clozapine and Retinal-Diseases

Clozapine is widely employed in the treatment of schizophrenia. Compared with that of atypical first-generation antipsychotics, atypical second-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine have less severe side effects and may positively affect obesity and blood glucose level. However, no systematic study of clozapine's adverse metabolic effects-such as changes in kidney and liver function, body weight, glucose and triglyceride levels, and retinopathy-was conducted. This research investigated how clozapine affects weight, the bodily distribution of chromium, liver damage, fatty liver scores, glucose homeostasis, renal impairment, and retinopathy in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). We discovered that obese mice treated with clozapine gained more weight and had greater kidney, liver, and retroperitoneal and epididymal fat pad masses; higher daily food efficiency; higher serum or hepatic triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels; and higher hepatic lipid regulation marker expression than did the HFD-fed control mice. Furthermore, the clozapine group mice exhibited insulin resistance, poorer insulin sensitivity, greater glucose intolerance, and less Akt phosphorylation; their GLUT4 expression was lower, they had renal damage, more reactive oxygen species, and IL-1 expression, and, finally, their levels of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) were lower. Moreover, clozapine reduced the thickness of retinal cell layers and increased

Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weights and Measures; Chromium; Clozapine; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucose Intolerance; Immunohistochemistry; Insulin; Kidney Diseases; Liver; Mice; Mice, Obese; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Reactive Oxygen Species; Retinal Diseases; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1

Topics: Aftercare; Antipsychotic Agents; Clozapine; Electroretinography; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; Retinal Diseases; Schizophrenia; Tomography, Optical Coherence

Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Clozapine; Humans; Retinal Diseases

Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Clozapine; Humans; Retinal Diseases