contraceptives--postcoital and Body-Weight

Topics: Body Weight; Contraception, Postcoital; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Female; Humans; Levonorgestrel; Obesity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate

As the proportion of women with obesity increases worldwide, understanding the influence of body weight on sexual behavior, fertility, and contraceptive effectiveness is critical for health-care professionals and patients. Although many have theorized that obese women are different from normal-weight women regarding sexual health and behavior, current evidence for the most part disproves this. The exception is in adolescents where body image may play a role in riskier behavior, placing them at a greater risk of an unintended pregnancy. Given that most modern contraceptives were not originally evaluated in obese women, understanding how weight affects contraceptive pharmacokinetics and efficacy should be a focus of ongoing research. Evidence is reassuring that most modern contraceptive methods are safe and effective in obese women. This paper reviews what is known about sexual and contraceptive behavior, as well as the effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of modern contraceptives, for overweight and obese women.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Weight; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Female; Fertility; Humans; Obesity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Reproductive Health; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior

To further evaluate the effect of weight and body mass index (BMI) on the efficacy of levonorgestrel emergency contraception.. Data from two large, multicenter, randomized controlled trials designed to assess emergency contraceptive efficacy were pooled to evaluate the effect of weight and BMI on pregnancy rates among women who received levonorgestrel. Descriptive methods (comparison of means and distributions according to pregnancy status and pregnancy rates across weight and BMI categories) as well as cubic spline modeling were used to describe the relationship between pregnancy risk and weight/BMI.. The analysis population comprised 1731 women, among whom 38 pregnancies were reported. Women for whom levonorgestrel was not effective in preventing pregnancy had a significantly higher mean body weight and BMI than women who did not become pregnant (76.7 vs. 66.4 kg, p<.0001; 28.1 vs. 24.6 kg/m², p<.0001). The estimated pregnancy rate increased significantly from 1.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5%-3.0%] among the group of women weighing 65-75 kg to 6.4% (95% CI: 3.1%-11.5%) and 5.7% (95% CI: 2.9%-10.0%) in the 75-85 kg and >85 kg groups, respectively. Statistical modeling demonstrated a steep increase in pregnancy risk starting from a weight near 70-75 kg to reach a risk of pregnancy of 6% or greater around 80 kg. Similar results were obtained for statistical modeling of BMI as well as when the two studies were analyzed individually.. All analyses showed a significant drop in the efficacy of levonorgestrel emergency contraception with increasing body weight, with pregnancy risk in the higher weight categories similar to expected rates in the absence of contraception. Like body weight, increasing BMI was highly correlated with increased pregnancy risk.

Topics: Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Ireland; Levonorgestrel; Models, Biological; Overweight; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Pregnancy, Unwanted; Risk; United Kingdom; United States

Topics: Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Canada; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Female; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Levonorgestrel; Pharmacists; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Treatment Outcome

Different preparations of Ruta graveolens were administered orally to female rats (Days 1-10 post coition) and female hamsters (Days 1-6 post coition). The powdered root (CDR), aerial parts (CDA) and the aerial parts aqueous extract (AEA) all showed potential anticonceptive activity in rats. Limited administration on selected days of CDA showed uniformly lesser activity than with 10-day treatment. Sequentially prepared petroleum ether and methanol extracts of CDA were as active as CDA itself. The benzene and chloroform extracts were toxic and inactive. Rutin, a known chemical constituent of the plant, was found to be inactive. None of the above preparations showed activity in hamsters.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Cricetinae; Female; Mesocricetus; Plant Extracts; Plants; Rats; Rutin; Solvents; Suspensions

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cell Division; Cell Movement; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Dimethylamines; Embryo Implantation; Environment, Controlled; Female; Organ Size; Ovary; Ovum; Phenyl Ethers; Pituitary Gland; Pregnancy; Rats; Stilbenes; Uterus; Water

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amenorrhea; Biopsy; Body Weight; Contraceptives, Oral; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Demography; Endometrium; Female; Humans; Lactation; Menstruation; Norgestrel; Norpregnadienes; Pregnancy; Progestins; Uterine Hemorrhage; Vaginal Smears

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Depression, Chemical; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estradiol; Female; Genitalia, Female; Genitalia, Male; Male; Mice; Organ Size; Ovary; Propiophenones; Seminal Vesicles; Stimulation, Chemical; Testis; Uterus