cyclic-gmp and Virus-Diseases

RNA helicases are involved in almost every aspect of RNA, from transcription to RNA decay. DExD/H-box helicases comprise the largest SF2 helicase superfamily, which are characterized by two conserved RecA-like domains. In recent years, an increasing number of unexpected functions of these proteins have been discovered. They play important roles not only in innate immune response but also in diseases like cancers and chronic hepatitis C. In this review, we summarize the recent literatures on one member of the SF2 superfamily, the DEAD-box protein DDX41. After bacterial or viral infection, DNA or cyclic-di-GMP is released to cells. After phosphorylation of Tyr414 by BTK kinase, DDX41 will act as a sensor to recognize the invaders, followed by induction of type I interferons (IFN). After the immune response, DDX41 is degraded by the E3 ligase TRIM21, using Lys9 and Lys115 of DDX41 as the ubiquitination sites. Besides the roles in innate immunity, DDX41 is also related to diseases. An increasing number of both inherited and acquired mutations in DDX41 gene are identified from myelodysplastic syndrome and/or acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML) patients. The review focuses on DDX41, as well as its homolog Abstrakt in Drosophila, which is important for survival at all stages throughout the life cycle of the fly.

Topics: Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cyclic GMP; DEAD-box RNA Helicases; Drosophila melanogaster; Drosophila Proteins; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Mutation; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Nuclear Proteins; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Virus Diseases

The understanding of passive transfer of cell mediated-immune responses with transfer factor and other cell free materials has progressed to the point that investigators are seeking the chemical identity of the molecule(s) that are responsible for these effects and are working on their mechanisms of action. In addition, clinical trials are underway that should clarify the potential for use of transfer factor in treatment of infections, neoplastic and autoimmune diseases. This chapter will critically review the past and current data concerning the components of transfer factor and their effects on immunologic and inflammatory reactions. Some of the recently developed animal models will be described and evaluated, and the clinical studies that have provided conclusive data regarding efficacy will be reviewed.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Antineoplastic Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Dermatitis, Contact; Dogs; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immune System Diseases; Immunoglobulins; Lymphatic System; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphokines; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mycoses; Neoplasms; Organ Size; Parasitic Diseases; Rosette Formation; Transfer Factor; Virus Diseases

We talk about a hypersensitive bronchial system, when under certain endogen prepositions or exogen influences, upon which a healthy persons reacts hardly or not at all, it comes to a significant raise of the airway resistances. Probably this is the prestadium of a chronic obstructive airway disease, which often occurs with patients suffering from an existant bronchial disease. Therefore it is important for actual clinical practice to discuss those problems, which interfere with the raise of sensitivity of the bronchial airways. The discussion should be based on the actual state of science, because several therapeutic problems and consequences ensue.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Adenylyl Cyclases; Airway Obstruction; Allergens; Asthma; Bacterial Infections; Bronchi; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Parasympatholytics; Pulmonary Embolism; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; Virus Diseases

The rates of release of salivary amylase and esterase from normal and polyoma virus infected mouse submandibular glands were measured in a continuous flow perifusion system. Following stimulation by epinephrine, the rate of release of esterase by the infected glands was significantly greater than that from control glands. The rate of amylase release, while greater from infected glands, was not significantly different. The total enzyme contents from infected and control tissues were similar. Cyclic GMP was found to be higher in the infected glands than the control glands, suggesting one possible mechanism for the higher rates of enzyme release by infected tissues.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Cyclic GMP; Epinephrine; Esterases; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred AKR; Polyomavirus; Salivary Glands; Virus Diseases