cytellin and Diabetes-Mellitus

Phytosterols are bioactive compounds that are naturally present in plant cell membranes with chemical structure similar to the mammalian cell- derived cholesterol. They are highly present in lipid-rich plant foods such as nuts, seed, legumes and olive oil. Among various phytosterols, β-sitosterol (SIT) is the major compound, found plentiful in plants. It has been evidenced in many in-vitro and in-vivo studies that SIT possesses various biological actions such as anxiolytic & sedative effects, analgesic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti - inflammatory, lipid lowering effect, hepatoprotective, protective effect against NAFLD and respiratory diseases, wound healing effect, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. In this review, in order to compile the sources, characterization, biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of SIT, classical and online-literature were studied which includes the electronic search (Sci Finder, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science etc) and books on photochemistry. The experimental studies on SIT gives a clear evidence that the potential phytosterol can be used as supplements to fight against life threatening diseases. High potential of this compound, classifies it as the notable drug of the future. Therefore, immense researches regarding its action at molecular level on life threatening diseases in humans are highly endorsed.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Sitosterols

Non-cholesterol sterols are validated biomarkers for intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis. However, their use in metabolic disturbances has not been systematically explored. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of non-cholesterol sterols as markers for cholesterol metabolism in different metabolic disorders. Potentially relevant studies were retrieved by a systematic search of three databases in July 2018 and ninety-four human studies were included. Cholesterol-standardized levels of campesterol, sitosterol and cholestanol were collected to reflect cholesterol absorption and those of lathosterol and desmosterol to reflect cholesterol synthesis. Their use as biomarkers was examined in the following metabolic disorders: overweight/obesity (

Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Desmosterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Diseases; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Metabolic Diseases; Obesity; Overweight; Phytosterols; Sitosterols; Sterols

Recommendations about the use of plant stanol/sterol esters have not been updated since 2001. There have been many developments in medicines for lipid-lowering since 2001. In this review, the use of margarines containing stanol or sterol esters, to lower LDL cholesterol is considered in the 2011 setting. Firstly, there is a brief overview of the effects of the stanols/sterols on LDL cholesterol, which shows that these agents have a modest ability to lower LDL cholesterol, and are not effective in all conditions. Secondly, the relevance of the stanols/sterols in 2010/1 is questioned, given they have not been shown to reduce clinical endpoints, and have no effects on HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Finally, there is a section comparing the stanols/sterols with the present day prescription lipid lowering medicines. Prescription drugs (statins, ezetimibe, and niacin) have a much greater ability to lower LDL cholesterol than the stanol/sterol esters, and also increase levels of HDL cholesterol and decrease levels of triglycerides. The statins and niacin have been shown to reduce cardiovascular clinical endpoints. Except in borderline normo/hypercholesterolemia, prescription drugs should be preferred to stanol/sterol esters for lowering LDL cholesterol in 2011.

Topics: Anticholesteremic Agents; Azetidines; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diabetes Mellitus; Ezetimibe; Fibric Acids; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Intestinal Diseases; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Margarine; Micronutrients; Niacin; Phytosterols; Sitosterols; Triglycerides

Working from the foundation of the role of diet in the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia, the authors present a rational, detailed therapy for treating the disorder. A three-phase approach is offered so that the patient can gradually incorporate new eating behavior into his or her lifestyle.

Topics: Body Weight; Cholesterol, Dietary; Chylomicrons; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Ethanol; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Lipid Metabolism; Phosphatidylcholines; Sitosterols

Topics: Alcoholism; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Circulation; Carbon Monoxide; Cholestyramine Resin; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Nicotinic Acids; Physical Education and Training; Risk; Sitosterols; Smoking

γ-sitosterol isolated from Lippia nodiflora was taken as ligand for molecular docking. The molecular targets, glucokinase, Fructose 1, 6- bisphosphatase 1, Human multidrug resistance protein 1 and Cytochromes P450 whose crystallographic structures are available on the PDB database as 1V4S, 2JJK, 3LC4, 2CBZ respectively, were used for the docking analysis using the Autodock tool v 4.2 and ADT v1.5.4 programs. The docking studies of the ligand γ- sitosterol with four different target proteins showed that this is a good molecule which docks well with various targets related to diabetes mellitus. Hence γ-sitosterol can be considered for developing into a potent antidiabetic drug.

Topics: Computational Biology; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Models, Molecular; Protein Conformation; Sitosterols

At hospital admission drugs prescribed by the general practitioner (GP) are often changed. This may have a negative impact on the relationship between family and hospital physicians as well as on the family doctor-patient-relationship. The study set out to examine the attitudes of hospital physicians towards GPs' prior ambulatory medication, especially in the case of drugs of unproven efficacy (e.g. certain drug combinations and homeopathic or herbal drugs).. A total of 129 doctors of the surgical and medical wards of the Göttingen University Hospital received a standardized questionnaire focusing on drugs prescribed by referring GPs (response rate: 65.9%). Three case vignettes were presented describing "popular" GP prescriptions. Doctors of surgical and medical departments were asked whether or not they would follow these prescriptions. Differences in the answers between the groups of doctors were tested by Fisher's exact test.. More doctors on the surgical than on the medical wards would usually follow GPs' medication (82 vs 25%; P < 0.001). According to these attitudes, more doctors of medical departments would stop the prescription of drug combination (82 vs 41%; P < 0.001); both groups would be hesitant to accept homeopathic drugs (89 vs 59%; P < 0.01) or herbal drugs (89 vs 55%; P < 0.01) as prescribed by the GP. The critical attitude especially of doctors of the medical departments towards drug combinations and herbal drugs was in line with their decision in the case vignettes (e.g. Capozide, Tebonin forte).. Especially doctors working in medical departments keep in line with conventional clinical pharmacological criteria. If they have to decide whether or not to follow patients' ambulatory medication, they may overlook GPs' decision-making process underlying their prescribing.

Topics: Aged; Attitude of Health Personnel; Captopril; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Diabetes Mellitus; Drug Combinations; Drug Prescriptions; Drug Therapy; Family Practice; Female; Flavonoids; Ginkgo biloba; Hemostatics; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hypertension; Male; Medical Staff, Hospital; Middle Aged; Plant Extracts; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Sitosterols; Surveys and Questionnaires