroenterology reports, 2007, Volume: 9, Issue:1

    Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Hemochromatosis; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Pyridones; Triazoles

2007

Trials

10 trial(s) available for deferasirox and HbS Disease

ArticleYear
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of deferiprone compared with deferasirox in paediatric patients with transfusion-dependent haemoglobinopathies (DEEP-2): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial.
    The Lancet. Haematology, 2020, Volume: 7, Issue:6

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Agranulocytosis; Albania; Anemia, Sickle Cell; beta-Thalassemia; Cardiac Imaging Techniques; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyprus; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Egypt; Erythrocyte Transfusion; Female; Ferritins; Greece; Hemoglobinopathies; Humans; Infant; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Italy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Patient Compliance; Treatment Outcome; Tunisia; United Kingdom; Urologic Diseases

2020
Pain and other non-neurological adverse events in children with sickle cell anemia and previous stroke who received hydroxyurea and phlebotomy or chronic transfusions and chelation: results from the SWiTCH clinical trial.
    American journal of hematology, 2013, Volume: 88, Issue:11

    Topics: Acute Chest Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Antisickling Agents; Benzoates; Chelation Therapy; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Deferasirox; Female; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Incidence; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Male; Pain Measurement; Phlebotomy; Secondary Prevention; Stroke; Transfusion Reaction; Triazoles; Young Adult

2013
Efficacy and safety of deferasirox compared with deferoxamine in sickle cell disease: two-year results including pharmacokinetics and concomitant hydroxyurea.
    American journal of hematology, 2013, Volume: 88, Issue:12

    Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Cellulitis; Chelation Therapy; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Transfusion Reaction; Triazoles; Young Adult

2013
Liver iron concentration measurements by MRI in chronically transfused children with sickle cell anemia: baseline results from the TWiTCH trial.
    American journal of hematology, 2015, Volume: 90, Issue:9

    Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Antisickling Agents; Benzoates; Biological Assay; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Female; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Liver; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Stroke; Transfusion Reaction; Triazoles; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial

2015
Deferasirox effectively decreases iron burden in patients with double heterozygous HbS/β-thalassemia.
    Annals of hematology, 2011, Volume: 90, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Deferasirox; Down-Regulation; Female; Hemoglobin, Sickle; Heterozygote; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Triazoles

2011
Long-term safety and efficacy of deferasirox (Exjade) for up to 5 years in transfusional iron-overloaded patients with sickle cell disease.
    British journal of haematology, 2011, Volume: 154, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferasirox; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Male; Middle Aged; Transfusion Reaction; Treatment Outcome; Triazoles; Young Adult

2011
Transfusional iron overload in children with sickle cell anemia on chronic transfusion therapy for secondary stroke prevention.
    American journal of hematology, 2012, Volume: 87, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Chelation Therapy; Child; Deferasirox; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Liver; Male; Secondary Prevention; Stroke; Transfusion Reaction; Triazoles; Young Adult

2012
Two-year analysis of efficacy and safety of deferasirox treatment for transfusional iron overload in sickle cell anemia patients.
    Acta haematologica, 2012, Volume: 128, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Deferasirox; Female; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Male; Prospective Studies; Triazoles; Young Adult

2012
A randomised comparison of deferasirox versus deferoxamine for the treatment of transfusional iron overload in sickle cell disease.
    British journal of haematology, 2007, Volume: 136, Issue:3

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Alanine Transaminase; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Blood Transfusion; Chelation Therapy; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Headache; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Liver; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Treatment Outcome; Triazoles

2007
Patient-reported outcomes of deferasirox (Exjade, ICL670) versus deferoxamine in sickle cell disease patients with transfusional hemosiderosis. Substudy of a randomized open-label phase II trial.
    Acta haematologica, 2008, Volume: 119, Issue:3

    Topics: Absenteeism; Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Chelation Therapy; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Female; Hemosiderosis; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Surveys and Questionnaires; Transfusion Reaction; Treatment Outcome; Triazoles

2008

Other Studies

19 other study(ies) available for deferasirox and HbS Disease

ArticleYear
Iron Chelators, Such as Deferasirox, When Combined With Hydroxyurea, Provide an Additional Benefit of Iron Chelation in Patients Receiving Chronic Transfusion Therapy.
    Hemoglobin, 2022, Volume: 46, Issue:2

    Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Chelation Therapy; Creatinine; Deferasirox; Ferritins; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Lactate Dehydrogenases

2022
Hyperammonemia and acute liver failure associated with deferasirox in two adolescents with sickle cell disease.
    British journal of haematology, 2023, Volume: 201, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Deferasirox; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Iron Chelating Agents; Liver Failure, Acute

2023
The challenges of handling deferasirox in sickle cell disease patients older than 40 years.
    Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2019, Volume: 24, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Deferasirox; Female; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies

2019
Adherence to Iron Chelation Therapy with Deferasirox Formulations among Patients with Sickle Cell Disease and β-thalassemia.
    Journal of the National Medical Association, 2021, Volume: 113, Issue:2

    Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; beta-Thalassemia; Chelation Therapy; Deferasirox; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Retrospective Studies

2021
A 3-year study of deferasirox therapy in sickle cell disease patients in Basra, Southern Iraq.
    Nigerian journal of clinical practice, 2018, Volume: 21, Issue:6

    Topics: Abdominal Pain; Alanine Transaminase; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Blood Transfusion; Creatinine; Deferasirox; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Iraq; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Male; Treatment Outcome; Triazoles

2018
Deferasirox in children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia or sickle cell anemia: A large cohort real-life experience from Turkey (REACH-THEM).
    European journal of haematology, 2019, Volume: 102, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Biomarkers; Blood Transfusion; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Deferasirox; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Male; Thalassemia; Treatment Outcome; Turkey

2019
Reversible retinopathy associated with oral deferasirox therapy.
    BMJ case reports, 2013, Jul-17, Volume: 2013

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Deferasirox; Female; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Retinal Diseases; Triazoles; Visual Acuity

2013
Deferasirox for iron chelation in multitransfused children with sickle cell disease; long-term experience in the East London clinical haemoglobinopathy network.
    European journal of haematology, 2015, Volume: 94, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Alanine Transaminase; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Child; Child, Preschool; Deferasirox; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Kidney Function Tests; Liver; London; Male; Medication Adherence; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors; Transfusion Reaction; Treatment Outcome; Triazoles

2015
Acute Liver Failure During Deferasirox Chelation: A Toxicity Worth Considering.
    Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology, 2017, Volume: 39, Issue:3

    Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Bilirubin; Blood Transfusion; Child; Deferasirox; Ferritins; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Transaminases; Triazoles

2017
Hypocalcemia in a dialysis patient treated with deferasirox for iron overload.
    American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2008, Volume: 52, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Deferasirox; Erythropoietin; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Hypocalcemia; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Peritoneal Dialysis; Transfusion Reaction; Triazoles

2008
Adherence to deferasirox in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease during 1-year of therapy.
    Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology, 2009, Volume: 31, Issue:10

    Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Blood Transfusion; Child; Deferasirox; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Male; Parents; Patient Compliance; Surveys and Questionnaires; Triazoles

2009
Deferasirox (Exjade) for the treatment of iron overload.
    Acta haematologica, 2009, Volume: 122, Issue:2-3

    Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Deferasirox; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Rare Diseases; Thalassemia; Triazoles

2009
Iron chelation therapy for patients with sickle cell disease and iron overload.
    American journal of hematology, 2010, Volume: 85, Issue:10

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Chelation Therapy; Child; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Drug Monitoring; Erythrocyte Transfusion; Humans; Infusion Pumps; Infusions, Subcutaneous; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Male; Pain; Patient Compliance; Pyridones; Sensation Disorders; Social Isolation; Triazoles; Young Adult; Zinc

2010
Persistence and compliance of deferoxamine versus deferasirox in Medicaid patients with sickle-cell disease.
    Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2012, Volume: 37, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Female; Florida; Hospitalization; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Medicaid; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Missouri; New Jersey; Retrospective Studies; Triazoles; United States; Young Adult

2012
Oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in sickle cell anaemia patients receiving different treatments and medications for different periods of time.
    Annals of hematology, 2012, Volume: 91, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Antioxidants; Benzoates; Biomarkers; Blood Transfusion; Child; Deferasirox; Female; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Lipid Peroxidation; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidative Stress; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Triazoles; Young Adult

2012
Challenges of adherence and persistence with iron chelation therapy.
    International journal of hematology, 2011, Volume: 94, Issue:5

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; beta-Thalassemia; Child; Deferasirox; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine; Dosage Forms; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Patient Care Team; Patient Compliance; Pyridones; Time Factors; Triazoles

2011
Long-term persistency and costs associated with the use of iron chelation therapies in the treatment of Sickle cell disease within Medicaid programs.
    Journal of medical economics, 2013, Volume: 16, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Blood Transfusion; Child; Deferasirox; Deferoxamine; Drug Utilization; Female; Health Expenditures; Humans; Insurance Claim Review; Iron Chelating Agents; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Medicaid; Medication Adherence; Patient Preference; Proportional Hazards Models; Racial Groups; Retrospective Studies; Sex Factors; Triazoles; United States

2013
Safety and efficacy of 4 years of deferasirox treatment for sickle cell disease patients.
    Hemoglobin, 2013, Volume: 37, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Benzoates; Deferasirox; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Triazoles

2013
Strides made in red blood cell disorders, but substantial barriers to care remain.
    JAMA, 2008, Jan-30, Volume: 299, Issue:4

    Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Antisickling Agents; Benzoates; Brain Diseases; Chelation Therapy; Deferasirox; Hematologic Diseases; Hematology; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Iron Chelating Agents; Triazoles

2008