clove and Hemolysis

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) seeds are discarded without recovering the bioactive compounds. The main aim of the present work was to optimise the solvent mixture to extract higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of camu-camu seeds. The optimised solvent system increased the extraction of phenolic compounds, in which vescalagin and castalagin were the main compounds. The optimised extract displayed antioxidant capacity measured by different chemical and biological assays, exerted antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects against A549 and HCT8 cancer cells, antimicrobial effects, protected human erythrocytes against hemolysis, inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and presented in vitro antihypertensive effect. Additionally, the optimized extract inhibited human LDL copper-induced oxidation in vitro and reduced the TNF-α release and NF-κB activation in macrophages cell culture. Thus, the use of camu-camu seed showed to be a sustainable way to recover bioactive compounds with in vitro functional properties.

Topics: alpha-Amylases; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antihypertensive Agents; Antioxidants; Cell Line; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Hypoglycemic Agents; Myrtaceae; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Seeds

Eugenia dysenterica (ED) leaves are used in Brazil to treat cardiac diseases; however, there are no scientific data describing the effects of this species on cardiac activity.. To investigate the effect of ED aqueous leaf extract (EDLE) on hear rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of anaesthetised rats and its underlying mechanism of action.. EDLE was analysed, and its proanthocyanidin composition was determined. After performing dose-effect curves for EDLE on HR and MAP, EDLE-induced hypotension was evaluated before and after atropine (AT), L-N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), hexamethonium (HXT), indomethacin (IND), carbenoxolone (CBX), or nifedipine (NFD) administration. The effect of proanthocyanidin-depleted extract (EDLE/P-) was also determined and compared to that of the EDLE with proanthocyanidins.. EDLE decreased the MAP in a dose-dependent manner; HR was decreased only with the highest and most toxic dose. Only CBX and NFD decreased EDLE-induced hypotension. Five polymeric series of proanthocyanidins were identified, which were mainly constituted by procyanidin and prodelphinidin units with B-type linkage and up to 12 flavan-3-ol units. EDLE/P- induced hypotension did not differ from that induced by EDLE.. The cardiovascular effects of EDLE were primarily related to its vascular action. EDLE-induced hypotensive effect appeared to involve L-type calcium channel blockage as well as myoendothelial gap junction signalling. The higher molecular weight proanthocyanidins from EDLE are unlikely to contribute to its cardiovascular effect.

Topics: Animals; Arterial Pressure; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Eugenia; Heart Rate; Hemolysis; Hypotension; Male; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Proanthocyanidins; Rats, Wistar

Callistemon citrinus (Curtis.) (Family- Myrtaceae) is a popular evergreen shrub in Bangladesh. In the present study, the leaves of this plant have been assessed comprehensively for free radical scavenging, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities.. The leaves were collected, powdered and extracted with methanol. The extract was then concentrated and successively fractionated into petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions. The extractives were investigated for free radical scavenging, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities.. In case of 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays, the crude methanol extract of the leaves showed the highest free radical scavenging activity among the tested materials including standard ascorbic acid (p = 0.0000). Besides, this extract was also found significantly rich (p = 0.0000) in phenolics and flavonoids compared to other organic fractions. In thrombolytic study, the petroleum ether fraction exhibited significantly stronger thrombolysis (p = 0.024) than other leaf extractives but was weaker than the standard streptokinase. In membrane stabilizing assay, the activity of chloroform fraction was similar to that of standard acetylsalicylic acid (p = 1.000) in hypotonic solution induced hemolysis. However, membrane stabilization activity of this chloroform fraction was found significantly stronger than that of the standard (p = 0.0000) in heat induced hemolysis.. This study has revealed the medicinal capabilities of different organic fractions of C. citrinus displaying free radical scavenging, thrombolysis and membrane stabilizing antiinflammatory potentials. Further bioactivity guided isolation is required to obtain pharmacologically secondary metabolites.

Topics: Antioxidants; Biphenyl Compounds; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fibrinolytic Agents; Flavonoids; Hemolysis; Humans; Myrtaceae; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Thrombosis

Campomanesia adamantium O. Berg, popularly known as guavira, has been used in Brazilian traditional medicine for reduction of serum lipid. The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of Campomanesia adamantium root aqueous extract (ExCA). Phenolic compounds were quantified in the ExCA and gallic and ellagic acids were identified by HPLC. ExCA showed efficiency in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, with IC50 similar to butylhydroxytoluene control, and protected the erythrocytes against lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, reducing generated malondialdehyde. Hyperlipidemic Wistar rats treated daily by gavage during eight weeks with ExCA (200 mg/kg of body weight) showed reduced serum level of total cholesterol and triglycerides, similar to normolipidemic rats and hyperlipidemic rats treated with simvastatin (30 mg/kg of body weight) and ciprofibrate (2 mg/kg of body weight). Moreover, the treatment with ExCA also decreased malondialdehyde serum level in the hyperlipidemic rats. The body weight and organ mass were unmodified by ExCA in hyperlipidemic rats, except an increase of liver mass; however, the hepatic enzymes, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, were unchanged. Together, these results confirm the potential value of Campomanesia adamantium root for lowering lipid peroxidation and lipid serum level, improving risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases development.

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Antioxidants; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Free Radical Scavengers; Hemolysis; Humans; Hypolipidemic Agents; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Lipids; Malondialdehyde; Myrtaceae; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats, Wistar; Weight Gain

Ugni molinae is an important source of molecules with strong antioxidant activity widely used as a medicinal plant in Southern Chile-Argentina. Total phenol concentration from its fruit extract was 10.64 ± 0.04 mM gallic acid equivalents. Analysis by means of HPLC/MS indicated the presence of the anthocyanins cyanidin and peonidin, and the flavonol quercitin, all in glycosylated forms. Its antioxidant properties were assessed in human erythrocytes in vitro exposed to HClO oxidative stress. Scanning electron microscopy showed that HClO induced an alteration in erythrocytes from a normal shape to echinocytes; however, this change was highly attenuated in samples containing U. molinae extracts. It also had a tendency in order to reduce the hemolytic effect of HClO. In addition, X-ray diffraction experiments were performed in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine bilayers, classes of lipids preferentially located in the outer and inner monolayers, respectively, of the human erythrocyte membrane. It was observed that U. molinae only interacted with DMPC. Results by fluorescence spectroscopy on DMPC large unilamellar vesicles and isolated unsealed human erythrocyte membranes also showed that it interacted with the erythrocyte membrane and DMPC. It is possible that the location of U. molinae components into the membrane outer monolayer might hinder the diffusion of HClO and of free radicals into cell membranes and the consequent decrease of the kinetics of free radical reactions.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Erythrocyte Membrane; Erythrocytes; Fruit; Hemolysis; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Myrtaceae; Plant Extracts; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; X-Ray Diffraction

There is urgent need to discover new antimicrobial compounds with diverse chemical structures and mechanisms of action due to increasing new and re-emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, appearance of undesirable side effects of certain antibiotics and increasing resistance to antibiotics in current clinical use is also a cause for concern. Bacterial cell membranes are a possible target for developing new antibacterial drugs since membrane-based efflux pump systems play an important role in bacterial pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Hence, the objective of our study was to evaluate bacterial membrane integrity of two species of bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the presence of ethanolic leaf extracts of two plant species Callistemon citrinus and Vernonia adoensis from Zimbabwe.. Bacterial efflux pump inhibition using both leaf extracts was determined by monitoring the transport of Rhodamine 6 G (R6G) across the cell membrane and IC50 values were obtained. Membrane permeabilizing properties of both extracts were also evaluated using the membrane potential sensitive dye 3'3 dipropylthiadicarbocyanine (diSC3-5). Haemolysis effect of both extracts on sheep erythrocytes was also investigated.. Both extracts inhibited bacterial efflux pumps which resulted in the accumulation of R6G inside the cell. The IC50 values for C. citrinus and V. adoensis against S. aureus were 1.44 mg/ml and 1.61 mg/ml, respectively. Both leaf extracts however, showed similar IC50 values of 1.64 mg/ml against P. aeruginosa. Both plant extracts showed some significant effects on permeability of the bacterial membrane when a 24-28% increase of diSC3-5 dye release was observed for S. aureus and 45-53% of dye was released from P. aeruginosa cell membrane after a 60 minute incubation period. In addition, both extracts exhibited haemolytic effects on sheep erythrocytes at concentrations greater than 2.5 mg/ml.. These plant extracts may provide new lead compounds for developing potential efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) or permeabilising agents that could aid the transport of antibacterial agents into bacterial cells.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Cell Membrane; Cell Membrane Permeability; Hemolysis; Myrtaceae; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sheep; Vernonia; Zimbabwe

The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant and antihemolytic activities of crude, aqueous, and organic-aqueous extracts of maqui ( Aristotelia chilensis ) and murta ( Ugni molinae Turcz.), together with their inhibiting effect on enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Radical scavenging activity, inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation in a micellar system, antihemolytic activity, and inhibition of α-amylases and α-glucosidases were analyzed. Crude extracts of maqui leaves and fruits were found to be important sources of polyphenolic compounds, showing 69.0 ± 0.9 and 45.7 ± 1.1 mg GAE/g dm, respectively. Polyphenols from maqui leaves were active as antioxidants and antihemolytic compounds (p < 0.05), showing a noncompetitive inhibiting effect on α-glucosidase. Flavan-3-ol polymers and glycosylated flavonols, such as quercetin glucoside and kaempferol glucoside, were tentatively identified in extracts. This preliminary observation provides the basis for further examination of the suitability of polyphenol-enriched extracts from maqui and murta as nutritional or medicinal supplements with potential human health benefits.

Topics: alpha-Amylases; Antioxidants; Chile; Elaeocarpaceae; Enzyme Inhibitors; Flavonoids; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hemolysis; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Myrtaceae; Phenols; Placental Lactogen; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Polyphenols

Ugni molinae Turcz, also known as "Murtilla", is a plant that grows in the south of Chile. Infusions of its leaves have long been used in traditional native herbal medicine. The chemical composition of the leaves indicates the presence of polyphenols, which have antioxidant properties. In the present work, the antioxidant properties of U. molinae were evaluated in human erythrocytes exposed in vitro to oxidative stress induced by HClO. The experiments were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and hemolysis measurements. The SEM observations showed that HClO induced a morphological alteration in the red blood cells from a discoid to an echinocytic form. According to the bilayer couple hypothesis, the formation of echinocytes indicates that HClO was inserted in the outer leaflet of the erythrocyte membrane. However, a concentration as low as 10 microM gallic acid equivalents (GAE) U. molinae aqueous extract neutralized the shape change effect of HClO applied in a concentration as high as 0.25 mM. The significant protection of U. molinae aqueous extract was also shown in the hemolysis experiments. In fact, very low concentrations of the extract considerably reduced the deleterious capacity of HClO to induce hemolysis in red blood cells. It is concluded that the location of the extract components into the membrane bilayer and the resulting restriction on its fluidity might hinder the diffusion of HClO and its consequent damaging effects. This conclusion can also imply that this restriction could apply to the diffusion of free radicals into cell membranes and the subsequent decrease of the kinetics of free radical reactions.

Topics: Antioxidants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Antagonism; Erythrocytes; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Flavonoids; Hemolysis; Herbal Medicine; Humans; Hypochlorous Acid; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Myrtaceae; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Polyphenols

Topics: Animals; Blood Cells; Hemolysis; Liver; Madagascar; Methods; Pancreas; Snails; Species Specificity; Tissue Extracts