cyclin-d1 and Acute-Kidney-Injury

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Hypoxia; Cell Proliferation; Cyclin D1; Humans; Kidney; Malondialdehyde; MicroRNAs; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; Reperfusion Injury; RNA, Long Noncoding; Superoxide Dismutase; Up-Regulation; Wnt Signaling Pathway

Topics: Activating Transcription Factor 4; Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell Hypoxia; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Cyclin D1; Disease Models, Animal; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Phenotype; Regeneration; Reperfusion Injury; Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor; Signal Transduction; Time Factors; Transfection

Acute kidney injury is a major clinical problem and advanced age is associated with ineffective renal regeneration and poor functional outcome. Data from kidney injury models suggest that a loss of tubular epithelial proliferation contributes to a decrease in renal repair capacity with aging, but aging can also lead to a higher severity of inflammation and damage which may influence repair. In this study we tested intrinsic age-dependent changes in tubular epithelial proliferation in young and old mice, by injecting low-dose lead acetate as a non-injurious mitogen. In parallel, we explored in vitro techniques of studying cellular senescence in primary tubular epithelial cells (PTEC). Lead acetate induced tubular epithelial proliferation at a significantly higher rate in young as compared to old mice. Old kidneys showed significantly more senescence as demonstrated by increased p16 (INK4a), senescence associated β-galactosidase, and γH2AX(+)/Ki-67(-) cells. This was paralleled in old kidneys by a higher number of Cyclin D1 positive tubular cells. This finding was corroborated by a positive correlation between Cyclin D1 positivity and age in human renal biopsies. When tubular cells were isolated from mouse kidneys they rapidly lost their age-associated differences under culture conditions. However, senescence was readily induced in PTEC by γ-irradiation representing a future model for study of cellular senescence in the renal epithelium. Together, our data indicate that the tubular epithelium of aged kidney has an intrinsically reduced proliferative capacity probably due to a higher load of senescent cells. Moreover, stress induced models of cellular senescence are preferable for study of the renal epithelium in vitro. Finally, the positive correlation of Cyclin D1 with age and cellular senescence in PTEC needs further evaluation as to a functional role of renal epithelial aging.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aging; Animals; beta-Galactosidase; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Cellular Senescence; Cyclin D1; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Histones; Ki-67 Antigen; Kidney Tubules; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Regeneration

The aim of this study was to investigate the renoprotective activity of chlorogenic acid (CA) in a murine model of cisplatin (CP)-induced kidney injury. Male BALB/cN mice were gavaged daily with CA at 3, 10 and 30mg/kg for two successive days, 48h after intraperitoneal injection of CP (13mg/kg). On the fifth day, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were significantly increased in CP-intoxicated mice, which was recovered by CA. Renal oxidative stress, evidenced by increased 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) expression, was significantly reduced with CA. Simultaneously, the overexpression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and cytochrome P450 E1 (CYP2E1) was attenuated. The inhibition of inflammatory response by CA was achieved through the reduction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Additionally, CA significantly suppressed p53, Bax active caspase-3, cyclin D1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 isoform B (LC3B) expression, suggesting the inhibition of both apoptosis and autophagy. The expression of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrp1 and Mrp2) increased and organic cation transporter 2 (Oct2) decreased by CP, protecting the kidneys from nephrotoxicity by reducing the burden of tubular cells. CA dose-dependently restored Mrp1, Mrp2 and Oct2 expression. The recovery of kidney tissue form CP injury was accompanied by increased proliferating nuclear cell antigen (PCNA) expression. The results of this study suggest that CA attenuates CP-induced kidney injury through suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy, with the improvement in kidney regeneration.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aldehydes; Animals; Apoptosis; Autophagy; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Biomarkers; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Caspase 3; Chlorogenic Acid; Cisplatin; Cyclin D1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; Cytoprotection; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Heme Oxygenase-1; Inflammation Mediators; Kidney; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Organic Cation Transporter 2; Oxidative Stress; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Protective Agents; Regeneration; Time Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is emerging as a worldwide public health problem. Recent studies have focused on the possibility of using human adult renal stem/progenitor cells (ARPCs) to improve the repair of AKI. Here we studied the influence of ARPCs on the healing of cisplatin-injured renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Tubular, but not glomerular, ARPCs provided a protective effect promoting proliferation of surviving tubular cells and inhibiting cisplatin-induced apoptosis. The recovery effect was specific to tubular ARPCs, occurred only after damage sensing, and was completely cancelled by TLR2 blockade on tubular ARPCs. Moreover, tubular, but not glomerular, ARPCs were resistant to the apoptotic effect of cisplatin. Tubular ARPCs operate mainly through the engagement of TLR2, the secretion of inhibin-A protein, and microvesicle-shuttled decorin, inhibin-A, and cyclin D1 mRNAs. These factors worked synergistically and were essential to the repair process. The involvement of tubular ARPC-secreted inhibin-A and decorin mRNA in the pathophysiology of AKI was also confirmed in transplant patients affected by delayed graft function. Hence, identification of this TLR2-driven recovery mechanism may shed light on new therapeutic strategies to promote the recovery capacity of the kidney in acute tubular damage. Use of these components, derived from ARPCs, avoids injecting stem cells.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Cell Separation; Cisplatin; Cyclin D1; Decorin; Humans; Inhibins; Kidney; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Regeneration; Stem Cell Transplantation; Toll-Like Receptor 2

This study aimed to evaluate cell cycle regulation in acute kidney injury after intraperitoneal sepsis in rats.. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. At 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after CLP, serum creatinine was evaluated. DNA content of isolated kidney cells was analyzed using flow cytometer. Furthermore, the expression of p21, p53, cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, CDK4 and P-pRb was also measured by western blot.. After sepsis-induced by CLP, kidney injury of rat was associated with G1 cell cycle arrest, however, recovery of renal function related to cell cycle progression 48h after CLP. Results also showed that the upregulation of p53 and p21 was correlated with G1 cell arrest in 48h after CLP. Nevertheless, upregulation of cyclin D1/CDK4 and cyclin E/CDK2 induced pRb phosphorylation, which resulted in the G1/S transition 48 h after CLP.. The data suggest that G1 cell cycle arrest may play a role in the initiation of kidney injury, whereas, through regulating cell cycle, p53, p21, CDKs, cyclins and P-pRb may be involved in the injury or recovery of renal function after intraperitoneal sepsis.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Cell Cycle; Creatinine; Cyclin D1; Cyclin E; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; Cyclins; Disease Models, Animal; DNA; Flow Cytometry; G1 Phase; Male; Phosphorylation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retinoblastoma Protein; S Phase; Sepsis; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; Up-Regulation

Rapamycin (sirolimus) is associated with functional nephrotoxicity in some patients with nephrotic glomerular diseases but the pathophysiologic mechanisms are not known. This study investigated the effects of rapamycin on renal function and structure in protein overload nephropathy.. Rats with protein overload nephropathy [induced by bovine serum albumin (BSA), 2.1 g by daily intraperitoneal injection, day 0 to day 3] received daily intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle [dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)], rapamycin (0.2 mg/kg, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin), or roscovitine (3.5 mg/kg, a small molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor) (N= 9 each) from day -3 to day 3.. In protein overload nephropathy, rapamycin caused severe acute renal failure and mild hypercholesterolemia (both P < 0.05). Rapamycin dramatically increased intratubular cast formation, and proximal tubular epithelial cells were swollen and engorged with increased cytoplasmic protein droplets. The number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive tubular epithelial cells increased by more than 20-fold on day 3 in protein overload nephropathy, and this was attenuated by 65% with rapamycin (P < 0.05), whereas roscovitine was ineffective. Rapamycin increased the protein expression of p27(kip1) in tubular epithelial cells, but did not alter D-type cyclin expression or apoptosis.. Rapamycin caused a specific pattern of acute renal injury characterized by increased intratubular cast formation in protein overload nephropathy. This could be due to disruption of a potentially important compensatory mechanism in nephrotic glomerular diseases involving tubular epithelial cell protein endocytosis and proliferation.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Division; Cyclin D1; Cyclin D3; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; Cyclins; Cytoplasm; Epithelial Cells; Female; Growth Inhibitors; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Tubules; Monocytes; Proteinuria; Purines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Roscovitine; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Sirolimus

Exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) promotes recovery from ischemic renal injury, but its effect on cisplatin (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity and its mechanisms for the attenuation of renal injury are unknown.. We administered recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I, 150 micro g/day, i.p.) once a day 24 h prior to and after CDDP (5 mg/kg, i.v.) injection in rats.. The rhIGF-I treatment significantly decreased serum creatinine (0.92 +/- 0.11 vs 1.50 +/- 0.15 mg/dl; P < 0.05), the tubular damage score, and the ratio of apoptotic cells to tubular epithelial cells in the outer stripe of the outer medulla on day 5 ( P < 0.05). rhIGF-I significantly increased the numbers of p21-positive nuclei (5.15 +/- 0.19 vs 3.45 +/- 0.42/x400 high-power field (HPF); P < 0.05) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive nuclei (28.61 +/- 1.89 vs 18.26 +/- 2.14/x400 HPF; P < 0.05), but decreased the number of cyclin D1-positive cells (3.3 +/- 0.3 vs 6.3 +/- 1.7/x400 HPF; P < 0.05) on day 3. rhIGF-I did not alter 5-bromo-3-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation.. Our findings suggested that rhIGF-I increased renal p21 and PCNA expression, but reduced cyclin D1 expression in CDDP-treated kidneys. Exogenous rhIGF-I may ameliorate renal damage, in part by stopping the cell cycle at G1/S phase. Exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) promotes recovery from ischemic renal injury, but its effect on cisplatin (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity and its mechanisms for the attenuation of renal injury are unknown.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Biomarkers; Bromodeoxyuridine; Cell Cycle; Cisplatin; Creatinine; Cyclin D1; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; Cyclins; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Kidney Tubules; Male; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recombinant Proteins

The Ets family of transcription factors is defined by a conserved DNA-binding Ets domain that forms a winged helix-turn-helix structure motif. The Ets family is involved in a diverse array of biologic functions, including cellular growth, migration, and differentiation. The hypothesis in this study was that Ets-1 is re-expressed during regeneration after acute renal failure (ARF) and plays a key role in the transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1 and the cell cycle progression in renal tubular cells. For clarifying the significance of Ets-1 in ARF, a rat ARF model in vivo and LLC-PK1 cells as an in vitro model were used. After the left rat renal artery was clamped for 1 h, the whole kidney homogenate was examined and total RNA was extracted at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after reperfusion by Western blot analysis and real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Ets-1 mRNA and protein expression were strongly increased at 6 to 24 h after the ischemia, respectively. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha was increased dramatically as early as 6 h after ischemia-reperfusion and decreased at 48 and 72 h after ischemia-reperfusion. In the immunohistologic examination, Ets-1 was expressed in the proximal tubules and coexpressed with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Furthermore, overexpression of Ets-1 promoted the cell cycle and increased the promoter activity and protein expression of cyclin D1 in LLC-PK1 cells. Ets-1 promoter activity increased between 3 and 6 h in hypoxia, and hypoxia also induced changes in the Ets-1 protein level in LLC-PK1 cells. The Ets-1 induction by hypoxia was abolished by the transfection of dominant-negative hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. A gel shift assay demonstrated that Ets-1 binds to the ets-1 binding site of the cyclin D1 promoter in the ischemia-reperfusion condition. Overexpression of Ets-1 did not significantly change the caspase 3 activity or the value of cell death ELISA in LLC-PK1 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that Ets-1 plays a key role in the cell-cycle progression of renal tubules in ARF. The Ets-1 pathway may regulate the transcription of cyclin D1 and control the regeneration of renal tubules in ARF.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Apoptosis; Blotting, Western; Cell Division; Cyclin D1; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; Gene Expression; Hypoxia; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Immunohistochemistry; LLC-PK1 Cells; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regeneration; Swine; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic

The Wnt-beta-catenin pathway plays key roles in embryogenesis. Wnt-4 is known to be expressed in the mesonephric duct in embryonic development. It is tempting to speculate that the Wnt-4-beta-catenin pathway contributes to the recovery from acute renal failure (ARF). This study used an in vivo model of ARF rats to clarify the significance of the Wnt-4-beta-catenin pathway in ARF. ARF was induced by clamping the rat left renal artery for 1 h. At 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after reperfusion, whole kidney homogenate and total RNA were extracted for examination by Western blot analysis and real-time RT-PCR. Wnt-4 mRNA and protein expression were strongly increased at 3 to 12 h and 6 to 24 h after ischemia, respectively. In immunohistologic examination, Wnt-4 was expressed in the proximal tubules and co-expressed with aquaporin-1, GM130, and PCNA. Cyclin D1 and cyclin A were expressed at 24 to 48 h after reperfusion. In addition, the overexpression of Wnt-4 and beta-catenin promoted the cell cycle and increased the promoter activity and protein expression of cyclin D1 in LLC-PK1 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the Wnt-4-beta-catenin pathway plays a key role in the cell cycle progression of renal tubules in ARF. The Wnt-4-beta-catenin pathway may regulate the transcription of cyclin D1 and control the regeneration of renal tubules in ARF.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; beta Catenin; Blotting, Western; Cell Division; Cyclin A; Cyclin D1; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Immunohistochemistry; Ischemia; LLC-PK1 Cells; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Swine; Trans-Activators; Transcription, Genetic; Wnt Proteins; Wnt4 Protein