clove and Escherichia-coli-Infections

ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) is considered a key indicator for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) epidemiological surveillance in animal, human and environment compartments. There is likelihood of ESBL-Ec animal-human transmission but proof of cross-compartment transmission is still unclear.. To characterize ESBL-Ec genetic similarity in various compartments (humans, animals and environment) from a rural area of Madagascar.. We collected ESBL-Ec isolates prospectively from humans, animals and the environment (water) between April and October 2018. These isolates were subject to WGS and analysed with cutting-edge phylogenomic methods to characterize population genetic structure and infer putative transmission events among compartments.. Of the 1454 samples collected, 512 tested positive for ESBL-Ec. We successfully sequenced 510 samples, and a phylogenomic tree based on 179 365 SNPs was produced. Phylogenetic distances between and amongst compartments were indistinguishable, and 104 clusters of recent transmission events between compartments were highlighted. Amongst a large diversity of ESBL-Ec genotypes, no lineage host specificity was observed, indicating the regular occurrence of ESBL-Ec transfer among compartments in rural Madagascar.. Our findings stress the importance of using a phylogenomic approach on ESBL-Ec samples in various putative compartments to obtain a clear baseline of AMR transmissions in rural settings, where one wants to identify risk factors associated with transmission or to measure the effect of 'One Health' interventions in low- and middle-income countries.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Madagascar; Phylogeny

Urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli frequently occurs in the hospital environment. This study aims to describe resistant phenotypes of Escherichia coli strains to monitor their occurrence.. We conducted a descriptive retrospective study of 102 Escherchia coli strains responsible for urinary tract infection in the laboratory of the University Hospital Joseph Raseta Befelatanana, Antananarivo from January 2014 to October 2016.. Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance screening identified high-level penicillinases 50% (n=51), Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) 22.5% (n=23), high-level cephalosporinases 14.7% (n=15), penicillinases low level 5.9% (n=6), wild type strains 5.9% (n=6) and a strain ofEscherichia coli emerging strain high-level resistance. Aminoglycosides resistance was identified in 58 (56.9%) wild type phenotype, 29 (28.4%) strains sensitive to amikacin and 15 (14.7%) resistant to all aminoglycosides. Fluoroquinolones resistance was identified in 52 (51%) wild type strains, 9 (8.8%) strains sensitive to ciprofloxacin and 41 (40.2%) resistant to all fluoroquinolones. Women (25, 7%) (p= 0.25, NS), patients more than 60 years (38.7%) (p=0.02), patients hospitalized in the Department of Nephrology (53.8%) (p=0.04), with urinary disorder and kidney disease (29, 7%) (p= 0.2, NS) were the most affected by E-ESBL.. Based on high multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli strains guidelines for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections need to be revised.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ageism; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Hospitalization; Hospitals, University; Humans; Infant; Madagascar; Male; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Retrospective Studies; Sex Distribution; Urinary Tract Infections; Young Adult

Epidemiological models often use information on host social contacts to predict the potential impact of infectious diseases on host populations and the efficiency of control measures. It can be difficult, however, to determine whether social contacts are actually meaningful predictors of transmission. We investigated the role of host social structure in the transmission of Escherichia coli in a wild population of primates, Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi). Using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), we compared genetic similarities between E. coli isolates from different individuals and groups to infer transmission pathways.. Correlation of social and transmission networks revealed that membership to the same group significantly predicted sharing of E. coli MLST sequence types (ST). Intergroup encounter rate and a measure of space-use sharing provided equally potent explanations for type sharing between social groups when closely related STs were taken into account, whereas animal age, sex and dispersal history had no influence. No antibiotic resistance was found, suggesting low rates of E. coli spillover from humans into this arboreal species.. We show that patterns of E. coli transmission reflect the social structure of this group-living lemur species. We discuss our results in the light of the species' ecology and propose scent-marking, a type of social contact not considered in previous epidemiological studies, as a likely route of transmission between groups. However, further studies are needed to explicitly test this hypothesis and to further elucidate the relative roles of direct contact and environmental transmission in pathogen transfer.

Topics: Animals; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ecosystem; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Social Behavior; Strepsirhini; Zoonoses

Diarrheal disease remains a leading cause of death in children in low-income countries. We investigated the etiology, risk factors and effects on nutritional status of severe diarrhea in children from two districts in Madagascar.. We performed a matched case-control study in 2011 to 2014, on children under the age of five years from Moramanga and Antananarivo. The cases were children hospitalized for severe diarrhea and the controls were children without diarrhea selected at random from the community. Stool samples were collected from both groups. Anthropometric measurements were made during follow-up visits about one and two months after enrolment.. We enrolled 199 cases and 199 controls. Rotavirus infection was the most frequently detected cause of diarrhea. It was strongly associated with severe diarrhea (OR: 58.3; 95% CI: 7.7-439.9), accounting for 42.4% (95% CI: 37.6-43.1) of severe diarrhea cases. At the household level, possession of cattle (OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1-0.6) and living in a house with electricity (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.8) were protective factors. The presence of garbage around the house was a risk factor for severe diarrhea (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.9-5.4). We found no significant association between severe diarrhea and the nutritional status of the children at follow-up visits, but evident wasting at enrolment was associated with a higher risk of severe diarrhea (OR = 9; 95% CI: 4.5-17.9).. Severe childhood diarrhea is mostly caused by rotavirus infection. An anti-rotavirus vaccine has already been introduced in Madagascar and should be promoted more widely. However, post-licensing surveillance is required. Interventions to improve the nutritional status of children, preventive measures focused on household and personal hygiene and nutritional rehabilitation during severe diarrheal disease should be reinforced.

Topics: Animals; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Case-Control Studies; Cattle; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Garbage; Humans; Infant; Madagascar; Male; Nutritional Status; Risk Factors; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Shigella

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae have spread worldwide but there are few reports on carriage in hospitals in low-income countries. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) have been increasingly isolated from nosocomial infections in Antananarivo, Madagascar.. we conducted a prevalence survey in a pediatric unit from March to April 2008 Patient rectal swabs were sampled on the first and the last day of hospitalization. Medical staff and environment were also sampled. Rectal and environmental swabs were immediately plated onto Drigalski agar supplemented with 3 mg/liter of ceftriaxon.. Fecal carriage was detected in 21.2% of 244 infants on admission and 57.1% of 154 on discharge, after more than 48 hours of hospitalization (p < 0.001). The species most frequently detected on admission were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.9%), whereas, on discharge, K. pneumoniae was the species most frequently detected (52.7%). ESBL-associated resistances were related to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (91.3%), gentamicin (76.1%), ciprofloxacin (50.0%), but not to amikacin and imipenem. The increased prevalence of carriage during hospitalization was related to standard antimicrobial therapy.. The significant emergence of multidrug-resistant enteric pathogens in Malagasy hospitals poses a serious health threat requiring the implementation of surveillance and control measures for nosocomial infections.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Carrier State; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Environmental Microbiology; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Health Personnel; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Madagascar; Male; Prevalence

The aim of the study was to determine in vitro activity of the bark of Ozoroa sphaerocarpa R. Fern & A. Fern (Anacardiaceae), Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & J.I.R. Wood (Rubiaceae) and Syzygium cordatum Hochst ex C Krauss (Myrtaceae) against a diarrhoea-causing pathogen, Escherichia coli; as well as the pharmacological interactions present in their combination.. In consultation with traditional healers, the plants were collected from the wild, dried and extracted with dichloromethane:methanol (1:1). Thereafter, antimicrobial activity of the individual plants and their different combinations was tested using a common diarrhoea pathogen, Escherichia coli by employing the minimum inhibitory concentration assay.. Ozoroa sphaerocarpa was the most potent inhibitor of antimicrobial growth (MIC value of 1.2 mg/ml), followed by Syzygium cordatum (MIC value of 1.44 mgl/ml) and lastly Breonadia salicina (MIC value of 10.89 mg/ml). The combination between Syzygium cordatum and Ozoroa sphaerocarpa gave the strongest synergistic interaction (MIC value of 0.33 mg/ml); whilst that between Syzygium cordatum and Breonadia salicina was mildly synergistic (MIC value of 1.00 mg/ml). The triple combination (1:1:1) was also very effective in inhibiting microbial growth (MIC value of 0.44 mg/ml). The combined effect of these plants on toxicity was predominantly synergistic except for the combination of Ozoroa sphaerocarpa and Syzygium cordatum which was predominantly antagonistic (ΣFIC value of 1.48 ± 0.25). The triple combination had a favourable toxicity profile with an IC(50) value of 155.76 ± 11.86 μg/ml.. This study supports the rationale by traditional healers to use the bark of Syzygium cordatum, Breonadia salicina and Ozoroa sphaerocarpa in combination for the treatment of diarrhoea.

Topics: Anacardiaceae; Anti-Infective Agents; Antidiarrheals; Diarrhea; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Eswatini; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Medicine, Traditional; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Myrtaceae; Phytotherapy; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Rubiaceae

Neonatal infections represented the second cause of morbidity at the neonatalogy service of the Maternity Hospital of Befelatanana, and they were the first cause of the perinatal mortality (81%). This prospective study was carried out from May 1997 and December 1998 and had concerned neonatal infections suspicions among newborns. Its purpose was to identify problems with regard to the management of those newborns and to assess the impact of the prevention. Over 14,009 births, 1,877 neonates had infections recorded during the first week of life. Were noticed as main pathogen germs isolated: Escherichia coli, groups B, A, G, D Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. The authors conclude that screening and early treatment of materno-fetal infections constitute with asepsis, prevention basis of neonatal infections.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Infections; Causality; Escherichia coli Infections; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Maternity; Humans; Incidence; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Madagascar; Morbidity; Neonatal Screening; Primary Prevention; Prospective Studies; Public Health; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

Topics: Africa; Animals; Anthrax; Birds; Disease Vectors; Escherichia coli Infections; Guinea Pigs; Madagascar

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Enteritis; Escherichia coli Infections; Madagascar; Seasons; Vaccination

Topics: Animals; Escherichia coli Infections; Klebsiella Infections; Lung Diseases; Madagascar; Pasteurella Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases