contraceptives--postcoital and Oligomenorrhea

The aim of this chapter is to review the worldwide use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) for contraception and the long-term contraceptive efficacy and safety of copper-bearing IUDs. The TCu380A and Multiload Cu375 have a very low failure rate (0.2-0.5%) over 10 years. The main concerns of the use of IUDs are risk of pelvic inflammatory diseases and increased menstrual blood loss and irregular bleeding. Factors associated with an increase in risk of pelvic inflammatory diseases are discussed. Preventive measures can be taken with careful screening of eligible IUD users, technical training and adequate service facilities for provision of IUDs. Levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs have the benefit of reducing menstrual blood loss in addition to high contraceptive efficacy. The copper IUD is the most effective method for emergency contraception. It can prevent over 95% of unwanted pregnancies within 5 days of unprotected intercourse.

Topics: Contraceptives, Postcoital; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices, Copper; Menorrhagia; Oligomenorrhea; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Reproductive Medicine; Treatment Outcome

An overview is presented of the major methods of contraception available to the sexually active adolescent. Emphasis is given to the combined birth control pill, while the literature describing absolute and relative contraindications to oral contraception is reviewed. It is noted that adolescents with chronic illness must also be evaluated for contraceptive needs. Other methods covered include the intrauterine device, barrier methods (diaphragm, condom, and vaginal contraceptives), injectable contraceptives, postcoital contraception, and methods under current investigation. The approach to each patient must be individualized, based on her coital activity, understanding of alternatives, medical status, and what method is chosen.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Collagen Diseases; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Contraceptive Devices, Male; Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Male; Migraine Disorders; Oligomenorrhea; Progesterone; Risk; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies