cytellin and Liver-Diseases

Non-cholesterol sterols are validated biomarkers for intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis. However, their use in metabolic disturbances has not been systematically explored. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of non-cholesterol sterols as markers for cholesterol metabolism in different metabolic disorders. Potentially relevant studies were retrieved by a systematic search of three databases in July 2018 and ninety-four human studies were included. Cholesterol-standardized levels of campesterol, sitosterol and cholestanol were collected to reflect cholesterol absorption and those of lathosterol and desmosterol to reflect cholesterol synthesis. Their use as biomarkers was examined in the following metabolic disorders: overweight/obesity (

Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Desmosterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Diseases; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Metabolic Diseases; Obesity; Overweight; Phytosterols; Sitosterols; Sterols

Topics: Double-Blind Method; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Male; Plants, Medicinal; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sitosterols

3 beta-Chlorosteroids, such as cholesteryl beta-chloride and sitosteryl beta-chloride, are formed during the production of protein hydrolysates, which are useful flavour enhancers. These chlorinated steroids may also attract attention as environmental contaminants if they are released from liquid crystal display devices. The effects of orally administered 3 beta-chlorosteroids were tested in female NMRI mice. The animals were fed cholesteryl beta-chloride or sitosteryl beta-chloride at doses of 1 mg and 10 mg/animal/day, that is, 33 mg and 330 mg/body weight/day, over a period of 3 months. Feed intake, body weight and organ weights of the animals, as well as concentration of 3 beta-chlorosteroids in faeces and various organs and tissues showed that cholesteryl beta-chloride and sitosteryl beta-chloride are not acutely toxic compounds. However, chronic toxicity cannot be excluded because small amounts of 3 beta-chlorosteroids, in particular cholesteryl beta-chloride, were absorbed by the intestinal tract and accumulated in adipose tissue. Histopathological examination of sections of organs and tissues showed no indication of irreversible cell damage in the stomach, duodenum, liver, kidneys and spleen caused by the chlorinated steroids.

Topics: Absorption; Adipose Tissue; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cholestenes; Duodenum; Female; Food Contamination; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Intestinal Absorption; Liver; Liver Diseases; Lung Diseases; Mice; Sitosterols; Stomach

Proportions of cholesterol precursors (squalene, delta 8-cholestenol, desmosterol and lathosterol), plant sterols (campesterol and sitosterol) and cholestanol to cholesterol in serum were measured before and serially after liver transplantation in eight patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and three with acute liver necrosis. The preoperative proportions of cholestanol were 12 and 3-times higher in the PBC and necrosis groups, respectively, than in a control group of 27 individuals, while those of lathosterol were low in both groups and the campesterol/sitosterol ratio in the PBC group. During the operation the proportions of cholestanol fell sharply and those of lathosterol rose especially in the PBC group. During the postoperative follow-up of 5 weeks the proportions of the non-cholesterol sterols were markedly improved especially in the necrosis group yet those of cholestanol remained high and the campesterol/sitosterol ratios low, particularly in the PBC group. The proportions of lathosterol increased gradually almost to the control limits within the postoperative 5-week period, whereas those of desmosterol decreased. The non-cholesterol sterol values were not related to acute rejections, while significant correlations of cholestanol to liver function tests was found especially at the end of the follow-up.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Cholestanol; Cholesterol; Female; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary; Liver Diseases; Liver Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Phytosterols; Protein Precursors; Sitosterols; Squalene

Topics: Bilirubin; Biomarkers; Cholesterol; Female; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary; Liver Diseases; Liver Transplantation; Male; Phytosterols; Reference Values; Sitosterols