cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside and Diabetes-Mellitus--Type-2

Obesity is a leading global health problem contributing to various chronic diseases, including type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to investigate whether blueberries, yoghurt, and their respective bioactive components, Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G) and peptides alone or in combinations, alter the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles from diet-induced obese mice. In extensor digitorum longus (EDL), yoghurt up-regulated the expression of activation of 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and down-regulated the expression of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR-1). The combination of blueberries and yoghurt down-regulated the mRNA expression of AGTR-1 and Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) in the EDL. Whereas the combination of C3G and peptides down-regulated AGTR-1 and up-regulated GLUT4 mRNA expression in the EDL. In the soleus, blueberries and yoghurt alone, and their combination down-regulated AGTR-1 and up-regulated GLUT4 mRNA expression. In summary blueberries and yoghurt, regulated multiple genes associated with glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles, and therefore may play a role in the management and prevention of T2DM.

Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Anthocyanins; Blueberry Plants; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Supplements; Forkhead Box Protein O1; Gene Expression; Glucose; Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; Mice; Mice, Obese; Muscle, Skeletal; Obesity; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phosphatidylinositols; Receptors, Angiotensin; RNA, Messenger; Yogurt

Myrica faya Aiton (fire tree, faya) is an underused species with a diverse flavonoid composition (anthocyanins, flavonols, ellagitannins) which can promote positive effects on human health. M. faya has been reported to possess high antioxidant activities, but its potential in the prevention of type II diabetes has not been evaluated so far. In the present study, eight M. faya samples from different areas of Madeira and Azores archipelagos (Portugal) were collected to determine their phytochemical profile and then tested for their in vitro anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities. The analyzed extracts showed strong inhibitory activities towards α -glucosidase, aldose reductase and glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and moderate effects towards α-amylase and lipase (by comparison with reference compounds). Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and ellagitannins were the main bioactive agents involved in the anti-diabetic effects of M. faya. Such results may provide important scientific evidence for further utilization of M. faya as dietary or nutraceutical products for the prevention and/or control of hyperglycaemia-associated complications.

Topics: Aldehyde Reductase; alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Anthocyanins; Anti-Obesity Agents; Antioxidants; Azores; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Enzyme Inhibitors; Flavonoids; Glucosides; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Lipase; Myrica; Obesity; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Portugal; Serum Albumin, Bovine

Black soybean is a health food has been reported to have antidiabetes effect. The onset of diabetes is closely associated with adipocyte differentiation, and at present, the effect of black soybean on adipocyte differentiation is unknown. Here, we investigated the antidiabetes effect of black soybean, and its anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G), on adipocyte differentiation. Orally administered black soybean seed coat extract (BSSCE) reduced the body and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight of db/db mice accompanied by a decrease in the size of adipocytes in WAT. Furthermore, 3T3-Ll cells treated with BSSCE and Cy3G were observed to differentiate into smaller adipocytes which correlated with increased PPARγ and C/EBPα gene expressions, increased adiponectin secretion, decreased tumor necrosis factor-α secretion, activation of insulin signalling and increased glucose uptake. C2C12 myotubes cultured with conditioned medium, obtained from 3T3-L1 adipocyte cultures treated with Cy3G, also showed significantly increased expression of PGC-1α, SIRT1 and UCP-3 genes. Here we report that BSSCE, as well as its active compound Cy3G, has antidiabetes effects on db/db mice by promoting adipocyte differentiation. This notion is supported by BSSCE and Cy3G inducing the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into smaller, insulin-sensitive adipocytes, and it induced the activation of skeletal muscle metabolism. This is the first report on the modulation effect of Cy3G on adipocyte differentiation.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Adiponectin; Animals; Anthocyanins; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose Transporter Type 4; Glucosides; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycine max; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Ion Channels; Male; Mice; Mitochondrial Proteins; Muscle, Skeletal; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; Plant Extracts; PPAR gamma; Sirtuin 1; Transcription Factors; Triglycerides; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Uncoupling Protein 3

Adipocyte dysfunction is strongly associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance. It is accepted that the regulation of adipocytokine expression is one of the most important targets for the prevention of obesity and improvement of insulin sensitivity. In this study, we have demonstrated that anthocyanin (cyanidin 3-glucoside; C3G) which is a pigment widespread in the plant kingdom, ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to the reduction of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) expression in type 2 diabetic mice. KK-A(y) mice were fed control or control +0.2% of a C3G diet for 5 weeks. Dietary C3G significantly reduced blood glucose concentration and enhanced insulin sensitivity. The adiponectin and its receptors expression were not responsible for this amelioration. C3G significantly upregulated the glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) and downregulated RBP4 in the white adipose tissue, which is accompanied by downregulation of the inflammatory adipocytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) in the white adipose tissue of the C3G group. These findings indicate that C3G has significant potency in an anti-diabetic effect through the regulation of Glut4-RBP4 system and the related inflammatory adipocytokines.

Topics: Adipokines; Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Anthocyanins; Blood Glucose; Blotting, Western; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Down-Regulation; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glucose Transporter Type 4; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucosides; Hyperglycemia; Inflammation Mediators; Insulin Resistance; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Molecular Structure; Receptors, Adiponectin; Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction