clove and Periodontal-Diseases

Control of dental plaque-related diseases has traditionally relied on non-specific removal of plaque by mechanical means. As our knowledge of oral disease mechanisms increases, future treatment is likely to be more targeted, for example at small groups of organisms, single species or at key virulence factors they produce. The aim of this review is to consider the current status as regards novel treatment approaches. Maintenance of oral hygiene often includes use of chemical agents; however, increasing problems of resistance to synthetic antimicrobials have encouraged the search for alternative natural products. Plants are the source of more than 25% of prescription and over-the-counter preparations, and the potential of natural agents for oral prophylaxis will therefore be considered. Targeted approaches may be directed at the black-pigmented anaerobes associated with periodontitis. Such pigments provide an opportunity for targeted phototherapy with high-intensity monochromatic light. Studies to date have demonstrated selective killing of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in biofilms. Functional inhibition approaches, including the use of protease inhibitors, are also being explored to control periodontitis. Replacement therapy by which a resident pathogen is replaced with a non-pathogenic bacteriocin-producing variant is currently under development with respect to Streptococcus mutans and dental caries.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Dental Plaque; Humans; Light; Myrtaceae; Periodontal Diseases; Plant Oils; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella; Probiotics; Protease Inhibitors; Treatment Outcome

Studies on the possible influence of periodontal disease on preterm birth (PB) and/or low birth weight (LBW) remain inconclusive especially due to the difficulty of assessing the numerous pregnancy risk factors. The aim of this study is to compare periodontal parameters in non-smoking pregnant women in Madagascar.. A cohort study with 204 pregnant women (mean age: 25.6 years) was conducted in public prenatal care health clinics in Madagascar. Socioeconomic and obstetric information was obtained. Periodontal parameters, such as periodontal probing depth and clinical attachment loss (AL), were recorded during the second semester of pregnancy.. The mean gestational age was 37.8 weeks. At delivery, 42 newborns (20.6%) were PBs (<37 weeks) and 22 newborns (10.8%) were of LBW (<2,500 g). Nine (4.4%) newborns were PBs and of LBW (PLBW), and 149 newborns (73%) were of normal birth. The mean plaque index and papillary bleeding index were significantly higher (P <0.05 and P <0.001, respectively) in the PB group than in the normal birth group. Periodontitis (at least three sites from different teeth with clinical AL >or=4 mm) was significantly associated with PB (P <0.001), LBW (P <0.001), and PLBW (P <0.01). The rates of periodontitis were considerably higher in PB (78.6%), LBW (77.3%), and PLBW (77.8%) groups than in the full-term (8.6%), normal weight (16.5%), and normal birth (2.7%) groups.. The strong association among periodontitis, PB, and LBW in this study highlights the need to consider the periodontal status of pregnant women in Madagascar.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Madagascar; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Young Adult

The present national study was undertaken in order to describe the oral health situation of the population in Madagascar. The WHO pathfinder sampling procedures were applied to obtain representative samples of the following age groups: 6 years (n = 1866); 9 years (n = 1905); 12 years (n = 1992); 15 years (n = 1130); 18 years (n = 792), and 35-44 years (n = 1809). Data were collected in 1993 according to the methods recommended by WHO, including dental caries, dental treatment need, and CPITN. In 6-year-olds, 85 per cent had caries in primary teeth and a mean of 3.1 DMFT was observed among the 12 year-olds; the 35-44-year-olds had an average of 13.1 DMFT. Differences in dental caries prevalence were found according to sex, urbanisation, region, and ethnic group. Ninety-one percent of individuals at age 18 and 72 per cent at age 35-44 had maximum CPITN score 2 (gingival bleeding and calculus). In an African perspective, the oral health status of the Malagasy population is extraordinary poor, and the implementation of community-based oral health promotion and prevention is urgently needed.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Dental Calculus; Dental Care; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Ethnicity; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Health Promotion; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Status; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Oral Health; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Tooth, Deciduous; Urban Health; World Health Organization

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Dental Caries; Dental Health Surveys; Developing Countries; DMF Index; Female; Humans; International Cooperation; Madagascar; Male; Malocclusion; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Sex Factors; Urban Population