cytellin and Kidney-Diseases

Non-cholesterol sterols are validated biomarkers for intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis. However, their use in metabolic disturbances has not been systematically explored. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of non-cholesterol sterols as markers for cholesterol metabolism in different metabolic disorders. Potentially relevant studies were retrieved by a systematic search of three databases in July 2018 and ninety-four human studies were included. Cholesterol-standardized levels of campesterol, sitosterol and cholestanol were collected to reflect cholesterol absorption and those of lathosterol and desmosterol to reflect cholesterol synthesis. Their use as biomarkers was examined in the following metabolic disorders: overweight/obesity (

Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Desmosterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Diseases; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Metabolic Diseases; Obesity; Overweight; Phytosterols; Sitosterols; Sterols

This research is the first to use β-sitosterol on myocardial and renal tissues in renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) damage. Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (sham), renal IR (50 min ischemia - 3 h reperfusion), and renal IR + 150 mg/kg/p.o. β-sitosterol (the rats were treated with β-sitosterol orally once 1 h before the IR procedure). β-Sitosterol pretreatment caused an increase in superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities and a decrease in malondialdehyde levels in the kidney and heart. Moreover, it alleviated histopathological changes and downregulated the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 and upregulated the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. As conclusion, the potential of β-sitosterol for renal and cardiac necrosis and apoptosis appears to act by limiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Thus, the potential of this compound is noteworthy and may serve as a potential therapeutic in the treatment of acute organ damages due to renal IR.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Apoptosis; Female; Glutathione; Hypolipidemic Agents; Interleukin-6; Ischemia; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Malondialdehyde; Myocardium; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Protective Agents; Rats, Wistar; Reperfusion Injury; Sitosterols; Superoxide Dismutase; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Previous findings have demonstrated that β-sitosterol (BSS), an active component of Cistanches Herba, protected against oxidant injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes and in rat hearts by enhancing mitochondrial glutathione redox cycling, possibly through the intermediacy of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. We therefore hypothesized that BSS pretreatment can also confer tissue protection against oxidant injury in other vital organs such as liver and kidney of rats. In this study, the effects of BSS pretreatment on rat models of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) hepatotoxicity and gentamicin nephrotoxicity were investigated. The findings showed that BSS pretreatment protected against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, but not gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. The hepatoprotection afforded by BSS was associated with the improvement in mitochondrial glutathione redox status, presumably through the glutathione reductase-mediated enhancement in mitochondrial glutathione redox cycling. The hepatoprotection afforded by BSS was also accompanied by the improved mitochondrial functional ability in rat livers. The inability of BSS to protect against gentamicin nephrotoxicity was likely due to the relatively low bioavailability of BSS in rat kidneys. BSS may serve as potential mitohormetic agent for the prevention of oxidative stress-induced injury in livers.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Biological Availability; Carbon Tetrachloride; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Female; Gentamicins; Glutathione; Glutathione Reductase; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Liver; Mitochondria; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sitosterols