cytochalasin-b and Liver-Diseases

This review discusses the current state of knowledge about the ultrastructure of hepatic endothelial fenestrae. The application of different high-resolution correlative microscopic methods during the past decade facilitated the accumulation of new insights in the morpho-functional and structural organization of the liver sieve. The data gathered unambiguously show the involvement of special domains in de novo formation and disappearance of fenestrae, and focuses future research into the (supra)molecular structure of the fenestrae-forming center, defenestration center and fenestrae-associated cytoskeleton ring by using cryo-electron microscopic tomography.

Topics: Animals; Cell Physiological Phenomena; Cells, Cultured; Cytochalasin B; Cytoskeleton; Endothelium, Vascular; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Hepatocytes; Humans; Liver Diseases; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Sensitivity and Specificity

Bacterial endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] causes liver injury in vivo that is dependent on platelets, neutrophils [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)], and several inflammatory mediators, including thrombin. We tested the hypothesis that thrombin contributes to LPS-induced hepatocellular injury through direct interactions with platelets and/or PMNs in vitro. Perfusion of isolated livers from LPS-treated rats with buffer containing thrombin resulted in a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in the perfusion medium, indicating hepatocellular damage. This effect was completely abolished by prior depletion of PMNs from the LPS-treated donor rats but not by depletion of platelets, suggesting interaction between thrombin and PMNs in the pathogenesis. Thrombin did not, however, enhance degranulation of rat PMNs in vitro, and it was not directly toxic to isolated rat hepatocytes in the presence of PMNs even after LPS exposure, suggesting that hepatocellular killing by the PMN-thrombin combination requires the intervention of an additional factor(s) within the liver. In livers from naive donors perfused with buffer containing PMNs and LPS, no injury occurred in the absence of thrombin. Addition of thrombin (10 nM) to the medium caused pronounced ALT release. These results indicate that thrombin and PMNs are sufficient extrahepatic requirements for LPS-induced hepatocellular damage in intact liver.

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Blood Platelets; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cytochalasin B; Escherichia coli; Inflammation Mediators; Kinetics; Lipopolysaccharides; Liver; Liver Diseases; Male; N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; Neutrophils; Peroxidase; Platelet Count; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thrombin